Yuri Gagarin

Yuri Gagarin

Gagarin in 1963

Soviet cosmonaut
Native name
 Юрий Гагарин
Nationality Soviet
Born Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin
(1934-03-09)9 March 1934
Klushino, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Died 27 March 1968(1968-03-27) (aged 34)
Novosyolovo, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Resting place
 Kremlin Wall Necropolis
Other occupation
 Pilot
Rank Colonel (Polkovnik), Soviet Air Forces
Time in space
 1 hour, 48 minutes
Selection Soviet Air Force Group 1
Missions Vostok 1
Mission insignia
Awards

Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Russian: Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин[note 1]; IPA: [ˈjʉrʲɪj ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ɡɐˈɡarʲɪn]; 9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to journey into outer space, when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961.

Gagarin became an international celebrity, and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, the nation's highest honour. Vostok 1 marked his only spaceflight, but he served as backup crew to the Soyuz 1 mission (which ended in a fatal crash). Gagarin later became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre outside Moscow, which was later named after him. Gagarin died in 1968 when the MiG-15 training jet he was piloting crashed. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale awards the Yuri A. Gagarin Gold Medal in his honor.

Early life and education

Yuri Gagarin was born in the village of Klushino, near Gzhatsk (renamed Gagarin in 1968 after his death), on 9 March 1934.[1] His parents worked on a collective farm.[2] His father, Alexei Ivanovich Gagarin was a carpenter and bricklayer, and his mother, Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina, was a milkmaid.[note 2][3] Yuri was the third of four children: older brother Valentin, older sister Zoya, and younger brother Boris.[4]

Like millions of people in the Soviet Union, the Gagarin family suffered during Nazi occupation in World War II. Klushino was occupied in November 1941 during the German advance on Moscow, and an officer took over the Gagarin residence. The family was allowed to build a mud hut, approximately 3 by 3 metres (10 by 10 ft) inside, on the land behind their house, where they spent a year and nine months until the end of the occupation.[5] His two older siblings were deported by the Germans to Poland for slave labour in 1943, and did not return until after the war in 1945.[4][6] In 1946, the family moved to Gzhatsk, where Gagarin continued his secondary education.[5]

In 1950, Gagarin entered into an apprenticeship at age 16 as a foundryman at the Lyubertsy Steel Plant near Moscow,[4][6] and also enrolled at a local "young workers" school for seventh grade evening classes.[7] After graduating in 1951 from both the seventh grade and the vocational school (with honours in moldmaking and foundry-work),[7] he was selected for further training at the Saratov Industrial Technical School, where he studied tractors.[4][6][8] While in Saratov, Gagarin volunteered for weekend training as a Soviet air cadet at a local flying club, where he learned to fly — at first in a biplane and later in a Yak-18 trainer.[6][8] He also earned extra money as a part-time dock laborer on the Volga River.[5]

Soviet Air Force

Valentina Gagarina, Sima Eivazova and Yuri Gagarin in Bulgaria in 1966

After graduating from the technical school in 1955, the Soviet Army drafted Gagarin.[7] On a recommendation, Gagarin was sent to the First Chkalov Air Force Pilot's School in Orenburg, and soloed in a MiG-15 in 1957.[4][6][7] Post-graduation, he was assigned to the Luostari airbase in Murmansk Oblast, close to the Norwegian border, where terrible weather made flying risky. He became a Lieutenant in the Soviet Air Forces on 5 November 1957; on 6 November 1959 he received the rank of Senior Lieutenant.[9]

Soviet space program

Selection and training

In 1960, after much searching and a selection process, Yuri Gagarin was chosen with 19 other pilots for the Soviet space program. Gagarin was further selected for an elite training group known as the Sochi Six, from which the first cosmonauts of the Vostok programme would be chosen. Gagarin and other prospective candidates were subjected to experiments designed to test physical and psychological endurance; he also underwent training for the upcoming flight. Out of the twenty selected, the eventual choices for the first launch were Gagarin and Gherman Titov due to their performance during training sessions as well as their physical characteristics — space was limited in the small Vostok cockpit, and both men were rather short. Gagarin was 1.57 metres (5 ft 2 in) tall.[2]

