Yan Hui
| Yan Hui | |||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 顏回 | ||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 颜回 | ||||||||
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Yan Hui (Chinese: 顏回; Wade–Giles: Yen Hui; 521?–481 BC) was the favorite disciple of Confucius[1] and one of the most revered figures of Confucianism. He is venerated in Confucian temples as one of the Four Sages.
Names
Yan Hui is also known by his courtesy name Ziyuan (Chinese: 子淵; pinyin: Zǐyuān; Wade–Giles: Tzu-yüan), and as Yan Yuan (Chinese: 顏淵; Wade–Giles: Yen Yüan), a combination of his surname and courtesy name. He is also reverently referred to as Master Yan or Yanzi (Chinese: 顏子; Wade–Giles: Yen Tzu).
Life
Yan Hui was a native of State of Lu, and was the son of Yan Wuyou (Yan Lu), one of the earliest disciples of Confucius.[1] Yan Hui was about 30 years younger than Confucius, and became a student of the Master at a young age.[2]
Yan Hui was Confucius' favorite disciple.[3] "After I got Yan Hui," Confucius remarked, "the disciples came closer to me."[2] We are told that once, when he found himself on the Nang hill with Yan Hui, Zilu, and Zigong, Confucius asked them to tell him their different aims, and he would choose between them. Zilu began, and when he had done, the master said, "It marks your bravery." Zigong followed, on whose words the judgment was, "They show your discriminating eloquence." At last came Yan Hui, who said, "I should like to find an intelligent king and sage ruler whom I might assist. I would diffuse among the people instructions on the five great points, and lead them on by the rules of propriety and music, so that they should not care to fortify their cities by walls and moats, but would fuse their swords and spears into implements of agriculture. They should send forth their flocks without fear into the plains and forests. There should be no sunderings of families, no widows or widowers. For a thousand years there would be no calamity of war. Yu would have no opportunity to display his bravery, or Ts'ze to display his oratory." The master pronounced, "How admirable is this virtue!"[4]
Death
When Yan Hui was twenty-nine, his hair was all white. He died at an early age.[4]
After the death of Yan Hui, Confucius lamented, "Heaven has bereft me! Heaven has bereft me!". When told by other students that he was showing "excessive grief", the old philosopher replied: "Am I showing excessive grief? Well, for whom would I show excessive grief if not for this man?".[5] Even years later, Confucius would say that no other student could take Yan Hui's place, so gifted and dedicated Yan Hui had been.[6]
Veneration
Yan Hui, along with Confucius himself, was venerated by the first emperor of the Han dynasty. The title which he now has in the sacrificial Canon -- Continuator of the Sage (Chinese: 复圣; pinyin: Fù Shèng) -- was conferred in the ninth year of the Jiajing era, A.D. 1530. Almost all the present sacrificial titles of the worthies in the Temple of Confucius were fixed at that time. Yan Hui's place is the first of the Four Assessors, on the east of Confucius.[4]
Descendants
The Yan family were from 琅邪 Langye.[7] The Yans abandoned northern China in 317. The devastation of the north during the Western Jin's (265–420) collapse caused the southward journey of Yan Han, who was mentioned in the Guan wo sheng fu by Yan Zhitui. After that, they served the Southern Dynasties.[8]
In 495 CE, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei, who venerated Confucius and his teachings, bestowed official ranks upon two scions of Yan Hui's lineage.[9]
The clan had resided in the south for eight generations when Yan Zhitui (531–591) was born.[10] His grandfather had committed suicide by hunger strike after the 502 rebellion against the Southern Qi.[11] Yan Zhitui himself served under several dynasties during his lifetime and composed the Family Instructions to the Yan Clan (Yanshi Jiaxun 顏氏家訓).[12] He also compiled the Yuanhun Zhi 冤魂志.[13] In the approximately 1,000 years from Yan Hui's to Yan Zhitui's generation, two Yans sought a military career; most of the Yans served as literati.[14]
For most of the Ming (1368–1644) and during the entire Qing (1644–1912) dynasty, Yan Hui's descendants held the hereditary title of Wujing Boshi (五经博士; 五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì), a scholarly rank from the Hanlin Academy.[15]
In Taiwan there is an office called the "Sacrificial Official" (Fengsiguan 奉祀官) to the Four Sages of Confucianism, which include Yan Hui.[16]
Family Tree of Yan Hui : 顏子家族大宗世系圖
