Yanuh-Jat

Yanuh-Jat
  • יָנוּחַ-גַ'תּ‎‎
  • يانوح-جت‎
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259 Yanuaḥ - Ǧatt
Yanuh-Jat
Coordinates: 32°58′58″N 35°14′39″E / 32.98278°N 35.24417°E / 32.98278; 35.24417Coordinates: 32°58′58″N 35°14′39″E / 32.98278°N 35.24417°E / 32.98278; 35.24417
Grid position 173/265 PAL
District Northern
Government
 • Type Local council (from 1990)
Area
 • Total 13,400 dunams (13.4 km2 or 5.2 sq mi)
Population (2015)[1]
 • Total 6,253
Name meaning Yanuh, possibly from Yanoh[2] Jett, possibly "elevated ground"[3]

Yanuh-Jat (Arabic: يانوح-جت‎‎, Hebrew: יָנוּחַ-גַ'תּ‎) is a local council in the Northern District of Israel, northeast of Acre, consisting of the villages of Yanuh and Jat, which merged in 1990. In 2015 it had a population of 6,253,[1] predominantly members of the Druze community.[4]

History

In Yanuh, old hewn stones have been found reused in village houses. Lintels, oil press, grape press, cisterns cut in rock and old graves have also been described.[5]

Remains from the Bronze Ages, the Iron Age,[6][7] the Hellenistic, Roman and the Byzantine periods were found when an area near the shrine of Shaykh Abu Arus in Jat was excavated.[7] 4th and 5th century CE glass vases were found in Jat when a burial cave was excavated in 1966. Ceramics from the same period was also found, together with a bronze bell in an excavation in 1967 of a grave with a central chamber and loculi.[8]

In the Crusader era, Jat was known under the name of Jesce, Jeth or Gez. It first belonged to the lord who had a seat at Mi'ilya, ("Castellum Regis"), later it belonged to the Teutonic Knights.[7] In 1220 Joscelin III´s daughter Beatrix de Courtenay and her husband Otto von Botenlauben, Count of Henneberg, sold their land, including Gez, to the Teutonic Knights.[9]

Earlier sources identified the Crusader place of Lanahie with Yanuh,[10][11] however, newer researchers place Lanahie near Umm al-Faraj.[12]

Ottoman era

In 1517, the area was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine, and in 1596 Yanuh appeared in the Ottoman tax registers under the name of "Yanuh al-Ward" as being in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Akka under the Liwa of Safad, with a population of 16 households and 2 bachelors, all Muslim. It paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat and barley, fruit trees, as well as on goats, beehives and "winter pastures".[13][14] Jat might possibly be the village mentioned under the name of Kafr Yuda (Yura) in the same daftar, a village with a population of 28 households, also all Muslim.[15]

French explorer Victor Guérin visited Yanuh in August 1875, and found Cisterns cut in the rock, and many cut stones scattered over the soil, surrounding platforms or employed as building material, show that we are here on the site of a small ancient city, the name of which is faithfully preserved in its modern name.'[16] At the same time he noted about "Djett" that 'this is the site of an ancient township, of which there remain cisterns, a built reservoir, and fragments of cut stones disposed about platforms or built up in the walls of modern constructions. Its ancient name was probably Gath, Gith, or Gittah, given to many towns in Palestine, of which Jett is the modern form.'[17]

In the 1881 Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP), Yanuh was described as a village "built of stone, in two parts, having the tomb of a Neby in the southern portion; the village is partially in ruins, and contains about 170 Druzes; it is situated on the high ground on the western brow of a ridge, and is surrounded by olives and a little arable land, but mostly brushwood; there are two birkets and cisterns to supply water."[18] SWP at the same time described "Jett" as "a village, built of stone, on the ridge of a hill; contains about 120 Druzes (according to Guerin, 150); surrounded by olives and figs; the water from cisterns and wells."[19]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Yanuh had 245 inhabitants and Jett had about 105 inhabitants; all Druze.[20]

British Mandate of Palestine

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Yanuh had a population of 117 Druze and 1 Muslim,[21] while Jat had a population of 137, all Druze.[21] By the time of the 1931 census, Yanuh had a population of 306, all Druse, in 47 houses,[22] while Jat had a population of 154 in 28 houses, of which 8 people were Muslims and the rest Druze.[23]

