Near-close near-front unrounded vowel

Near-close near-front unrounded vowel
ɪ
i̽
ï̞
IPA number 319
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɪ
Unicode (hex) U+026A
X-SAMPA I
Kirshenbaum I
Braille ⠌ (braille pattern dots-34)
Listen
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The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɪ⟩, i.e. a small capital letter i. The International Phonetic Association advises serifs on the symbol's ends.[2] Some sans-serif fonts do meet this typographic specification.[3] Prior to 1989, there was an alternate symbol for this sound: ⟨ɩ⟩, the use of which is no longer sanctioned by the IPA.[4] Despite that, some modern writings[5] still use it.

Sometimes, especially in broad transcription, this vowel is transcribed with a simpler symbol ⟨i⟩, which technically represents the close front unrounded vowel.

The Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines [ɪ] as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front unrounded vowel,[6] therefore, an alternative transcription of this vowel is ⟨i̽⟩ (a symbol equivalent to a more complex ⟨ï̞⟩). The symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ is often also used to transcribe the close-mid near-front unrounded vowel, which is a slightly lower vowel, though it still fits the definition of a mid-centralized [i]. It occurs in some dialects of English (such as Californian, General American and modern Received Pronunciation)[7][8][9] as well as some other languages (such as Icelandic),[10][11] and it can be transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ̞⟩ (a lowered ⟨ɪ⟩) in narrow transcription. Certain sources[12] may even use ⟨ɪ⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel, but that is rare. For the close-mid (near-)front unrounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ (or ⟨i⟩), see close-mid front unrounded vowel.

For the fully central equivalents of these vowels, see near-close central unrounded vowel and close-mid central unrounded vowel.

Some languages, such as Danish[13][14] and Sotho[15] have the near-close front unrounded vowel, which differs from its near-front counterpart in that it is a lowered, but not centralized close front unrounded vowel, transcribed in the IPA as ⟨ɪ̟⟩, ⟨i̞⟩ or ⟨e̝⟩.

