Jan Prosper Witkiewicz

Jan Prosper Witkiewicz (Russian: Ян Вѝкторович Виткѐвич, Yan Viktorovich Vitkevich) (June 24, 1808–May 8, 1839) was a Polish orientalist, explorer and diplomat in the Russian service.[1] He was the agent of Russia at Kabul just before the First Anglo-Afghan War.

Biography

He was born into the [2] noble family of the Nieczuja coat-of-arms, in Samogitia, in Pašiaušė in what is now modern Lithuania, and at the time was in Kingdom of Poland, part of the Russian Empire. His father, Wiktoryn Witkiewicz, was vicemarszałek of the Szawle (now Šiauliai) powiat[3] and his mother was Justyna Aniela née Mikucka (of Ślepowron coat of arms)[4].

In 1823, because of his participation in an anti-government organization, called Black Brothers he was exiled to Orenburg[5] as a common soldier. Besides for his native Polish, Witkiewicz was already fluent in Russian, French, German and English. In exile he learned Persian, Pashto, Kazakh and several Turkic languages.[6] Reconciled to Russian rule, Witkiewicz entered Russian service. Until the late 19th century, Russian nationalism was defined in terms of not language and ethnicity, but rather in terms of loyalty to the House of Romanov, so insofar as Witkiewicz was loyal to the House of Romanov, he was considered to be a "Russian". In 1829 he became an interpreter for Alexander von Humboldt.[5] At Humboldt's suggestion he was promoted to sergeant. In 1832 he was promoted to ensign and was on the Orenburg border commission. He was sent deep into the Kazakh steppe where he engaged in diplomacy and intelligence, collected geographic and ethnographic information and had several run-ins with bandits. General Vasily Perovsky, the Orenburg commander said that he knew more about the region than any other officer, past or present.

In November 1835 he joined a caravan at Orsk and in January 1836 reached Bukhara where he collected political intelligence and discussed trade and diplomacy with the Emir's officials. The purpose of his visit was to find out if the Emir of Bukhara would remain neutral if Russia attacked the Emirate of Khiva.[7] At Bukhara he met Hussein Ali, a man who had been sent by Dost Mohammed Khan of Kabul to visit the tsar. He accompanied Hussein Ali to Orenburg and Saint Petersburg which they reached in July 1836. He served as interpreter in Afghan-Russian discussions which went on until May 1837.

In 1837, on instructions of Count Karl Nesselrode, the Russian Foreign Minister, he was sent on a return diplomatic mission to Kabul. Reaching Teheran from Tiflis, he met the Russian minister in Tehran, Count Ivan Simonich. Continuing east with a Cossack escort he accidentally encountered Lieutenant Henry Rawlinson.[8] Speaking in Turcoman, he claimed to be carrying gifts from the Emperor Nicholas I to Shah Mohammad Qajar of Persia who at this time was marching east to capture Herat. Rawlinson reached the Shah's camp that night. The Shah told him that the story was nonsense and that he had personally given Witkiewicz permission to cross his territory to Kabul. A bit later Witkiewicz appeared in camp. Now speaking perfect French, he apologized to Rawlinson for his necessary carefulness in the dangerous country.[9] Rawlinson reported his meeting to McNeill at Teheran on November 1 and the news soon reached Calcutta and London. Since the British already knew that Simonich, and possibly the tsar, had encouraged the Persian attack on Herat their determination to do something about Afghanistan increased.

Witkiewicz reached Kabul on Christmas Eve 1837 and had Christmas dinner with the British representative Sir Alexander Burnes, the American adventurer Josiah Harlan, and the Emir of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan.[10] Burnes described Witkiewicz: "He was a gentlemanly and agreeable man, of about thirty years of age, spoke French, Turkish and Persian fluently, and wore the uniform of an officer of the Cossacks".[11] At first, Dost Mohammed favored the British since they were nearby, but on receiving Lord Auckland's ultimatum he turned to Witkiewicz. In Kabul, Witkiewicz presented himself as a messenger from Emperor Nicholas I, but Dost Mohammad noted that the letter that Witkewicz had brought with him purportedly from Nicholas himself had no signature.[12] Witkewicz's letter had as its seal the Russian imperial double-headed eagle, which Burnes made a copy of.[13] Burnes showed his copy to Charles Masson, who recalled: "Captain Burnes pointed out to me the large exterior seal on the envelope. I sent for a loaf of Russian sugar from the bazaar, at the bottom of which we found precisely the same seal.".[14] Meanwhile, in London, Palmerston called in the Russian ambassador Count Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo and complained about Russian activities in Afghanistan. Seeing that the British were in an aggressive mood, the Russians recalled both Simonich and Witkiewicz while making some pretense that both had exceeded their instructions. For the rest, see First Anglo-Afghan War.

