Yorkshire dialect

Yorkshire
Native to England
Region Yorkshire
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottolog None
Historic location of Yorkshire within England

The Yorkshire dialect (also Broad Yorkshire or Tyke) is a Northern English language variety spoken in England's historic county of Yorkshire.[1] The dialect has roots in older languages such as Old English and Old Norse. The Yorkshire Dialect Society exists to promote use of the dialect in both humour and in serious linguistics; there is also an East Riding Dialect Society.

Yorkshire is generally not as stigmatised as other dialects, and has been used in classic works of literature such as Wuthering Heights, Nicholas Nickleby and The Secret Garden. Studies have shown that accents in the West Riding (that is, mostly, modern West and South Yorkshire) are generally popular and are associated with common sense, loyalty and reliability.[2][3]

Geographic distribution

Traditionally, there was not one dialect in Yorkshire but several. The Survey of English Dialects identified many different accents in Yorkshire. The Yorkshire Dialect Society draws a border roughly at the River Wharfe between two main zones. The area to the southwest of the river is more influenced by Mercian dialect whilst that to the northeast is more influenced by Northumbrian dialect. The distinction was first made by A. J. Ellis in On Early English Pronunciation. It was approved of by Joseph Wright, the founder of the Yorkshire Dialect Society and the author of the English Dialect Dictionary. Investigations at village level by the dialect analysts Stead (1906), Sheard (1945) and Rohrer (1950) mapped a border between the two areas.[4]

Over time, speech has become closer to Standard English and some of the features that once distinguished one town from another have disappeared. In 1945, J. A. Sheard predicted that various influences "will probably result in the production of a standard West Riding dialect", and K. M. Petyt found in 1985 that "such a situation is at least very nearly in existence".[5] However, the accent of Hull and East Yorkshire remains markedly different. The accent of the Middlesbrough area has some similarities with Geordie.[6]

One anomalous case in the West Riding is Royston, which absorbed migrants from the Black Country at the end of the 19th century. The speech of Royston contrasts with that of nearby Barnsley, as it retains some Black Country features.[7][8]

Wilfred Pickles, a Yorkshireman born in Halifax, was selected by the BBC as an announcer for its North Regional radio service; he went on to be an occasional newsreader on the BBC Home Service during World War II. He was the first newsreader to speak in a regional accent rather than Received Pronunciation, "a deliberate attempt to make it more difficult for Nazis to impersonate BBC broadcasters",[9] and caused some comment with his farewell catchphrase "... and to all in the North, good neet".

Pronunciation

Some features of Yorkshire pronunciation are general features of northern English accents. Many of them are listed in the northern English accents section on the English English page. For example, Yorkshire speakers have short [a] in words like bath, grass and chance. The long [ɑː] of southern English is widely disliked in these words.[10]

Vowels

The following features are recessive, and are generally less common amongst younger than older speakers in Yorkshire:

Consonants

Most Yorkshire accents are non-rhotic, but rhotic accents do exist in some areas that border with Lancashire. At the time of the Survey of English Dialects, much of the East Riding was partially rhotic: a final r on a word, as in letter, hour, and quarter would be pronounced in a rhotic manner, but an r mid-way through a word, as in start, yard, and burn would be pronounced in a non-rhotic manner.[35]

Some consonant changes amongst the younger generation are typical of younger speakers across England, but are not part of the traditional dialect:[36]

The following are typical of the older generation:

Further information

These features can be found in the English Accents and Dialects collection on the British Library website. This website features samples of Yorkshire (and elsewhere in England) speech in wma format, with annotations on phonology with X-SAMPA phonetic transcriptions, lexis and grammar.

See also Wells (1982), section 4.4.

Vocabulary and grammar

A list of non-standard grammatical features of Yorkshire speech is shown below. In formal settings, these features are castigated and, as a result, their use is recessive. They are most common amongst older speakers and amongst the working classes.

Contracted negatives

In informal Yorkshire speech, negatives may be more contracted than in other varieties of English. These forms are shown in the table below. Although the final consonant is written as [t], this may be realised as [ʔ], especially when followed by a consonant.[50]

Word Primary Contraction Secondary Contraction
isn't ɪznt ɪnt
wasn't wɒznt wɒnt
doesn't dʊznt dʊnt
didn't dɪdnt dɪnt
couldn't kʊdnt kʰʊnt
shouldn't ʃʊdnt ʃʊnt
wouldn't wʊdnt wʊnt
oughtn't ɔːtnt ɔːnt
needn't niːdnt niːnt
mightn't maɪtnt maɪnt
mustn't mʊsnt mʊnt (uncommon)
hasn't haznt ant
haven't havnt ant

Hadn't does not become reduced to [ant]. This may be to avoid confusion with hasn't or haven't, which can both be realised as [ant].[51]

Yorkshire Dialect Society

The Yorkshire Dialect Society exists to promote use of the dialect in both humour and in serious linguistics; there is also an East Riding Dialect Society.

