Zhang Fei

Zhang Fei

A Qing dynasty illustration of Zhang Fei
General of Shu Han
Born (Unknown)
Died 221[1]
Names
Traditional Chinese 張飛
Simplified Chinese 张飞
Pinyin Zhāng Fēi
Wade–Giles Chang1 Fei1
Courtesy name Yide (Chinese: 益德; pinyin: Yìdé)
Posthumous name Marquis Huan (Chinese: 桓侯)


Zhang Fei

"Zhang Fei" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese 張飛>

Zhang Fei (died 221),[1][2] courtesy name Yide, was a military general who served under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu, who were among the earliest to join Liu Bei, shared a brotherly relationship with their lord and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Zhang Fei fought in various battles for Liu Bei, including the Red Cliffs campaign (208–209), Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province (212–214), and the Hanzhong Campaign (217–218). He was assassinated by his subordinates in 221 after serving for only a few months in the state of Shu Han, which was founded by Liu Bei earlier that year.

Zhang Fei is one of the major characters in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which dramatises and romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In the novel, Zhang Fei became sworn brothers with Liu Bei and Guan Yu in the fictional Oath of the Peach Garden at the start of the novel and remained faithful to their oath until his death.

Early career

Zhang Fei was from Zhuo Commandery (涿郡), which is in present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei. In the 180s, towards the end of the Han dynasty, he and Guan Yu became Liu Bei's followers. As Guan Yu was many years older than Zhang Fei, Zhang regarded him as an elder brother.[3] When Liu Bei was later appointed as the Chancellor (相) of Pingyuan (平原; present-day Pingyuan County, Dezhou, Shandong) by the Han imperial court, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu served as Majors of Separate Command (別部司馬) under him. The three of them shared a brotherly-like relationship, to the point of sharing the same room. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu also stood guard beside Liu Bei when he sat down at meetings. They followed him on his exploits and protected him from danger.[4]

Conflict between Liu Bei and Lü Bu

In 194, Liu Bei succeeded Tao Qian as the Governor (牧) of Xu Province. The following year, he led his forces to Shiting (石亭), Huaiyin (淮陰), to counter an invading army sent by Yuan Shu, while leaving Zhang Fei behind to defend Xiapi (下邳; present-day Pizhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu), the capital of Xu Province. Zhang Fei wanted to kill Cao Bao, a former officer under Tao Qian, for reasons unknown. Cao Bao fled back to his own camp and set up defences while sending a messenger to request aid from Lü Bu, another warlord who was taking shelter under Liu Bei at the time. Lü Bu led his forces to attack Xiapi and succeeded in defeating and driving away Zhang Fei.[5][lower-alpha 1]

Liu Bei returned to Xu Province, which was now under Lü Bu's control, and reluctantly accepted Lü's offer to move to Xiaopei while Lü remained in Xiapi. Tensions between Liu Bei and Lü Bu increased until the point of conflict. Liu Bei sought help from Cao Cao, a warlord who controlled the Han central government. Cao Cao and Liu Bei combined forces and defeated Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi in 198, after which they returned to the imperial capital Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) together. In Xu, Zhang Fei was appointed as a General of the Household (中郎將).[6]

Roaming the land with Liu Bei

In 199, Liu Bei found an opportunity to leave Xu, under the pretext of leading troops to attack Yuan Shu. He travelled to Xu Province, killed Che Zhou, the provincial governor appointed by Cao Cao, and seized control of the province. The following year, Cao Cao launched a campaign to take back Xu Province and defeated Liu Bei. Liu Bei fled to northern China, where he took refuge under Cao Cao's rival, Yuan Shao. Liu Bei later left Yuan Shao by pretending to help Yuan recruit the rebels in Runan (汝南; present-day Runan County, Zhumadian, Henan). He eventually found shelter under Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. Liu Biao put him in charge of Xinye County on the northern border of Jing Province. It is not known whether Zhang Fei followed Liu Bei to join Yuan Shao after Liu's defeat in Xu Province, or whether he, like Guan Yu, was separated from Liu Bei during that period of time.[7][8]