In August 1960, when Gagarin was one of 20 possible candidates, a Soviet Air Force doctor evaluated his personality as follows:

Modest; embarrasses when his humor gets a little too racy; high degree of intellectual development evident in Yuriy; fantastic memory; distinguishes himself from his colleagues by his sharp and far-ranging sense of attention to his surroundings; a well-developed imagination; quick reactions; persevering, prepares himself painstakingly for his activities and training exercises, handles celestial mechanics and mathematical formulae with ease as well as excels in higher mathematics; does not feel constrained when he has to defend his point of view if he considers himself right; appears that he understands life better than a lot of his friends.[10]

Gagarin was also a favoured candidate by his peers. When the 20 candidates were asked to anonymously vote for which other candidate they would like to see as the first to fly, all but three chose Gagarin.[11] One of these candidates, Yevgeny Khrunov, believed that Gagarin was very focused, and was demanding of himself and others when necessary.[12]

Gagarin kept physically fit throughout his life, and was a keen sportsman. Cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky wrote:

Service in the Air Force made us strong, both physically and morally. All of us cosmonauts took up sports and PT seriously when we served in the Air Force. I know that Yuri Gagarin was fond of ice hockey. He liked to play goal keeper... I don't think I am wrong when I say that sports became a fixture in the life of the cosmonauts.[13]

In addition to being a keen ice hockey player, Gagarin was also a basketball fan, and coached the Saratov Industrial Technical School team, as well as being a referee.[14]

Vostok 1

On 12 April 1961, the Vostok 3KA-3 (Vostok 1) spacecraft with Gagarin aboard was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome. Gagarin thus became both the first human to travel into space, and the first to orbit the Earth. His call sign was Kedr (Russian: Кедр, Siberian pine or Cedar).[15]

The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dialogue at the moment of rocket launch:

Korolev: "Preliminary stage..... intermediate..... main..... lift off! We wish you a good flight. Everything is all right."

Gagarin: "Поехали!" (Poyekhali!—Let's go!).[16]

Gagarin's informal poyekhali! became a historical phrase in the Eastern Bloc, used to refer to the beginning of the Space Age in human history.[17][18]

In his post-flight report, Gagarin recalled his experience of spaceflight, having been the first human in space:

The feeling of weightlessness was somewhat unfamiliar compared with Earth conditions. Here, you feel as if you were hanging in a horizontal position in straps. You feel as if you are suspended.[19]
Vostok I capsule on display at the RKK Energiya museum

Following the flight, Gagarin told the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that during reentry he had whistled the tune "The Motherland Hears, The Motherland Knows" (Russian: "Родина слышит, Родина знает").[20][21] The first two lines of the song are: "The Motherland hears, the Motherland knows/Where her son flies in the sky".[22] This patriotic song was written by Dmitri Shostakovich in 1951 (opus 86), with words by Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky.

Some sources have claimed that Gagarin commented during the flight, "I don't see any God up here." However, no such words appear in the verbatim record of his conversations with Earth-based stations during the spaceflight.[23] In a 2006 interview, Gagarin's friend Colonel Valentin Petrov stated that the cosmonaut never said such words, and that the quote originated from Nikita Khrushchev's speech at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU about the state's anti-religion campaign, saying "Gagarin flew into space, but didn't see any god there."[24] Petrov also said that Gagarin had been baptised into the Orthodox Church as a child, and a 2011 Foma magazine article quoted the rector of the Orthodox church in Star City saying, "Gagarin baptized his elder daughter Yelena shortly before his space flight; and his family used to celebrate Christmas and Easter and keep icons in the house."[25]

After the Soviet space program

Gagarin's flight was a triumph for the Soviet space program. The announcement on the Soviet radio was made by Yuri Levitan, the same speaker who announced all major events in the Great Patriotic War. Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Newspapers around the globe published his biography and details of his flight. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to World War II Victory Parades. Gagarin was escorted in a long motorcade of high-ranking officials through the streets of Moscow to the Kremlin where, in a lavish ceremony, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, by Nikita Khrushchev.[26]