The Yorkshire society is the oldest of the county dialect societies; it grew out of the committee of workers formed to collect material for the English Dialect Dictionary. The committee was formed in October 1894 at Joseph Wright's suggestion and the Yorkshire Dialect Society was founded in 1897. It publishes an annual volume of The Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society; the contents of this include studies of English dialects outside Yorkshire, e.g. the dialects of Northumberland, and Shakespeare's use of dialect.[52]

The director Ken Loach has set several of his films in South Yorkshire and has stated that he doesn't want actors to deviate from their natural accent.[53] The dialect is strongest in the 1969 film Kes, filmed around Barnsley with local actors, and in the 1977 film The Price of Coal, which had actors from across South Yorkshire. The films Looks and Smiles (1981) and The Navigators (2001) were both set in Sheffield. Loach has noted that the speech is less regionally-marked in his more recent films and has attributed this to changing speech habits in South Yorkshire.[54] In addition, parts of his serial Days of Hope featured dialect from a more rural part of Yorkshire, with the lead actor, Paul Copley, being from Denby Dale.

Dialect of the northern dales featured in the series All Creatures Great and Small.

A number of popular bands hail from Yorkshire and have distinctive Yorkshire accents. Joe Elliott and Rick Savage, vocalist and bassist of Def Leppard; Alex Turner, vocalist of the Arctic Monkeys;[55] Jon McClure, of Reverend and The Makers;[56] Jon Windle, of Little Man Tate;[57] Jarvis Cocker, vocalist of Pulp;[58] and Joe Carnall, of Milburn[59] and Phil Oakey (of The Human League) are all known for their Sheffield accents, whilst The Cribs, who are from Netherton, sing in a Wakefield accent.[60] Graham Fellows, in his persona as John Shuttleworth, uses his Sheffield accent, though his first public prominence was as cockney Jilted John. Toddla T, a DJ on BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra, has a strong Sheffield accent and often uses the phrase "big up thysen" (an adaptation into Yorkshire dialect of the slang term "big up yourself" which is most often used in the music and pop culture of the Jamaican diaspora). Similarly, grime crews such as Scumfam use a modern Sheffield accent, which still includes some dialect words.

Actor Sean Bean normally speaks with a Yorkshire accent in his acting roles, as does actor Matthew Lewis, famously known for playing Neville Longbottom in the Harry Potter films.[61][62]

Wallace of Wallace and Gromit, voiced by Peter Sallis, has his accent from Holme Valley of West Yorkshire, despite the character living in nearby Lancashire. Sallis has said that creator Nick Park wanted a Lancashire accent, but Sallis could only manage to do a Yorkshire one.[63]

The late British Poet Laureate, Ted Hughes originated from Mytholmroyd, close to the border with Lancashire, and spent much of his childhood in Mexborough, South Yorkshire.[64] His own readings of his work were noted for his "flinty" or "granite" voice and "distinctive accent"[65][66] and some said that his Yorkshire accent affected the rhythm of his poetry.[67]

The soap opera Emmerdale, formerly Emmerdale Farm, was noted for use of Broad Yorkshire but the storylines involving numerous incomers have diluted the dialect until it is hardly heard.

In the ITV Edwardian/interwar period drama Downton Abbey, set at a fictional country estate in North Yorkshire between Thirsk and Ripon, many of the servants and nearly all of the local villagers have Yorkshire accents. BBC One series Happy Valley and Last Tango in Halifax, both from creator Sally Wainwright of Huddersfield, also heavily feature Yorkshire accents.[68][69][70]

In the HBO television adaptation of George R.R. Martin's Game of Thrones, many of the characters from the North of Westeros speak with Yorkshire accents, matching the native dialect of Sean Bean, who plays Lord Eddard "Ned" Stark.

Several of the dwarves in the Peter Jackson film adaptation of The Hobbit, namely Thorin Oakenshield, Kíli and Fili, speak with Yorkshire accents.

The character of the Fat Controller in the Thomas and Friends TV series, as voiced by Michael Angelis, has a broad Yorkshire accent.