Red Cliffs campaign

Battle of Changban

In 208, following Liu Biao's death, Cao Cao started a campaign aimed at wiping out opposing forces in southern China. When his armies arrived in Jing Province, Liu Biao's younger son and successor, Liu Cong, surrendered to Cao Cao. Liu Bei evacuated Xinye County and headed south with his followers towards Xiakou (夏口; in present-day Wuhan, Hubei), which was controlled by Liu Biao's elder son, Liu Qi. Cao Cao sent 5,000 riders to pursue Liu Bei, and they caught up with him at Changban (長阪), Dangyang (當陽). Liu Bei abandoned his family and fled, with only Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and a small number of soldiers accompanying him.[9] Zhang Fei led 20 horsemen to cover Liu Bei's retreat. After having a bridge destroyed, he stood guard at one end (facing the enemy), brandished his spear, glared at the enemy, and shouted, "I'm Zhang Yide. You can come forth and fight me to the death!" Cao Cao's soldiers were all afraid and did not dare to approach him. Liu Bei and his followers were hence able to retreat safely.[10]

Battle of Red Cliffs and after

In 208, Liu Bei and Sun Quan combined forces and defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs and the follow-up Battle of Jiangling, after which Liu took control of southern Jing Province. Zhang Fei was appointed General Who Attacks Barbarians (征虜將軍) and Administrator (太守) of Yidu Commandery (宜都郡). He also received the noble title "Marquis of Xin Village" (新亭侯). He was later reassigned to serve as the Administrator of Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei).[11]

Yi Province campaign

Earlier defence of Jing Province

In 211, Liu Bei led an army to Yi Province (益州; covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) to assist the provincial governor Liu Zhang in countering a rival warlord, Zhang Lu of Hanzhong Commandery. He left Zhang Fei and others behind to guard Jing Province in his absence. Earlier in 209, Liu Bei married Sun Quan's younger sister Lady Sun to strengthen the alliance between him and Sun Quan. Because of her brother's strong influence, Lady Sun was arrogant and she allowed her close aides to behave lawlessly. Even Liu Bei was afraid of her. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei had left for Yi Province, he sent a vessel to Jing Province to fetch his sister home. Lady Sun attempted to bring along Liu Bei's son Liu Shan with her, but Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun led their men to stop her and managed to retrieve Liu Shan.[12]

Conquest of Yi Province

Around 212, relations between Liu Bei and Liu Zhang deteriorated to the point of conflict, when Liu Bei started a campaign aimed at seizing Yi Province from Liu Zhang. Liu Bei ordered Zhuge Liang, Zhao Yun, Zhang Fei and others to lead reinforcements into Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province.[13][14]

Along the way, Zhang Fei attacked Jiangzhou (江州; around present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing), which was defended by Yan Yan, the Administrator of Ba Commandery (巴郡) under Liu Zhang. He defeated Yan Yan and captured him alive. Zhang Fei said to Yan Yan, "When my army showed up, why did you put up resistance instead of surrendering?" Yan Yan replied, "You people launched an unwarranted attack on my home province. There may be generals in my province who will lose their heads, but there are none who will surrender." Zhang Fei was enraged and he ordered Yan Yan's execution. Yan Yan was expressionless, and he said, "If you want to chop off my head, then do it! What's with that outburst of anger?" Zhang Fei was so impressed with Yan Yan's courage that he released him and treated him like an honoured guest.[15]

Zhang Fei's army then proceeded to break through Liu Zhang's defences until they reached Chengdu (Yi Province's capital), where they rendezvoused with Liu Bei and the others. In 215, Liu Zhang surrendered and yielded Yi Province to Liu Bei. Liu Bei rewarded Zhuge Liang, Fa Zheng, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu each with 500 jin of gold, 1,000 jin of silver, 50 million coins and 1,000 rolls of silk. Zhang Fei was also appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Baxi Commandery (巴西郡; north of present-day Dianjiang County, Chongqing).[16]

Hanzhong Campaign

Battle of Baxi

In around 216, Cao Cao attacked and defeated Zhang Lu, after which Hanzhong Commandery came under Cao's control. Cao Cao left Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and others behind to defend Hanzhong while he returned to Ye (鄴). During that time, Zhang He led his forces to attack Baxi Commandery (巴西郡) with the aim of forcing Baxi's residents to relocate to Hanzhong. His army passed through Dangqu (宕渠), Mengtou (蒙頭) and Dangshi (盪石) counties, and encountered Zhang Fei's troops. Both sides held their positions for over 50 days, after which Zhang Fei led about 10,000 elite soldiers and took an alternative route to attack Zhang He. As the mountain paths were very narrow and inaccessible, Zhang He's army was effectively divided into two because the troops at the front and the rear were unable to contact and assist each other, resulting in a victory for Zhang Fei. Zhang He and about ten of his men escaped on foot through a shortcut and retreated back to Nanzheng (南鄭). Peace was restored in Baxi.[17]

Conquest of Hanzhong

A statue of Zhang Fei in Zhuge Liang's temple in Chengdu, Sichuan.