Gagarin in Warsaw, 1961

Later on, Gagarin toured widely abroad. He visited Italy, Germany, Canada, Brazil, Japan, Egypt[27] and Finland to promote the Soviet Union's accomplishment of putting the first human in space. He visited the United Kingdom three months after the Vostok 1 mission, going to London and Manchester.[28][29]

The sudden rise to fame took its toll on Gagarin. While acquaintances say Gagarin had been a "sensible drinker", his touring schedule placed him in social situations where he was always expected to drink. Gagarin was also reportedly caught by his wife in a room with another woman, a nurse named Anna who had aided him after a boating incident earlier in the day, at a Black Sea resort in September 1961. He attempted to escape by leaving through a window and jumping off her second floor balcony, hitting his face on a kerbstone and leaving a permanent scar above his left eyebrow.[4][8]

In 1962, he began serving as a Deputy to the Soviet of the Union,[30] and was elected to the Central Committee of the Young Communist League. He later returned to Star City, the cosmonaut facility, where he spent several years working on designs for a reusable spacecraft. He became a lieutenant colonel of the Soviet Air Forces on 12 June 1962, and received the rank of colonel on 6 November 1963.[9] Soviet officials tried to keep him away from any flights, being worried of losing their hero in an accident. Gagarin was backup pilot for his friend Vladimir Komarov in the Soyuz 1 flight, which was launched despite Gagarin's protests that additional safety precautions were necessary.[31] When Komarov's flight ended in a fatal crash, Gagarin was permanently banned from training for and participating in further spaceflights.

On 20 December 1963, Gagarin had become Deputy Training Director of the Star City cosmonaut training base.[32] Two years later he was re-elected as a deputy to the SSSU, but this time to the Soviet of Nationalities.[30] Next year he began to re-qualify as a fighter pilot.[33] On 17 February 1968 he successfully defended his aerospace engineering thesis on the subject of spaceplane aerodynamic configuration, passing with flying colors.[34][35]

Death

Plaque on a brick wall with inscription: Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин, 1934-03-09–1968-03-27
Plaque indicating Gagarin's interment in the Kremlin Wall

On 27 March 1968, while on a routine training flight from Chkalovsky Air Base, he and flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin died in a MiG-15UTI crash near the town of Kirzhach. The bodies of Gagarin and Seryogin were cremated and the ashes were buried in the walls of the Kremlin on Red Square.

Gagarin is survived by his wife Valentina, and daughters Yelena and Galina.

Cause of jet crash

The cause of the crash that killed Gagarin is not entirely certain, and has been subject to speculation about conspiracy theories over the ensuing decades.

Soviet documents declassified in March 2003 showed that the KGB had conducted their own investigation of the accident, in addition to one government and two military investigations. The KGB's report dismissed various conspiracy theories, instead indicating that the actions of airbase personnel contributed to the crash. The report states that an air traffic controller provided Gagarin with outdated weather information, and that by the time of his flight, conditions had deteriorated significantly. Ground crew also left external fuel tanks attached to the aircraft. Gagarin's planned flight activities needed clear weather and no outboard tanks. The investigation concluded that Gagarin's aircraft entered a spin, either due to a bird strike or because of a sudden move to avoid another aircraft. Because of the out-of-date weather report, the crew believed their altitude to be higher than it actually was, and could not react properly to bring the MiG-15 out of its spin.[36]

Another theory, advanced by the original crash investigator in 2005, hypothesizes that a cabin air vent was accidentally left open by the crew or the previous pilot, leading to oxygen deprivation and leaving the crew incapable of controlling the aircraft.[37] A similar theory, published in Air & Space magazine, is that the crew detected the open vent and followed procedure by executing a rapid dive to a lower altitude. This dive caused them to lose consciousness and crash.[38]

On 12 April 2007, the Kremlin vetoed a new investigation into the death of Gagarin. Government officials said that they saw no reason to begin a new investigation.[39]

A Russian MiG-15UTI, the same type as Gagarin was flying

In April 2011, documents from a 1968 commission set up by the Central Committee of the Communist Party to investigate the accident were declassified. Those documents revealed that the commission's original conclusion was that Gagarin or Seryogin had maneuvered sharply either to avoid a weather balloon, leading the jet into a "super-critical flight regime and to its stalling in complex meteorological conditions," or to avoid "entry into the upper limit of the first layer of cloud cover".[40]