"On Ilkla Moor Bar t'At", a popular folk song, is sung in the Yorkshire dialect and accent and considered to be the unofficial anthem of Yorkshire.[71]

References

  1. Keane, Peter. "Tyke: It's all the Vikings' fault (sort of)". BBC Bradford and West Yorkshire. BBC. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  2. "Can I help you!". BBC Bradford and West Yorkshire. BBC. 5 October 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2007.
  3. Yorkshire named top twang as Brummie brogue comes bottom | UK news | guardian.co.uk
  4. The Yorkshire Dialect Border
  5. KM Petyt, "'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire", page 327, John Benjamins Publishing, 1985
  6. 1 2 Joan C. Beal, An Introduction to Regional Englishes, Edinburgh University Press, 2010, pp. 95–99
  7. Where the Black Country meets Black Barnsley, Kate Burland, University of Sheffield
  8. "Royston Accent Stands Out". We Are Barnsley. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  9. "Your Voice, Accentuate the positive". BBC. March 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  10. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, p. 286, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Stoddart, Upton and Widowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, page 74
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Stoddart, Upton and Widdowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, p. 76
  13. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 94, 201
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Williams and Kerswill in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, p. 146
  15. BBC – Voices – The Voices Recordings
  16. 1 2 3 Williams and Kerswill in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, p. 143
  17. Watt and Tillotson 2001
  18. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, pp. 124–132, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985
  19. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, pp. 217–218, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985
  20. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, p. 218, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985
  21. Handbook of Varieties of English, p. 125, Walter de Gruyter, 2004
  22. 1 2 Williams and Kerswill in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, p. 147
  23. Tidholm, Hans. The Dialect of Egton in North Yorkshire. pp. 49–50.
  24. Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, pages 156–7
  25. Williams and Kerswill in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, p. 157–159
  26. 1 2 3 Stoddart, Upton and Widdowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, p. 75
  27. Tidholm, Hans. The Dialect of Egton in North Yorkshire. pp. 98–99.
  28. Lewis, Jack Windsor. "The General Central-Northern, Non-Dialectal Pronunciation of England". points 4–13. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  29. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp.168–172
  30. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 132–137
  31. 1 2 KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, p. 205
  32. See section on "Conservative Northernisms" in Our Changing Pronunciation by John C. Wells
  33. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 146–7
  34. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, p. 147
  35. See the Welwick and Nafferton accents on the S.E.D.
  36. Williams and Kerswill in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, p. 159
  37. Wright, Joseph (1892). A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill. London: Trübner & Co. p. 91.
  38. Stoddart, Upton and Widdowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, p. 79
  39. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 216–7
  40. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 196–8
  41. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 239–240
  42. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 202–3
  43. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 191–3
  44. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 190–1, 233
  45. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 373–9
  46. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 193–4
  47. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, p. 236
  48. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, p. 231
  49. 1 2 KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, p. 238
  50. All information in this table: KM Petyt, ‘Dialect’ and ‘Accent’ in Industrial West Yorkshire, pp. 182–183, John Benjamins Publishing, 1985
  51. KM Petyt, 'Dialect' and 'Accent' in Industrial West Yorkshire, p. 183, John Benjamins Publishing, 1985
  52. Brook, G. L. (1965) English Dialects; 2nd ed. London: Andre Deutsch; pp. 156–57
  53. Dialect in Films: Examples of South Yorkshire. Grammatical and Lexical Features from Ken Loach Films, Dialectologica 3, page 6
  54. Dialect in Films: Examples of South Yorkshire. Grammatical and Lexical Features from Ken Loach Films, Dialectologica 3, page 19
  55. Petridis, Alex (15 April 2006). "Made in Sheffield". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  56. McCudden, Louise (13 July 2009). "Reverend and the Makers, Koko, July 8th". In the news. www.inthenews.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  57. Dean, Will (31 January 2007). "Little man tate about what you know". Drowned in Sound. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  58. Burton, Jane (November 1995). "Cocker of the North". Telegraph Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  59. "Milburn"These are the facts"". Canadian Content. canadiancontent.net. 1 July 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  60. Campling, Katie (28 January 2008). "Interview: Cribs' Ryan Jarman". Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  61. "" The Syndicate". Matthew-Lewis.com. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  62. "Macbeth – Reviews – Daily Telegraph". Compleatseanbean.com. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  63. "Wallace and Gromit star Peter Sallis confesses he can't stand Wensleydale cheese". 6 November 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  64. Ford, Mark (6 November 2008). "The Myths of Ted Hughes". The New York Review of Books. NYREV Inc. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  65. Anon. "Ted Hughes (1930–1998)". Faber and Faber. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  66. Armitage, Richard. "The Ted Hughes Letters". Richard Armitage Online. RichardArmitageOnline.com. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  67. Anon. "Ted Hughes: Biography". ExampleEssays.com. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  68. Brockes, Emma (11 March 2016). "Happy Valley has become Britain's version of The Wire". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  69. Corner, Natalie (16 February 2016). "BBC bosses blame accents yet AGAIN over Happy Valley sound issue because dialect is Yorkshire". The Daily Mirror. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  70. Woods, Becky (21 November 2012). "Last Tango in Halifax – TV review". The Shropshire Star. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  71. "The National Anthem of Yorkshire 'God's own county'". DKSnakes.co.uk. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2014.

Books written in Yorkshire dialect

Further reading

Several nineteenth century books are kept in specialist libraries.

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