Ice resurfacer

An ice resurfacer lays down a layer of clean water, which will freeze to form a smooth ice surface.

An ice resurfacer is a vehicle or hand-pushed device used to clean and smooth the surface of an ice sheet, usually in an ice rink. The two major North American manufacturers are Resurfice Corporation, which sells Olympia-brand machines, and Frank J. Zamboni & Company[1] and other brands include the Okay Elektra, an electric ice resurfacer[2] made in Canada in the province of Quebec. The first ice resurfacer was pioneered and developed by American inventor and engineer Frank Zamboni[3] in 1949 in the city of Paramount, California. Zamboni /zæmˈboʊni/ is an internationally registered trademark.

History

The first ice-resurfacer was the brainchild of Frank J. Zamboni, who was originally in the refrigeration business. He provided services to businesses such as dairy farms and produce vendors. Zamboni created a plant for making ice blocks that could be used in refrigeration techniques. As the demand for ice blocks waned, he looked for another way to capitalize on his expertise with ice. His idea of the Zamboni however didn't come to him right away.[4]

In 1939, Zamboni created the Iceland Skating Rink in Paramount, California. In order to resurface the skating rink, 3 or 4 workers had to scrape, wash, and squeegee the ice. A thin layer of water was then added for the fresh ice. This process was extremely time consuming, and Zamboni wanted to find a more efficient way to resurface the ice.[5]

From 1942 to 1947, he tried, fruitlessly, to develop a vehicle that could cut down on resurfacing time. In 1947, he decided on a machine that would shave, wash and squeegee the ice. This machine was mounted on an army surplus vehicle chassis. A blade was mounted on the machine, which would shave the ice; the ice would then receive a thin layer of water creating a smooth sheet of ice. The prototype had a tank that held the ice shavings, which were carried to the tank via a conveyor belt. This machine was powered by a Jeep engine and transmission. Zamboni abandoned this model in late 1947 because of deficiencies with the blade and handling.[5]

A new machine was developed using another army surplus vehicle chassis. This machine had four-wheel drive as well as front and back wheel steering. By 1949, "'The Model A Zamboni Ice-Resurfacer' became a working reality".[5] Further modification to the Model A included the addition of a wash water tank and a cover for the snow-holding tank. The front and back steering feature was removed in favor of front-wheel steering because the machine constantly got wedged against the boards.[6] The Model A did not have the visual appeal of many of the ice-resurfacers of today. A journalist from the Brantford Expositor observed that "[t]he original [Model A] looks like the offspring of a field tractor and a warehouse crate".[7] The Zamboni ice-resurfacer was patented in 1953.[5]

The Model B was the next ice resurfacer made by Zamboni. This Machine differed significantly from the Model A. Instead of using a Jeep engine and transmission, Zamboni decided to build the necessary parts directly onto a Jeep frame.[6] Zamboni model C was also built on a Jeep frame but more design changes were applied. The driver's position was raised for better visibility, and the capacity of the snow-holding tank was increased. From the late 1950s to 1964, there were minimal changes in how the ice-resurfacers were designed; Model C to Model F changed only slightly.[6] The introduction of the HD series in 1964 saw a shift in the design of the Zamboni ice-resurfacers. Instead of relying on a conveyor belt system to move the ice shavings into the snow-holding tank, a vertical screw conveyor system was installed. Along with the vertical screw conveyor, a new hydraulic snow-dumping system was adopted. This meant that drivers no longer had to shovel the ice shavings out of the holding tank. This design has been the industry standard since it was first adopted.[8]

In 1967, an Elmira, Ontario-based welder named Andrew Schlupp built his own ice-resurfacer and started the Resurfice Corporation.[9]

The Zamboni ice resurfacer at work in Gdańsk.

