ZIP9
Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9), also known as solute carrier family 39 member 9 (SLC39A9), is a protein which is encoded by the SLC39A9 gene.[5] It is a membrane androgen receptor (mAR) coupled to G proteins and a zinc transporter protein.[5][6][7] Through activation of ZIP9, testosterone has been found to increase intracellular zinc levels in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and ovarian follicle cells and to induce apoptosis in these cells, an action which may be mediated partially or fully by increased zinc concentrations.[5][8]
In contrast to testosterone, which has high affinity for ZIP9 with a Kd of 14 nM, the other endogenous androgens dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione show low affinity for the receptor with less than 1% of that of testosterone, although DHT is still effective in activating the receptor at sufficiently high concentrations.[5] Moreover, the synthetic androgens mibolerone and metribolone (R-1881), the endogenous androgen 11-ketotestoterone, and the other steroid hormones estradiol and cortisol are all ineffective competitors for the receptor.[5] As such, mibolerone and metribolone could potentially be employed to differentiate between androgen receptor- and ZIP9-mediated responses of testosterone.[5]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000029364 - Ensembl, May 2017
- 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000048833 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
- ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thomas P, Converse A, Berg HA (2017). "ZIP9, a novel membrane androgen receptor and zinc transporter protein". Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PMID 28479083. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.04.016.
- ↑ Berg AH, Rice CD, Rahman MS, Dong J, Thomas P (2014). "Identification and characterization of membrane androgen receptors in the ZIP9 zinc transporter subfamily: I. Discovery in female atlantic croaker and evidence ZIP9 mediates testosterone-induced apoptosis of ovarian follicle cells". Endocrinology. 155 (11): 4237–49. PMC 4197986 . PMID 25014354. doi:10.1210/en.2014-1198.
- ↑ Thomas P, Pang Y, Dong J, Berg AH (2014). "Identification and characterization of membrane androgen receptors in the ZIP9 zinc transporter subfamily: II. Role of human ZIP9 in testosterone-induced prostate and breast cancer cell apoptosis". Endocrinology. 155 (11): 4250–65. PMC 4197988 . PMID 25014355. doi:10.1210/en.2014-1201.
- ↑ Pascal LE, Wang Z (2014). "Unzipping androgen action through ZIP9: a novel membrane androgen receptor". Endocrinology. 155 (11): 4120–3. PMID 25325426. doi:10.1210/en.2014-1749.
|
---|
By group |
---|
SLC1–10 |
---|
(1): | |
---|
(2): | |
---|
(3): | |
---|
(4): | |
---|
(5): | |
---|
(6): | |
---|
(7): | |
---|
(8): | |
---|
(9): | |
---|
(10): | |
---|
|
| SLC11–20 |
---|
(11): |
- proton coupled metal ion transporter
|
---|
(12): | |
---|
(13): |
- human Na+-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter
|
---|
(14): | |
---|
(15): |
- proton oligopeptide cotransporter
|
---|
(16): |
- monocarboxylate transporter
|
---|
(17): | |
---|
(18): | |
---|
(19): | |
---|
(20): | |
---|
|
| SLC21–30 |
---|
(21): | |
---|
(22): | |
---|
(23): |
- Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter
|
---|
(24): | |
---|
(25): | |
---|
(26): |
- multifunctional anion exchanger
|
---|
(27): | |
---|
(28): |
- Na+-coupled nucleoside transport (SLC28A1
|
---|
(29): |
- facilitative nucleoside transporter
|
---|
(30): | |
---|
|
| SLC31–40 |
---|
(31): | |
---|
(32): | |
---|
(33): | |
---|
(34): |
- type II Na+-phosphate cotransporter
|
---|
(35): |
- nucleoside-sugar transporter
-
-
-
-
- SLC35E1
- SLC35E2
- SLC35E3
- SLC35E4
|
---|
(36): |
- proton-coupled amino-acid transporter
|
---|
(37): |
- sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger
|
---|
(38): |
- System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter
|
---|
(39): | |
---|
(40): |
- basolateral iron transporter
|
---|
|
| SLC41–48 |
---|
(41): | |
---|
(42): | |
---|
(43): |
- Na+-independent, system-L like amino-acid transporter
|
---|
(44): | |
---|
(45): |
- Putative sugar transporter
|
---|
(46): | |
---|
(47): | |
---|
(48): | |
---|
|
| |
|
|
|
see also solute carrier disorders |