In 217, Liu Bei mobilised his forces and personally led a campaign to seize control of Hanzhong from Cao Cao. He ordered Zhang Fei and Ma Chao to supervise Wu Lan (吳蘭), Lei Tong and Ren Kui (任夔) to attack Wudu Commandery (武都郡), which was defended by Cao Hong. Zhang Fei attempted to trick Cao Hong into believing that they were planning to seal his retreat route, but Cao Xiu saw through the ruse, and Zhang suffered a defeat which absolved him from continuing the campaign – Lei Tong and Ren Kui were killed in action while Wu Lan fled to Yinping (陰平) and was killed by a Di chieftain, Qiangduan (強端).[18][19][20]

In 219, Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign and proclaimed himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢中王). He appointed Zhang Fei as General of the Right (右將軍).[21] Liu Bei later planned to return to Chengdu and he wanted to leave a veteran general behind to guard Hanzhong. Many people believed that Zhang Fei would receive this responsibility and even Zhang himself thought so too. However, to everyone's surprise, Liu Bei chose Wei Yan instead and appointed him as the Administrator (太守) of Hanzhong.[22]

Service in Shu Han

In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han. He promoted Zhang Fei to General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) and Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隸校尉), and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Xi District (西鄉侯).[23] His imperial edict for Zhang Fei read:

"I have received the Mandate of Heaven and inherited the noble work of my ancestors. I am obliged to restore peace and purge the Empire of chaos. As of now, there are villains and barbarians causing destruction and harm to the people, while those who miss the Han dynasty eagerly hope for its restoration. I feel distressed, I can neither rest well nor have my meals in peace. I have prepared the armies and made an oath to bring Heaven's punishment upon those evildoers. You are loyal and resolute, your deeds are comparable to those of Shao Hu,[lower-alpha 2] your fame spreads near and far. As such, I give you special appointments, grant you a title of nobility, and put you in charge of affairs in the capital. You are born with Heaven's might, you use virtue to win over others, and you dish out punishments to wrongdoers. I am very pleased with you. The Classic of Poetry says: 'Not to distress the people, nor with urgency, but making them conform to the royal state. You have commenced and earnestly displayed your merit, and I will make you happy.'[24] How can I not give encouragement to you?"[25]

Death

An illustration of Zhang Fei's assassination at the Long Corridor of the Summer Palace, Beijing.

Earlier in late 219, Sun Quan broke his alliance with Liu Bei and sent his general Lü Meng to lead an invasion on Jing Province, which resulted in the death of Guan Yu and the loss of Jing Province. In 222, Liu Bei launched a campaign against Sun Quan to take revenge and seize back Jing Province. Zhang Fei was ordered to lead 10,000 troops from Langzhong to rendezvous with Liu Bei's main force at Jiangzhou (江州; around present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing). However, during the mobilisation, Zhang Fei was assassinated by his subordinates Fan Qiang (范彊) and Zhang Da (張達). They cut off Zhang Fei's head and brought it along with them when they defected to Sun Quan's side. Zhang Fei's camp commandant wrote a report to Liu Bei. When Liu Bei heard that Zhang Fei's camp commandant sent him a report, he exclaimed, "Oh! (Zhang) Fei is dead."[26]

In 260, Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan granted Zhang Fei the posthumous name "Marquis Huan" (桓侯).[27][28]

Family and descendants

In 200 CE, Zhang Fei chanced upon Xiahou Yuan's niece while she was out gathering firewood and abducted her. She was 12 or 13 years old at the time. Zhang Fei knew that she was of good upbringing, so he married her. She bore him a daughter, who later married Liu Shan and became known as Empress Jing'ai of the state of Shu.[29][30] Empress Jing'ai had a younger sister who also married Liu Shan and was known as Empress Zhang.[31]