The Zamboni Company's ice resurfacing machine and Frank Zamboni were honored with a Google Doodle on 16 January 2013 for Frank Zamboni's 112th birthday. Google provided a playable doodle, where one could drive the Zamboni machine around a rink.[10]

Health effects

It has been noted in "Occupational and Environmental Medicine" that indoor ice-resurfacing can subject people to negative health effects, due to the operation of the vehicle's combustion engine indoors. Indoor ice-resurfacing has resulted in "cases of acute Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Dioxide[sic] poisoning...resulting from the release of pollutants".[11] Exposure to high concentrations of these gases can cause "acute and chronic illness".[11] Recommendations that have been made with the aim of improving air quality include: regular maintenance of ice resurfacers; utilization of pollution control devices (like a catalytic converter); proper ventilation; wider use of electric ice resurfacers instead of fossil-fuelled machines; and monitoring air quality within the arena.[11]

Most of these recommendations are the responsibility of the ice resurfacer or arena owner. However, the utilization of electric ice resurfacers is a recommendation that can be, and has been, taken into consideration by most ice-resurfacer manufacturers. In 1959, the Zamboni Company built its first electric powered ice resurfacer which was used for the Squaw Valley Olympic Games in California in 1960. Zamboni has four electric powered ice resurfacers: the Model 552, the Model 560AC, the Model 650 and in 2017 it introduced the Model 552AC.[12] Olympia is another popular brand of ice resurfacers. Olympia machines are used in 5 of the 30 NHL Arenas.[13] The Millennium Cellect is an electrically powered ice-resurfacer that Olympia has introduced. This machine is capable of resurfacing a sheet of ice 20 times on a full charge.[14]

Technology

Ice resurfacers are generally composed of a snow container, hot water tanks, a wash water tank, the conditioner, and a board brush. The engine or motor of the vehicle is responsible both for propelling the resurfacer and also powering the hydraulics that control the various functions, such as lowering the conditioner or raising the snow dump.

Most of the actual resurfacing components are contained in a heavy device at the rear of the machine, known as the "conditioner". The conditioner is hydraulically lowered to the ice surface, its weight providing the friction necessary for a large, sharp blade (similar to those used in industrial paper cutters) to shave off the top layer of ice. A horizontal auger collects these ice shavings, or snow, and funnels them to a vertical auger at the center of the conditioner. The shavings are then carried upward and sprayed into a large snow container, which takes up most of the volume of the resurfacer. In early models, a paddle-and-chain conveyor was used instead of a second, vertical auger. The height of the blade can be adjusted by the driver, allowing deeper or shallower cuts. This is useful for keeping the ice sheet level, improving the quality of the cut, and preventing the snow container from overflowing.[15]

Wash water can be used to further improve the quality of the ice by removing debris and snow from deep skate-blade cuts. Located directly in front of the blade, nozzles forcefully spray water into the ice surface, loosening deep debris. Runners on either side of the conditioner contain the spray, while a rubber squeegee at the rear of the conditioner allows a vacuum nozzle to pick up excess water. This water is then filtered through a screen and recirculated.

Prior to the invention of mechanized ice resurfacers, hand flooders such as this one were pulled around the rink laying an even layer of hot water. This flooder is in the collection of the International Hockey Hall of Fame

Finally, a layer of water is laid down to fill in the remaining grooves in the ice. The ice-making water is released through a sprinkler pipe at the rear of the conditioner, which wets the cloth towel that is dragged behind the resurfacer. The towel ensures a smooth, controlled deposition of water. Hot water is frequently used because it slightly melts the layer of ice below it, forming a stronger bond when frozen, and because heating the water drives off dissolved gases. This limits chipping and cracking, providing a more enjoyable skating surface. The water used in many rinks is also filtered and treated before being heated to remove any minerals or chemicals in the water. These impurities can otherwise make the ice brittle, soft, give it undesirable odors, or change the color and clarity.

Many ice resurfacers are fitted with a "board brush", a rotary brush powered by a hydraulic motor. The board brush is extended and retracted on the left side of the machine by a hydraulic arm. This allows the operator to collect ice shavings and debris that accumulate along the edge of the rink (along the kick plates below the dasher boards of the rink) where the conditioner cannot easily reach. The brush sweeps the accumulations into the path of the conditioner, which removes them from the ice. The use of a board brush can dramatically reduce the need for edging of the rink.

After resurfacing the entire sheet, also known as an "ice cut" or "flood", the snow container must be emptied. Hydraulics raise one end of the container, causing the snow to spill out.