Wikiewicz reached Saint Petersburg on May 1, 1839. What went on between him and Nesselrode is disputed. Nesselorde refused to see him, saying he "knew of no Captain Vikevitch, except an adventurer of that name who, it was reported, had been lately engaged in some unauthorised intrigues in Caubul [Kabul]".[15] A week after reaching St. Petersburg he was found shot dead in his hotel room. A pistol was by his side and a pile of burnt papers in the room. Witkiewicz had committed suicide as Nesselrode had disallowed him, claiming his visit to Kabul was not on his orders, and with his dream of a diplomatic career in ruins, Witkiewicz had decided to take his own life.[16]

Family

Witkiewicz was the uncle of the renowned Polish painter, architect, writer and art theoretician Stanisław Witkiewicz, who in turn was father of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz.

Cultural references

Jan Witkiewicz and his life inspired Russian writers: Yulian Semyonov based his book "The Diplomatic Agent" (Diplomaticheskiy agent; 1958) on Witkiewicz's life story. Incidentally, this work is regarded as the first noticeable book by Semyonov. Mikhail Gus made Witkiewicz the main character of his book "Duel' w Kabulie" (A Duel in Kabul). Witkiewicz is the main character of Valentin Pikul's historical miniature "Opasnaja doroga w Kabul'" (A dangerous Way to Kabul).

Witkiewicz is the prototype of the main hero in the feature film "Sluzhba otiechestvu" (Service to the Homeland; 1981) by Uzbek film director Latif Fayziyev). The adventures of Russian officer Aleksey Nalymov are inspired by Witkiewicz's fate.

References

  1. ↑ Dominic Lieven, ed. (2006). The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 2, Imperial Russia, 1689-1917. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 0521815290.
  2. ↑ Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game (Kindle Locations 2714-2715). John Murray. Kindle Edition.
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ Wielka Genealogia Minakowskiego entry "Justyna Aniela Mikucka h. Ślepowron")
  5. 1 2 Ingle, H N (1976). Nesselrode and the Russian Rapprochement. University of California Press. p. 79. ISBN 0520027957.
  6. ↑ Meyer, Karl & Brysac, Shareen Blair The Tournament of Shadows The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia, Washington: Counterpoint, 1999 page 84.
  7. ↑ Meyer, Karl & Brysac, Shareen Blair The Tournament of Shadows The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia, Washington: Counterpoint, 1999 page 84.
  8. ↑ Meyer, Karl & Brysac, Shareen Blair The Tournament of Shadows The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia, Washington: Counterpoint, 1999 page 84.
  9. ↑ Meyer, Karl & Brysac, Shareen Blair The Tournament of Shadows The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia, Washington: Counterpoint, 1999 page 84.
  10. ↑ Meyer, Karl & Brysac, Shareen Blair The Tournament of Shadows The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia, Washington: Counterpoint, 1999 page 84.
  11. ↑ Macintyre, Ben The Man Who Would Be King, New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2002 page 205
  12. ↑ Meyer, Karl & Brysac, Shareen Blair The Tournament of Shadows The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia, Washington: Counterpoint, 1999 page 85.
  13. ↑ Meyer, Karl & Brysac, Shareen Blair The Tournament of Shadows The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia, Washington: Counterpoint, 1999 page 85.
  14. ↑ Meyer, Karl & Brysac, Shareen Blair The Tournament of Shadows The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia, Washington: Counterpoint, 1999 page 85.
  15. ↑ Macintyre, Ben The Man Who Would Be King, New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2002 page 257.
  16. ↑ Macintyre, Ben The Man Who Would Be King, New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2002 page 257.
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