Zhang Fei's eldest son, Zhang Bao, died at a young age.[32] Zhang Bao's son, Zhang Zun (張遵), served as an Imperial Secretary (尚書). In 263, during the Conquest of Shu by Wei, he followed Zhuge Zhan to defend Mianzhu Pass (綿竹關) from the Wei general Deng Ai but was killed in action.[33][34]

Zhang Fei's second son, Zhang Shao (張紹), inherited his father's marquis title and served as a Palace Attendant and Supervisor of the Masters of Writing (侍中尚書僕射) in Shu.[35] In 263, the Shu emperor Liu Shan ordered Zhang Shao, Qiao Zhou and Deng Liang (鄧良) to represent him when he officially surrendered to Deng Ai and brought an end to the Shu regime. After the fall of Shu, Zhang Shao accompanied Liu Shan to the Wei capital Luoyang, where he was enfeoffed as a marquis along with other former Shu officials.[36]

Appraisal

Chen Shou, who wrote Zhang Fei's biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on the latter as such: "[...] Zhang Fei were referred to as mighty warriors capable of fighting thousands of enemies. They were like tigers among (Liu Bei's) subjects. [...] Zhang Fei had the style of a guoshi[lower-alpha 3] when he released Yan Yan out of righteousness. However, [...] Zhang Fei was brutal and heartless, and these shortcomings resulted in their downfalls. This was not something uncommon."[37]

Cheng Yu, an advisor to Cao Cao, also once mentioned that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were "capable of fighting thousands of enemies". In the main text of Zhang Fei's biography, Chen Shou wrote that Zhang Fei respected virtuous persons and detested those of vile character. Liu Bei had constantly warned Zhang Fei about his barbaric behaviour as he once told the latter, "You have dealt out far too excessive punishments. You often flog your men, who are actually the ones who will carry out your orders. Your behaviour will get you into trouble." Zhang Fei still did not change his ways.[38]

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Statues of the three sworn brothers. From left to right: Liu Bei, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei.

In the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhang Fei's courtesy name is written as 翼德 in Chinese instead of 益德, but both names have the same pronunciation in Mandarin. Zhang Fei was also described to be an alcoholic, and his obsession with alcohol caused his judgment to be affected from time to time. Throughout the novel, Zhang Fei was shown as an exceedingly loyal and formidable warrior, but also a short-tempered man, who often got into trouble more often when he was not on the battlefield. His weapon was a "1.8 zhang long steel spear" (丈八點鋼矛), which was also called a "1.8 zhang long serpent spear" (丈八蛇矛) because its head was shaped like a serpent.

See the following for some fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Zhang Fei:

Zhang Fei sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples, partnered with Guan Yu.

Zhang Fei appears on the Kunqu stage as a hualian. In one particular famous scene, The Swaying Reeds, Zhang Fei ambushes and humiliates Zhou Yu before setting him free.

Zhang Fakui, a general in the National Revolutionary Army, was nicknamed "Zhang Fei".[39] In 1959, Peng Dehuai, a marshal of the People's Liberation Army, identified himself with Zhang Fei. Because Mao Zedong was popularly associated with Cao Cao, Mao and other members of the Chinese Communist Party interpreted Peng's identification with Zhang as confrontational, eventually leading to Mao ending Peng's career.[40]

Notable actors who have portrayed Zhang Fei in films and television series include: Li Jingfei, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Chen Zhihui, in Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon (2008); Zang Jinsheng, in Red Cliff (2008–09); Kang Kai, in Three Kingdoms (2010).

Zhang Fei is featured as a playable character in all instalments of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series, as well as Warriors Orochi, a crossover between Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors. He also appears in other video games produced by Koei, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Dynasty Tactics and Kessen II. Other non-Koei titles that he is featured in include Heroes Evolved, Clash of Kingdoms, Three Kingdoms: Fate of the Dragon and Destiny of an Emperor.

In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering, there is a card named "Zhang Fei, Fierce Warrior" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set. In Koihime Musō, Zhang Fei is portrayed as a young female character who was given the real name "Rinrin".