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
i • y
ɨ • ʉ
ɯ • u
ɪ • ʏ
ɪ̈ • ʊ̈
ɯ̽ • ʊ
e • ø
ɘ • ɵ
ɤ • o
e̞ • ø̞
ə • ɵ̞
ɤ̞ • o̞
ɛ • œ
ɜ • ɞ
ʌ • ɔ
æ • 
ɐ • ɞ̞
a • ɶ
ä • ɒ̈
ɑ • ɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[16] meter [ˈmɪ̞ˑtɐr] 'meter' Close-mid. Allophone of /ɪə/ in less stressed words and in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words. In the latter case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization [ɪə̯ ~ ɪ̯ə ~ ɪə].[16] See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Kuwaiti[17] بِنْت [bɪnt] 'girl' Corresponds to /i/ in Classical Arabic.[17][18] See Arabic phonology
Lebanese[18] لبنان [lɪbnæːn] 'Lebanon'
Burmese[19] မျီ [mjɪʔ] 'root' Allophone of /i/ in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized.[19]
Chickasaw[20] [pi̞sɜ] 'she looks
at him' 		Front;[20] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Chinese Shanghainese[21] 一 / ih [ɪ̞ʔ˥] 'one' Close-mid; appears only in closed syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɛ/ ([e̠]), which appears only in open syllables.[21]
Cipu Tirisino dialect[22] n-upití [n ù pì̞tí̞] "while he
stepped" 		Front;[22] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Czech Bohemian[23] byli [ˈbɪlɪ] 'they were' The quality has been variously described as near-close near-front [ɪ][23] and close-mid front [ɪ̟˕].[24] It corresponds to close front [i] in Moravian Czech.[24] See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[13][14] hel [ˈhe̝ːˀl] 'whole' Front; contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[13][14] It is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ - the way it is pronounced in the conservative variety.[25] The Danish vowel transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɪ⟩ is pronounced similarly to the short /e/.[26] See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[27][28][29] blik  [blɪk] 'glance' The Standard Northern realization is near-close [ɪ],[27][28] but the Standard Belgian realization has also been described as close-mid [ɪ̞].[29] Some regional dialects have a vowel that is slightly closer to the cardinal [i].[30] See Dutch phonology
English Australian[31] bit [bɪ̟t] 'bit' Front;[31] also described as close [i].[32] See Australian English phonology
Californian[7]  [bɪ̞t] Close-mid.[7][8] See English phonology
General American[8]
Inland Northern American[33] [bɪt] The quality varies between near-close near-front [ɪ], near-close central [ɪ̈], close-mid near-front [ɪ̞] and close-mid central [ɘ].[33]
Philadelphian[34] The height varies between near-close [ɪ] and close-mid [ɪ̞].[34]
Northern England[35]
Welsh[36][37][38] Near-close [ɪ] in Abercrave and Port Talbot, close-mid [ɪ̞] in Cardiff.[36][37][38]
Estuary[39] [bɪʔt] Can be front [ɪ̟], near-front [ɪ] or close-mid [ɪ̞], with other realizations also being possible.[39]
Norfolk[40]
Received Pronunciation[9][41] Close-mid [ɪ̞] for younger speakers, near-close [ɪ] for older speakers.[9][41]
Some speakers of West Midlands English[42] The height varies between near-close [ɪ] and close-mid [ɪ̞]; can be close [i] instead.[42]
New Zealand[43][44] bed [be̝d] 'bed' The quality varies between near-close front [e̝], near-close near-front [ɪ], close-mid front [e] and close-mid near-front [e̠].[43] It is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨e⟩. In the cultivated variety, it is mid [e̞].[44] See New Zealand English phonology
Some South African speakers[45] Used by some General and Broad speakers. In the Broad variety, it is usually lower [ɛ], whereas in the General variety, it can be close-mid [e] instead.[45] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨e⟩. See South African English phonology
Faroese[46] lint [lɪn̥t] 'soft' See Faroese phonology
French Quebec[47] petite [pət͡sɪt] 'small' Allophone of /i/ in closed syllables.[47] See Quebec French phonology
Galician[48][49] onte [ˈɔn̪t̪ɪ] 'yesterday' Unstressed allophone of /i/ and /e/.[48][49] See Galician phonology
Gayo[50] tingkep [tɪŋˈkəp] 'window' Possible allophone of /i/ and /e/; in both cases the backness varies between front and near-front.[50]