In his 2004 book Two Sides of the Moon, Alexey Leonov, who was part of a State Commission established to investigate the death in 1968, recounts that he was flying a helicopter in the same area that day when he heard "two loud booms in the distance." Corroborating other theories, his conclusion is that a Sukhoi jet (which he identifies as a Su-15 'Flagon') was flying below its minimum allowed altitude, and "without realizing it because of the terrible weather conditions, he passed within 10 or 20 meters of Yuri and Seregin's plane while breaking the sound barrier." The resulting turbulence would have sent the MiG into an uncontrolled spin. Leonov believes the first boom he heard was that of the jet breaking the sound barrier, and the second was Gagarin's plane crashing.[41] In a June 2013 interview with Russian television network RT, Leonov said that a declassified report on the incident revealed the presence of a second, "unauthorized" Su-15 flying in the area. Leonov states that this aircraft had descended to 450 metres (1,480 ft) and that, while running afterburners, "the aircraft reduced its echelon at a distance of 10–15 meters in the clouds, passing close to Gagarin, turning his plane and thus sending it into a tailspin – a deep spiral, to be precise – at a speed of 750 kilometers per hour." As a condition of being allowed to discuss the report, however, Leonov was required to not disclose the name of the other pilot, who was reported to be 80 years old (as of 2013) and in poor health.[42][43]

Personal life

In 1957, while at the First Chkalov Air Force Pilot's School in Orenburg, Gagarin met Valentina Ivanovna Goryacheva,[3] a medical technician graduate of the Orenburg Medical School.[6][8] They were married on 7 November 1957, the same day Gagarin graduated from Orenburg, and they have two daughters.[3][6]

Yelena Yurievna Gagarina is an art historian who has worked as the Director-General of the Moscow Kremlin Museums since 2001.[44][45]

Galina Yurievna Gagarina is a professor of economics and the department chair at Plekhanov Russian University of Economics in Moscow.[44][46]

Legacy and tributes

Legacy

Aside from his short stature at 1.57 metres (5 ft 2 in), one of Gagarin's most notable traits was his smile.[47] Many commented on how Gagarin's smile gained the attention of crowds on the frequent tours he did in the months after the Vostok 1 mission success.[29]

Gagarin also garnered a reputation as an adept public figure. When he visited Manchester in the United Kingdom, it was pouring rain. However, Gagarin insisted that the convertible top remain down so that the cheering crowds could catch a glimpse of him. Gagarin stated, "If all these people have turned out to welcome me and can stand in the rain, so can I." Gagarin refused an umbrella and remained standing in his open-top Bentley so that the cheering crowds could still see him.[29]

Sergei Korolev, one of the masterminds behind the early years of the Soviet space program, later said that Gagarin possessed a smile "that lit up the Cold War".[48]

Tributes

Russian Rouble commemorating Gagarin in 2001
Yuri Gagarin statue in London, near Admiralty Arch (now in Greenwich)
John Glenn panel and Yuri Gagarin statue in Houston, at the former NASA office on Wayside Drive

12 April, the date of Gagarin's space flight, has been commemorated as a special date. Since 1962, it has been celebrated in the USSR and later in Russia and other post-Soviet states as the Cosmonautics Day. In 2011 it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations.[49]

Since 2001, Yuri's Night, an international celebration, is held every 12 April to commemorate milestones in space exploration.

A number of buildings and other sites on Earth have been named for Gagarin. The Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City was named in 1969. The launch pad at Baikonur Cosmodrome from which Sputnik 1 and Vostok 1 were launched, is now known as Gagarin's Start. Gagarin Raion in the Sevastopol city (Ukraine) was named after him during the period of the Soviet Union. The Air Force Academy was renamed Gagarin Air Force Academy in 1968.

Gagarin has been honored on the Moon by both astronauts and astronomers. He was honored by the American space program during Apollo 11 in 1969 when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left a memorial satchel containing medals commemorating Gagarin and fellow cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov on the surface.[50][51] In 1971, Apollo 15 astronauts David Scott and James Irwin left the Fallen Astronaut at their landing site as a memorial to all the American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts who died in the Space Race, with Yuri Gagarin listed among 14 others.[52][53] He is memorialized by the official naming of a 265 km crater on the Far Side after him.