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Another account stated that Zhang Fei killed Cao Bao in a quarrel. See the article on Cao Bao for details.
  2. ↑ Duke Mu of Shao (召穆公), personal name Shao Hu (召虎), was a noble who lived in the Western Zhou dynasty during the reigns of King Li and King Xuan. He was known for assisting King Xuan in governing the state, and once led troops to defeat barbarian forces in the Huai River area.
  3. ↑ Guoshi (國士) could loosely translated as "gentleman of the state". It was used to refer to very outstanding persons in a country. See the dictionary definition of 國士

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 The Sanguozhi stated that Zhang Fei was killed by his subordinates in the sixth lunar month in the first year of the Zhangwu era (221-223) of Liu Bei's reign. Quote from Sanguozhi vol. 32: ([章武元年]六月， ... 車騎將軍張飛為其左右所害。)
  2. ↑ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. p. 1042. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
  3. ↑ (張飛字益德，涿郡人也，少與關羽俱事先主。羽年長數歲，飛兄事之。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  4. ↑ (先主於鄉里合徒衆，而羽與張飛為之禦侮。先主為平原相，以羽、飛為別部司馬，分統部曲。先主與二人寢則同牀，恩若兄弟。而稠人廣坐，侍立終日，隨先主周旋，不避艱險。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  5. ↑ (英雄記曰：備留張飛守下邳，引兵與袁術戰於淮陰石亭，更有勝負。陶謙故將曹豹在下邳，張飛欲殺之。豹衆堅營自守，使人招呂布。布取下邳，張飛敗走。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  6. ↑ (先主從曹公破呂布，隨還許，曹公拜飛為中郎將。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  7. ↑ (... 先主還紹軍，陰欲離紹，乃說紹南連荊州牧劉表。紹遣先主將本兵復至汝南，與賊龔都等合，衆數千人。 ... 曹公旣破紹，自南擊先主。先主遣麋笁、孫乾與劉表相聞，表自郊迎，以上賔禮待之，益其兵，使屯新野。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  8. ↑ (先主背曹公依袁紹、劉表。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  9. ↑ (曹公以江陵有軍實，恐先主據之，乃釋輜重，輕軍到襄陽。聞先主已過，曹公將精騎五千急追之，一日一夜行三百餘里，及於當陽之長坂。先主棄妻子，與諸葛亮、張飛、趙雲等數十騎走，曹公大獲其人衆輜重。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  10. ↑ (表卒，曹公入荊州，先主奔江南。曹公追之，一日一夜，及於當陽之長阪。先主聞曹公卒至，棄妻子走，使飛將二十騎拒後。飛據水斷橋，瞋目橫矛曰：「身是張益德也，可來共決死！」敵皆無敢近者，故遂得免。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  11. ↑ (先主旣定江南，以飛為宜都太守、征虜將軍，封新亭侯，後轉在南郡。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  12. ↑ (先主入益州，雲領留營司馬。此時先主孫夫人以權妹驕豪，多將吳吏兵，縱橫不法。先主以雲嚴重，必能整齊，特任掌內事。權聞備西征，大遣舟船迎妹，而夫人內欲將後主還吳，雲與張飛勒兵截江，乃得後主還。) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  13. ↑ (先主軍益強，分遣諸將平下屬縣，諸葛亮、張飛、趙雲等將兵溯流定白帝、江州、江陽，惟關羽留鎮荊州。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  14. ↑ (先主入益州，還攻劉璋，飛與諸葛亮等泝流而上，分定郡縣。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  15. ↑ (至江州，破璋將巴郡太守嚴顏，生獲顏。飛呵顏曰：「大軍至，何以不降，而敢拒戰？」顏荅曰：「卿等無狀，侵奪我州，我州但有斷頭將軍，無有降將軍也。」飛怒，令左右牽去斫頭，顏色不變，曰：「斫頭便斫頭，何為怒邪！」飛壯而釋之，引為賔客。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  16. ↑ (飛所過戰克，與先主會于成都。益州旣平，賜諸葛亮、法正、飛及關羽金各五百斤，銀千斤，錢五千萬，錦千匹，其餘頒賜各有差，以飛領巴西太守。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  17. ↑ (曹公破張魯，留夏侯淵、張郃守漢川。郃別督諸軍下巴西，欲徙其民於漢中，進軍宕渠、蒙頭、盪石，與飛相拒五十餘日。