German Standard[51][52][53] bitte  [ˈbɪtə] 'please' Described variously as front [ɪ̟],[51] near-front [ɪ][52] and close-mid [ɪ̞].[53] For some speakers, it may be as high as [i].[54] See Standard German phonology
Chemnitz dialect[55] Wind [ʋɪ̞n̪t̪] 'wind' Close-mid.[55] See Chemnitz dialect phonology
Some Swiss dialects[56][57] Chìng [ɣ̊ɪŋː] 'child' The example word is from the Bernese dialect.
Hindustani[58] इरादा/ارادہ [ɪˈɾäːd̪ä] 'intention' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian[59] visz [vɪs] 'to carry' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic[10][11] vinur [ˈʋɪ̞ːnʏ̞ɾ] 'friend' Close-mid.[10][11] See Icelandic phonology
Kaingang[60] firi [ɸɪˈɾi] 'rattlesnake' Atonic allophone of /i/ and /e/.[61]
Limburgish Most dialects[62][63] hin [ɦɪ̞n] 'chicken' Near-close [ɪ][63] or close-mid [ɪ̞],[62] depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Weert dialect[64] zeen [zɪːn] 'to be' Allophone of /eə/ before nasals.[64]
Low German[65] licht [lɪçt] '(he) lies'
Luxembourgish[66] Been [be̝ːn] 'leg' Front;[66] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩. Also described as close-mid [eː].[67] See Luxembourgish phonology
Maltese[68] Ikel [ɪkɛl] 'food'
Mongolian[69] хир [xɪɾɘ̆] 'hillside'
Northern Paiute Mono Lake dialect[70] üdütü [ɪdɪtɪ] 'hot' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩.
Norwegian Urban East[71][72] litt [li̞tː] 'a little' Front;[71][72] also described as close [i].[73] See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese Brazilian[74] cine [ˈsinɪ] 'cine' Reduction and neutralization of unstressed /e/ (can be epenthetic), /ɛ/ and /i/. Can be voiceless. See Portuguese phonology
Ripuarian Kerkrade dialect[75] rikke [ˈʁɪkə]
Romanian Banat dialect[76] râu [rɪw] 'river' Corresponds to [ɨ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[77][78] дерево  [ˈdʲerʲɪvə] 'tree' Backness varies between front and near-front. It occurs only in unstressed syllables.[77][78] See Russian phonology
Sandawe[79] dtine [tì̞né] 'trap' Front;[79] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Saterland Frisian[80] Dee [de̝ː] 'dough' Phonetic realization of /eː/ and /ɪ/. Near-close front [e̝ː] in the former case, close-mid near-front [ɪ̞] in the latter. Phonetically, the latter is nearly identical to /ɛː/ ([e̠ː]).[80]
Sema[81] pi [pì̞] 'to say' Front;[81] also described as close [i].[82]
Shiwiar[83] Allophone of /i/.[83]
Sinhalese[84] [ˈpi̞ɾi̞mi̞] 'male' Front;[84] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Slovak[85][86] rýchly [ˈrɪːxlɪ] 'fast' Backness varies between front [ɪ̟] and near-front [ɪ].[85] See Slovak phonology
Slovene Standard[87] mira [ˈmɪ̀ːɾä] 'myrrh' Allophone of /i/ before /r/.[87] See Slovene phonology
Sotho[15] ho leka [hʊ̠lɪ̟kʼɑ̈] 'to attempt' Front; contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[15] See Sotho phonology
Spanish Eastern Andalusian[88] mis [mɪ̟ː] 'my' (pl.) Front. It corresponds to [i] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian[88]
Swedish Central Standard[89][90] sill  [s̪ɪ̟l̪ː] 'herring' The quality has been variously described as close-mid front [ɪ̟˕],[89] near-close front [ɪ̟][90] and close front [i].[91] See Swedish phonology
Tamambo[92] cili [xi̞li̞] 'to tickle' Front;[92] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Temne[93] pim [pí̞m] 'pick' Front;[93] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Tera[94] pili [pí̞lí̞] 'table mat' Front;[94] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Turkish[95] müşteri [my̠ʃt̪e̞ˈɾɪ] 'customer' Allophone of /i/ described variously as "word-final"[95] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[96] See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[97] ходити [xoˈdɪtɪ] 'to walk' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[98] być [bɪt͡ʃ] 'to be' Allophone of /i/ after hard consonants.[98] See Upper Sorbian phonology
West Frisian Standard[99][100] ik [ɪk] 'I' See West Frisian phonology
Hindeloopers[101] beast [bɪːst] 'beast' Corresponds to /ɪə/ in Standard West Frisian.
Yoruba[102] Front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ĩ⟩. It is nasalized, and may be close [ĩ] instead.[102]