Several statues have been erected in his honor.

On 4 June 1980, a monument to Gagarin was opened on Gagarin Square in Leninsky Avenue, Moscow. The monument is 42.4 m tall and constructed of titanium. Beside the column is a replica of the descent module used by Gagarin.

In 2011 a statue, Yuri Gagarin, was unveiled at the Admiralty Arch end of The Mall in London, opposite the permanent sculpture of James Cook. It is a copy of the statue outside Gagarin's former school in Lyubertsy.[54] In 2013 the statue was moved to a permanent location outside the Royal Observatory in Greenwich.[55]

In 2012, a statue was unveiled at the site of NASA's original spaceflight headquarters on South Wayside Drive in Houston. The sculpture, completed in 2011 by artist/cosmonaut Alexsei Leonov, was a gift to Houston by various Russian organisations. Houston Mayor Annise Parker, NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, and Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak were present for the dedication.[56]

Gagarin is memorialized in music, including a cycle of Soviet patriotic songs The Constellation Gagarin (Russian: Созвездье Гагарина, tr. Sozvezdie Gagarina) was written by Alexandra Pakhmutova and Nikolai Dobronravov in 1970–1971.[57] The most famous of these songs referred to Gagarin's poekhali!: He said "let's go!" He waved his hand.[17][57] He was the inspiration for the pieces "Hey Gagarin" by Jean Michel Jarre (on Métamorphoses), "Gagarin" by Public Service Broadcasting, and "Gagarin, I loved you" by Undervud.

Vessels have been named for him. Soviet tracking ship Kosmonavt Yuri Gagarin was built in 1971. Armenian airline Armavia named their first Sukhoi Superjet 100 in Gagarin's honour in 2011.[58]

There were two commemorative coins issued in the Soviet Union to honour the 20th and 30th anniversaries of his flight: 1 ruble coin (1981, copper-nickel) and 3 ruble coin (1991, silver). In 2001, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Gagarin's flight, a series of four coins bearing his likeness was issued in Russia: 2 ruble coin (copper-nickel), 3 ruble coin (silver), 10 ruble coin (brass-copper, nickel), and 100 ruble coin (silver).[59] In 2011, Russia issued a 1,000 ruble coin (gold) and 3 ruble coin (silver) to mark the 50th anniversary of his flight.[60]

In 2008, the Kontinental Hockey League named their championship trophy the Gagarin Cup.[61] In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Gagarin was ranked as the #6 most popular space hero, tied with Star Trek's fictional Capt. James T. Kirk.[62] The Russian docudrama, Gagarin: First in Space, was released in 2013.

50th anniversary

50th anniversary stamp of Ukraine

The 50th anniversary of Gagarin's journey into space was marked in 2011 by tributes around the world. A film titled First Orbit was shot from the International Space Station, combining the original flight audio with footage of the route taken by Gagarin.[63] The Russian, American, and Italian Expedition 27 crew aboard the ISS sent a special video message to wish the people of the world a "Happy Yuri's Night", wearing shirts with an image of Gagarin.[64]

Swiss-based German watchmaker Bernhard Lederer created a limited edition of 50 Gagarin Tourbillons to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight.[65]

The launch of Soyuz TMA-21 on 4 April 2011 was devoted to the 50th anniversary of the first manned space mission.[66]

Honours and awards

Graffiti of Gagarin (with Maradona and Castro), in Drvengrad, Serbia.

and others.

Yuri Gagarin was elected an honorary citizen of the following cities:

He was also awarded the golden keys to the gates of the Egyptian cities Cairo and Alexandria.

Notes

  1. ↑ Gagarin's first name is sometimes transliterated as Yuriy, Youri, or Yury.
  2. ↑ Alexey and Anna's names are sometimes transliterated as Aleksei Ivanovich and Anna Timofeevna, respectively (Bassin 2012).