Most ice resurfacers run on natural gas, propane/LPG/autogas or electric power, or less commonly on gasoline.

Smaller, cheaper machines have also been designed to provide a smooth ice surface in a manner similar to a traditional resurfacer. These can be either self-propelled or pushed/pulled by the operator. Self-propelled vehicles typically incorporate the main components of full-size ice resurfacer, including a blade and water tank, but on a smaller scale. These are usually mounted to an ATV or golf cart-like vehicle.

Ice edgers

The ice around the edges of a rink has a tendency to build up because the conditioner blade does not extend all the way to the outer edges of the conditioner and it is unwise to "ride" (drive with the conditioner touching) the dasher boards. An ice edger is a small device similar to a rotary lawn mower that is used to shave down the edges of the ice surface that the ice resurfacer cannot cut. An ice edger cannot shave ice that has an overall bowl or mushroom shape.

Drivers using latest model ice resurfacing equipment can effectively cut ice edges within millimeters of the dasher board.

Starting in 1980,[16] Charles Schulz incorporated Zambonis into his Peanuts comic strip as well as into the 1980 television special She's a Good Skate, Charlie Brown, and this popularized the Zamboni.[17]

The term "Zamboni" got a further boost in popular recognition from the 1992 Winter Olympics, when skater Laëtitia Hubert fell so many times she was nicknamed the "Human Zamboni",[18] and the usage of the term "Zamboni" in its general sense subsequently expanded by an order of magnitude.[19]

In Deadpool, the main protagonist uses a slow moving Zamboni to mow down one of the villain's thugs, a fact he assumes is hilarious.

References

  1. ↑ Branch, John (May 23, 2009). "As Economy Stumbles, the Zamboni Glides On". New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  2. ↑ "Ice Resurfacers: There's a new kid in town". Re-Surfacing.com. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  3. ↑ "History of Frank J. Zamboni & Co., Inc. – FundingUniverse".
  4. ↑ "The Zamboni Story". Zamboni.com. Retrieved Nov 20, 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "The Zamboni Story". Zamboni.com. Retrieved Nov 20, 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 "The Zamboni Story". Zamboni.com. Retrieved Nov 20, 2012.
  7. ↑ Dregni, Eric (2006). Zamboni: The Coolest Machines on Ice. St Paul, Min.: MBI Publishing Company LLC and Voyageur Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-7603-2439-4.
  8. ↑ "The Zamboni Story". Zamboni.com. Retrieved Nov 20, 2012.
  9. ↑ Caldwell, Dave (February 1, 2009). "At 2010 Games, the Ice Rinks Will Be Greener". New York Times. p. AU2. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  10. ↑ Deborah Netburn (16 January 2013). "Google Doodle celebrates Frank Zamboni's ice-resurfacing machine". Los Angeles Times.
  11. 1 2 3 Pelham, T.W.; Holt, L.E.; Moss, M.A. (April 2002). "Exposure to Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in Enclosed Ice Arenas". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 59 (4): 224–233. JSTOR 27731667. PMC 1740267 Freely accessible. PMID 11934949. doi:10.1136/oem.59.4.224.
  12. ↑ "The Machines". Zamboni.com.
  13. ↑ Fleming, David. "The History and Future of the Zamboni". espn.com. Retrieved Nov 20, 2012.
  14. ↑ "Olympia Cellect". Resurfice.com. Retrieved Nov 20, 2012.
  15. ↑ "Eismaschine mit Kompressor" (in German). eismaschine-mit-kompressor.info.
  16. ↑ "Snoopy & Zamboni". zamboni.com. Retrieved 2014-12-20.
  17. ↑ Dregni, Eric (2006-11-15). Zamboni: The Coolest Machines on Ice. MVP Books. p. 119. ISBN 9780760324394. Retrieved 2014-12-20.
  18. ↑ Longman, Jere (1998-04-04). "FIGURE SKATING; Kwan Casts Caution Aside And Wins Short Program". New York Times. New York, NY. Retrieved 2014-12-20.
  19. ↑ "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com. Retrieved 2014-12-20.
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