References

  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ↑ "IPA Fonts: General Advice". International Phonetic Association. 2015. With any font you consider using, it is worth checking that the symbol for the centralized close front vowel (ɪ, U+026A) appears correctly with serifs top and bottom; that the symbol for the dental click (ǀ, U+01C0) is distinct from the lower-case L (l)
  3. ↑ Sans-serif fonts with serifed ɪ (despite having serifless capital I) include Arial, FreeSans and Lucida Sans.
    On the other hand, Segoe and Tahoma place serifs on ɪ as well as capital I.
    Finally, both are serifless in Calibri.
  4. ↑ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 167.
  5. ↑ Such as Árnason (2011)
  6. ↑ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 13.
  7. 1 2 3 Ladefoged (1999), p. 42.
  8. 1 2 3 Wells (1982b), p. 486.
  9. 1 2 3 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 90.
  10. 1 2 3 Árnason (2011), p. 60.
  11. 1 2 3 Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  12. ↑ Such as Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012).
  13. 1 2 3 Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  14. 1 2 3 Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  15. 1 2 3 Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  16. 1 2 Lass (1987), p. 119.
  17. 1 2 Ayyad (2011), p. ?.
  18. 1 2 Khattab (2007), p. ?.
  19. 1 2 Watkins (2001), p. 293.
  20. 1 2 Gordon, Munro & Ladefoged (2001), p. 288.
  21. 1 2 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
  22. 1 2 McGill (2014), pp. 308–309.
  23. 1 2 Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  24. 1 2 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), pp. 228–229.
  25. ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 227.
  26. ↑ Basbøll (2005), p. 58.
  27. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 128.
  28. 1 2 Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  29. 1 2 Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  30. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
  31. 1 2 Cox (2012), p. 159.
  32. ↑ Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 344.
  33. 1 2 Gordon (2004), pp. 294, 296.
  34. 1 2 Gordon (2004), p. 290.
  35. ↑ Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  36. 1 2 Tench (1990), p. 135.
  37. 1 2 Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  38. 1 2 Collins & Mees (1990), p. 93.
  39. 1 2 Altendorf & Watt (2004), p. 188.
  40. ↑ Lodge (2009), p. 168.
  41. 1 2 Wells (1982a), p. 291.
  42. 1 2 Clark (2004), p. 137.
  43. 1 2 Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
  44. 1 2 Gordon & Maclagan (2004), p. 609.
  45. 1 2 Bowerman (2004), pp. 936–937.
  46. ↑ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  47. 1 2 Walker (1984), pp. 51–60.
  48. 1 2 Regueira (2010), pp. 13–14.
  49. 1 2 Freixeiro Mato (2006), p. 112.
  50. 1 2 Eades & Hajek (2006), p. 111.
  51. 1 2 Lodge (2009), p. 87.
  52. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2013), p. 234.
  53. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  54. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  55. 1 2 Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  56. ↑ Marti (1985), p. ?.
  57. ↑ Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 247.
  58. ↑ Ohala (1999), p. 102.
  59. ↑ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  60. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  61. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
  62. 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158–159.
  63. 1 2 Peters (2006), p. 119.
  64. 1 2 Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. ?.
  65. ↑ Prehn (2012), p. 157.
  66. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  67. ↑ Trouvain & Gilles (2009), p. 75.
  68. ↑ Borg (1997), p. ?.
  69. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
  70. ↑ Babel, Houser & Toosarvandani (2012), p. 240.
  71. 1 2 Vanvik (1979), p. 13.
  72. 1 2 Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 18.
  73. ↑ Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15–16.
  74. ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
  75. ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 16.
  76. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  77. 1 2 Jones & Ward (1969), p. 37.
  78. 1 2 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 225.
  79. 1 2 Eaton (2006), p. 237.
  80. 1 2 Peters (2017), p. ?.
  81. 1 2 Teo (2012), p. 368.
  82. ↑ Teo (2014), p. 27.
  83. 1 2 Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  84. 1 2 Perera & Jones (1919), pp. 5, 9.
  85. 1 2 Pavlík (2004), pp. 93, 95.
  86. ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 375.
  87. 1 2 Jurgec (2007), p. 3.
  88. 1 2 Zamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
  89. 1 2 Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  90. 1 2 Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
  91. ↑ Dahlstedt (1967), p. 16.
  92. 1 2 Riehl & Jauncey (2005), p. 257.
  93. 1 2 Kanu & Tucker (2010), p. 249.
  94. 1 2 Tench (2007), p. 230.
  95. 1 2 Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  96. ↑ Zimmer & Organ (1999), p. 155.
  97. ↑ Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14
  98. 1 2 Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 34.
  99. ↑ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  100. ↑ de Haan (2010), pp. 332–333.
  101. ↑ van der Veen (2001), p. 102.
  102. 1 2 Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.

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