Zenata

The Zanata Stone in Tenerife, Spain

The Zenata (Berber: Iznaten, ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵜⴻⵏ or Iznasen, ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵙⴻⵏ; Arabic: زناتة‎‎ Zanātah) were a Berber tribal confederation, who inhabited an area stretching from western Egypt to Morocco in antiquity along with the Sanhaja and Masmuda.[1] Their lifestyle was partly nomadic and partly sedentary.[2]

They adopted Islam early, still in the 7th century (while other Berber tribes continued to resist the Umayyad conquest well into the 8th century) and were quickly Arabized,[3] and formed a substantial contingent in the subsequent Muslim invasion of Iberia.

The 14th-century historiographer Ibn Khaldun reports that the Zenata were divided into three large tribes, Jarawa, Maghrawa and Banu Ifran. Formerly occupying a large portion of the Maghreb, they were displaced to the south and west in conflicts with the more powerful Kutama and Houara.

In the 10th century, the Zenata were allied with the Caliphate of Cordoba against the Fatimids. The Zenata regained some political power during the 13th century with the rise of the Zayyanid dynasty. Two Zenata dynasties, the Marinids and the Wattasids, ruled Morocco from the mid-13th to mid-16th century.

French linguist Edmond Destaing in 1915 proposed "Zenati" as a loose subgrouping within the Northern Berber languages, including Riffian Berber in northeastern Morocco and Shawiya Berber in northeastern Algeria.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Nelson, Harold D. (1985). Morocco, a country study. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: The American University. p. 14.
  2. ↑ Le Magrib central à l'époque des Zirides: recherches d'archéologie et d'histoire Par Lucien Golvin, page 33
  3. ↑ "The disappearance of Zenata to the eighth century, them covering a quarter of North Africa, is one of the most extraordinary facts the Maghreb has ever known." Les oasis du Gourara (Sahara algérien) Par Rachid Bellil, (1999), p.77
  4. ↑ Edmond Destaing, "Essai de classification des dialectes berbères du Maroc Archived September 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.", Etudes et Documents Berbères 19-20, 2001-2002 (1915). Edmond Destaing, "Note sur la conjugaison des verbes de forme C1eC2", Mémoires de la Société Linguistique de Paris, 22 (1920/3), pp. 139-148
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