In 1945 Yanuh had a population of 410, all classified as "others", i.e. Druze,[24] with 12,836 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[25] Of this, 804 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 1,625 used for cereals,[26] while 40 dunams were built-up land.[27] In the same 1945 survey Jat had a population of 200 Arabs; 10 Muslims and 190 "others", i.e. Druze,[28] and 5,909 dunams of land.[29] Of this, 554 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 1,206 used for cereals,[30] while 29 dunams were built-up land.[31]

State of Israel

According to the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, Yanuh-Jat was to be a part of the proposed Arab state.[32] In August 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, a number of Druze villages in the western Galilee were within the Israeli military sphere of control. Yanuh and Jat were among several Druze villages located in the military zone of Arab Liberation Army (ALA) of Fawzi al-Qawuqji.[33] Yanuh was the only village to host the ALA and in September more ALA fighters were sent to the village as reinforcements to buttress the defense of Tarshiha where the ALA had a headquarters. On 29 October Israeli forces launched Operation Hiram, an offensive resulting in the capture of much of the central Galilee and some villages in southern Lebanon. During the operation, armed residents from Yanuh and Jat put up resistance to the IDF Sword Battalion, ending with the deaths of 17 Israeli soldiers, 14 of whom were Druze. The Israeli unit had not expected a confrontation with the two villages because representatives from Yanuh had previously made a secret pact with the Israeli authorities not to resist.[34][35] The families of the slain Druze soldiers were given compensation by the residents of Yanuh and Jat, although the two villages later experienced neglect from the government when Israel established control over the area since they were perceived as having betrayed the state.[36] None were expelled, however.[34]

Maqām of Sheik Shams, in Yanuh

Yanuh-Jat gained local council status in 1990. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 5,300 in 2006. The majority of the town's inhabitants are Druze.[37] Before a municipal merger in 1990, Yanuh and Jat were separate villages. In 2003 an economic emergency plan was introduced in which Yanuh-Jat was merged with the neighboring villages: Julis, Abu Sinan and Yirka. In the wake of objections by the local population, the merger was cancelled.[37]

Shrines

Yanuh contains the maqām ("saintly-person tomb") of a certain Nabi Shamsa ("Prophet Shams"), while Jatt contains the maqām of a certain Shaykh Abu Arus. Both serve as Druze visitation sites of minor importance and not much known the shrines' histories or the people associated with them, according to Nissim Dana, an author specializing in Druze affairs.[38] However, Dana writes that Shaykh Abu Arus was among the first missionaries to spread the Druze religion.[39]

References

  1. 1 2 "List of localities, in Alphabetical order" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  2. ↑ According to Palmer, 1881, either this place, p. 60, or Yanuh of South Lebanon, see Yanouh (disambiguation), p. 38, could be the Yanoah of the Bible (2 Kings 15:29)
  3. ↑ or it could come from Gath, according to Palmer, 1881, p. 43
  4. ↑ יאנוח-ג'ת 2014
  5. ↑ Dauphin, 1998, p. 637
  6. ↑ Abu Hamid, 2012, Tell Jatt
  7. 1 2 3 Cinamon, 2011, Jatt Final Report
  8. ↑ Dauphin, 1998, p. 638
  9. ↑ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 43- 44, No. 53; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. 248, No. 934 (16); cited in Frankel, 1988, p. 263
  10. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 155
  11. ↑ Rey, 1883, p. 492
  12. ↑ At grid number 160/267, see Frankel, 1988, pp. 263, 267-8
  13. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 194
  14. ↑ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  15. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 193. The authors do not give the grid number for this village on p. 193, but in the maps the village (z21) is placed in the position of Jat, with a "?", indicating that the authors have not been totally sure that present Jat equals the Kafr Yuda (Yura) of 1596.
  16. ↑ Guérin, 1880, pp. 18-19, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 193
  17. ↑ Guérin, 1880, p. 18, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 168
  18. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 148
  19. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 145
  20. ↑ Schumacher, 1888, p. 173
  21. 1 2 Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. 36
  22. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 104.
  23. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 101.
  24. ↑ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 05
  25. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 41
  26. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 82
  27. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 132
  28. ↑ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 04
  29. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 40
  30. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 80
  31. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 130
  32. ↑ Map, UN partition plan
  33. ↑ Firro, 1999, p. 67
  34. 1 2 Parsons, ed. Rogan, 2001, p. 66.
  35. ↑ Firro, 1999, pp. 69-70.
  36. ↑ Firro, 1999, pp. 72-73.
  37. 1 2 Yanuh-Jat (Israel) Gutterman, Dov. Flags of the World.
  38. ↑ Dana, 2003, p. 33.
  39. ↑ Dana, 2003, p. 104.

Bibliography

See also

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