References

  1. ↑ Hanbury-Tenison, Robin, ed. (2010). The Great Explorers. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-500-25169-0.
  2. 1 2 Tito, Dennis (13 November 2006). "Yuri Gagarin". Time Europe via Time.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2008.
  3. 1 2 3 Rosenberg, Jennifer. "Yuri Gagarin: The First Man in Space". About.com. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rodgers, Paul (3 April 2011). "Yuri Gagarin: The man who fell to Earth". The Independent. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 Moskvitch, Katia (3 April 2011). "Yuri Gagarin's Klushino: Forgotten home of space legend". BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bizony, Piers (14 March 2011). "First man of Space – the flight and plight of Yuri Gagarin". Engineering & Technology. 6 (3). Archived from the original on 26 March 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Yury Gagarin: Biography". RIA Novosti. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Rincon, Paul; Moskvitch, Katia (4 April 2011). "Profile: Yuri Gagarin". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013.
  9. 1 2 Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин. Astronaut.ru (in Russian). 11 July 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  10. ↑ Quoted in Siddiqi 2000, p. 262.
  11. ↑ Siddiqi 2000, p. 262.
  12. ↑ Siddiqi 2000, p. 261.
  13. ↑ Bykovsky quoted in Gavrilin 1973, p. 26-27.
  14. ↑ Louis, Victor E; Louis, Jennifer M (1980). Sport in the Soviet Union. Oxford: Pergamon. p. 43. ISBN 0-08-024506-4.
  15. ↑ Siddiqi 2000, p. 275.
  16. ↑ Hall and Shayler, p. 150
  17. 1 2 Душенко, Константин (2014). Большой словарь цитат и крылатых выражений (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 978-5-699-40115-4.
  18. ↑ Первушин, Антон (2011). "6.2 Он сказал «Поехали!»". 108 минут, изменившие мир (in Russian). Эксмо. ISBN 9785457022300.
  19. ↑ Quoted in Siddiqi 2000, p. 278.
  20. ↑ Гагарин, Юрий (3 December 2004). Дорога в космос. Pravda via TestPilot.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  21. ↑ "Motherland Hears (download)". SovMusic.ru. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  22. ↑ "Motherland Hears (lyrics)". SovMusic.ru. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  23. ↑ Полная стенограмма переговоров Юрия Гагарина с Землей с момента его посадки в корабль (за два часа до старта) до выхода корабля "Востока-1" из зоны радиоприема. Cosmoworld.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  24. ↑ "I am proud to be accused of having introduced Yury Gagarin to Orthodoxy". Interfax-religion.com. 12 April 2006. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  25. ↑ "Gagarin's family celebrated Easter and Christmas, Korolev used to pray and confess". Interfax-religion.com. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013.
  26. ↑ Первушин, Антон (October 2013). "7.1 Гражданин мира". 108 минут, изменившие мир (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 9785457022300.
  27. ↑ На орбите дружбы. МК в Египте (in Russian). 24 April 2011.
  28. ↑ Callow, John (17 January 2009). "Yuri Gagarin in Manchester". WCML.org.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  29. 1 2 3 French, Francis (July 1998). "Yuri Gagarin's Visit to Manchester". Spaceflight. British Interplanetary Society. 40 (7). Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  30. 1 2 Gafutulin, Nail (12 April 2011). "Космонавт и Депутат" [Astronaut and Deputy]. Red Star (in Russian). Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  31. ↑ Krulwich, Robert (18 March 2011). "Cosmonaut Crashed Into Earth 'Crying In Rage'". Krulwich Wonders via NPR.org. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  32. ↑ "Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин" [Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin]. Astronaut.ru (in Russian). 2 June 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  33. ↑ "Gagarin". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  34. ↑ Lebedev, Vitaliy (August 2011). "Диплом Гагарина" [Gagarin's Diploma] (PDF). New Defence Order Strategy (in Russian) (16): 117–118.
  35. ↑ Lebedev, Vitaliy (October 2011). "Диплом Гагарина" [Gagarin's Diploma] (PDF). New Defence Order Strategy (in Russian) (17): 68–69.