飛率精卒萬餘人，從他道邀郃軍交戰，山道迮狹，前後不得相救，飛遂破郃。郃棄馬緣山，獨與麾下十餘人從間道退，引軍還南鄭，巴土獲安。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  18. ↑ (二十三年，先主率諸將進兵漢中。分遣將軍吳蘭、雷銅等入武都，皆為曹公軍所沒。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  19. ↑ (曹洪破吳蘭，斬其將任夔等。三月，張飛、馬超走漢中，陰平氐強端斬吳蘭，傳其首。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  20. ↑ (劉備遣將吳蘭屯下辯，太祖遣曹洪征之，以休為騎都尉，參洪軍事。太祖謂休曰：「汝雖參軍，其實帥也。」洪聞此令，亦委事於休。備遣張飛屯固山，欲斷軍後。衆議狐疑，休曰：「賊實斷道者，當伏兵潛行。今乃先張聲勢，此其不能也。宜及其未集，促擊蘭，蘭破則飛自走矣。」洪從之，進兵擊蘭，大破之，飛果走。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  21. ↑ (先主為漢中王，拜飛為右將軍、假節。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  22. ↑ (先主為漢中王，遷治成都，當得重將以鎮漢川，衆論以為必在張飛，飛亦以心自許。先主乃拔延為督漢中鎮遠將軍，領漢中太守，一軍盡驚。) Sanguozhi vol. 40.
  23. ↑ (章武元年，遷車騎將軍，領司隷校尉，進封西鄉侯， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  24. ↑ Classic of Poetry translation Archived September 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ↑ (... 策曰：「朕承天序，嗣奉洪業，除殘靖亂，未燭厥理。今寇虜作害，民被荼毒，思漢之士，延頸鶴望。朕用怛然，坐不安席，食不甘味，整軍誥誓，將行天罰。以君忠毅，侔蹤召、虎，名宣遐邇，故特顯命，高墉進爵，兼司于京。其誕將天威，柔服以德，伐叛以刑，稱朕意焉。詩不云乎，『匪疚匪棘，王國來極。肇敏戎功，用錫爾祉』。可不勉歟！」) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  26. ↑ (先主伐吳，飛當率兵萬人，自閬中會江州。臨發，其帳下將張達、范彊殺飛，持其首，順流而奔孫權。飛營都督表報先主，先主聞飛都督之有表也，曰：「噫！飛死矣。」) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  27. ↑ (追謚飛曰桓侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  28. ↑ ([景耀]三年秋九月，追謚故將軍關羽、張飛、馬超、龐統、黃忠。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
  29. ↑ (初，建安五年，時霸從妹年十三四，在本郡，出行樵採，為張飛所得。飛知其良家女，遂以為妻，產息女，為劉禪皇后。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  30. ↑ (後主敬哀皇后，車騎將軍張飛長女也。) Sanguozhi vol. 34.
  31. ↑ (後主張皇后，前后敬哀之妹也。) Sanguozhi vol. 34.
  32. ↑ (長子苞，早夭。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  33. ↑ (苞子遵為尚書，隨諸葛瞻於綿竹，與鄧艾戰，死。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  34. ↑ (忠、纂馳還更戰，大破之，斬瞻及尚書張遵等首，進軍到雒。) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  35. ↑ (次子紹嗣，官至侍中尚書僕射。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  36. ↑ (用光祿大夫譙周策，降於艾，奉書曰：「... 謹遣私署侍中張紹、光祿大夫譙周、駙馬都尉鄧良奉齎印緩，請命告誠， ...」 ... 紹、良與艾相遇於雒縣。 ... 後主舉家東遷，旣至洛陽， ... 尚書令樊建、侍中張紹、光祿大夫譙周、祕書令郤正、殿中督張通並封列侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
  37. ↑ (評曰：關羽、張飛皆稱萬人之敵，為世虎臣。羽報效曹公，飛義釋嚴顏，並有國士之風。然羽剛而自矜，飛暴而無恩，以短取敗，理數之常也。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  38. ↑ (初，飛雄壯威猛，亞於關羽，魏謀臣程昱等咸稱羽、飛萬人之敵也。羽善待卒伍而驕於士大夫，飛愛敬君子而不恤小人。 ... 先主常戒之曰：「卿刑殺旣過差，又日鞭檛健兒，而令在左右，此取禍之道也。」飛猶不悛。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  39. ↑ Association for Asian Studies, Far Eastern Association, JSTOR (Organization) (1944). The Journal of Asian studies, Volumes 3-4. Association for Asian Studies. p. 163.
  40. ↑ Domes, Jurgen (1985). Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image. London: C. Hurst & Company. p. 91. ISBN 0-905838-99-8.

Bibliography

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