  36. ↑ Aris, Ben (28 March 2008). "KGB held ground staff to blame for Gagarin's death". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  37. ↑ Holt, Ed (3 April 2005). "Inquiry promises to solve Gagarin death riddle". Scotland on Sunday. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  38. ↑ Osborn, Andrew (September 2010). "What Made Yuri Fall?". Air & Space. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  39. ↑ Osborn, Andrew (12 April 2007). "Kremlin vetoes new inquiry into mystery death of Yuri Gagarin". The Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  40. ↑ Malpas, Anna (8 April 2011). "Russia sheds light on Gagarin death mystery". AFP. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  41. ↑ Leonov, Alexei; Scott, David (2004). Two Sides of the Moon. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 218. ISBN 0-312-30865-5. OCLC 56587777.
  42. ↑ "Death of Yuri Gagarin demystified 40 years on". RT.com. 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
  43. ↑ Major, Jason (14 June 2013). "Details of Yuri Gagarin's Tragic Death Revealed". Universe Today. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  44. 1 2 Abel, Allen (May 2011). "The Family He Left Behind". Air & Space. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  45. ↑ "Gagarin in his daughter's words". Euronews.net. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  46. ↑ Праздничные мероприятия, посвященные 50-летию полета Ю.А. Гагарина в космос (in Russian). Rea.ru. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  47. ↑ Williams, Huw (7 March 2011). "Memories sought of Yuri Gagarin's way into space". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  48. ↑ McKie, Robin (13 March 2011). "Sergei Korolev: the rocket genius behind Yuri Gagarin". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  49. ↑ "UN Resolution A/RES/65/271, The International Day of Human Space Flight (12 April)". 7 April 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  50. ↑ Minard, Anne (21 July 2009). "Apollo 11: 5 Little-Known Facts About the Moon Landing". National Geographic. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  51. ↑ Aldrin, Buzz; McConnell, Malcolm (1989). Men From Earth. New York: Bantam. ISBN 0553053744.
  52. ↑ Pocock, Philip (2012). Geppert, Alexander C. T., ed. Imagining Outer Space: European Astroculture in the Twentieth Century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 335–336. ISBN 0230231721.
  53. ↑ Powell, Corey S.; Shapiro, Laurie Gwen (16 December 2013). "The Sculpture on the Moon". Slate. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  54. ↑ Parfitt, Tom (6 April 2011). "How Yuri Gagarin's historic flight was nearly grounded". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  55. ↑ "Gagarin Monument Moved from London's Mall to Greenwich". RIA Novosti. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  56. ↑ "Houston Mayor, NASA Administrator & Russian Ambassador Dedicate Gifts of Artworks Honoring Russian and US Space Pioneers". City of Houston. 15 October 2012. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  57. 1 2 Созвездье Гагарина. Alexandra Pakhmutova's website
  58. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (15 January 2011). "Picture: First Armavia Superjet awaits delivery". FlightGlobal.com. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  59. ↑ База данных по памятным и инвестиционным монетам. CBR.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  60. ↑ "Yuri Gagarin Featured on Russian Gold and Silver Coins". Coin Update. 14 April 2011.
  61. ↑ Fraser, Adam (19 May 2010). "UFA Sports to market Kontinental Hockey League". SportsPro Media. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  62. ↑ "Space Foundation Survey Reveals Broad Range of Space Heroes". Space Foundation. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  63. ↑ Riley, Christopher (11 April 2011). "What Yuri Gagarin saw: First Orbit film to reveal the view from Vostok 1". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  64. ↑ "Yuri's Night 2011 International Space Station Crew: 50th Anniversary of Human Spaceflight". YouTube.com. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  65. ↑ "The Gagarin Tourbillon". The Gagarin Tourbillon. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  66. ↑ Anikeev, Alexander (29 April 2011). "Spacecraft "Soyuz-TMA21"". Manned Aeronautics. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  67. ↑ Hoffmann, Bruno. "Para Yuri Gagarin, Brasília era um planeta diferente" [For Yuri Gagarin, Brasil was a different planet]. Brasil Almanaque de Cultura Popular. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  68. ↑ "Почётные граждане" [Honorary citizens]. City of Orenburg. Retrieved 30 October 2016.

Sources

Further reading

External images
Memorial to Gagarin and Seregin at crash location
Memorial obelisk photo
Memorial obelisk closeup photo
Coordinates 56°02′48″N 39°01′35″E / 56.04664°N 39.0265°E / 56.04664; 39.0265
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