| 过继 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏路(顏無繇) Yán Lù (Yán Wúyáo) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏回 Yán Huí | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏歆 Yán Xīn | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏儉 Yán Jiǎn | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏威 Yán Wēi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏芃 Yán Péng | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏億 Yán Yì | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏岵 Yán Hù | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏卸 Yán Xiè | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏譽 Yán Yù | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏產 Yán Chǎn (顏高 Yán Gāo) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏異 Yán Yì | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏愚 Yán Yú | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏逵 Yán Kuí | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏肆 Yán Sì | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏衷 Yán Zhōng | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏凱 Yán Kǎi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏邃 Yán Suì | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏龠 Yán Yuè | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏綽 Yán Chuò | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏凖 Yán Zhǔn | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏阮 Yán Ruǎn (字懷珍 courtesy name : huái zhēn) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏亮 Yán Liàng (字世明 courtesy name : shì míng) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏敫 Yán Jiǎo (字士榮 courtesy name : shì róng) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏斐 Yán Fěi (字文林 courtesy name : wén lín) | 顏盛 Yán Shèng (字叔台 courtesy name : shū tái) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏魯 Yán Lǔ | 顏歡 Yán Huān | 顏欽 Yán Qīn (字公若 courtesy name : gōng ruò, 諡曰“貞” posthumous name : zhēn) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏默 Yán Mò (字靜伯 courtesy name : jìng bó,西晉汝陰太守 In the Western Jin dynasty he became a provincial governor of Ruyin) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏畿 Yán Jī | 顏輦 Yán Niǎn | 顏含 Yán Hán (字寵都 courtesy name : chǒng dōu,因平亂有功 because of his meritorious deeds and service,封西平縣侯 granted the title of Marquis of Xiping County,年九十三卒 died at age 93 years,諡曰“靖” was conferred the posthumous title of jing) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏髦 Yán Máo (字君道 courtesy name : jūn dào) | 顏謙 Yán Qiān | 顏約 Yán Yuē | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏綝 Yán Chēn (字文和 courtesy name : wén hé) | 顏顯 Yán Xiǎn (曾任護軍司馬 Appointed to the post of Minister of War) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏靖之 Yán Jìngzhī (字茂宗, courtesy name : mào zōng)、 | 顏延之 Yán Yánzhī(字延年, courtesy name : yánnián) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 顏騰之 Yán Téngzhī (字弘道, courtesy name : hóng dào) | Yán Jùn 顏竣(字士遜, courtesy name : shì xùn 顏延之長子 eldest son) | Yán Cè 顏測 (顏延之次子 second son) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜兴之 | 颜炳之 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜登 | 颜见远 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜协 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜之仪 | 颜之推 Yan Zhitui | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜昶 | 颜思鲁 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜师古 Yan Shigu | 颜勤礼 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜趋庭 | 颜昭甫 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜尚宾 | 颜元孙 | 颜惟贞 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜鼎 | 颜杲卿 | 颜真卿 Yan Zhenqing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜迢 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜传贽 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜旻 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜君则 | 颜君佐 | 颜君雅 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜文威 | 颜文蕴 | 颜文铎 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜承祐 | 颜涉 | 颜衎 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜崇德 | 颜仲昌 | 颜柽 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜太初 | 颜端 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜复 | 颜继 | 颜希 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜峣 | 颜昌 | 颜经 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜成 | 颜元 | 颜擎 | 颜荣 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜价 | 颜仁 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜顺 | 颜璋 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜宝 | 颜忠 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜和 | 颜术 | 颜椿 | 颜稢 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜之才 | 颜之美 | 颜之纪 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜涣 | 颜瀼 | 颜池 | □ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜拳 | □ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜希仁 | 颜希惠 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜议 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜公鋐 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜重德 | 颜重礼 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜从祖 | 颜肇先 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜嗣慎 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜胤宗 | 颜胤祚 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜伯贞 | 颜伯廉 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜光鲁 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜绍统 | 颜绍绪 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜懋衡 | 颜懋行 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜崇文 | 颜崇敷 | □ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜怀礼 | 颜怀襗 | 颜怀禧 | □ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜士基 | 颜士塤 | 颜士埰 | 颜士庄 | □ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜锡嘏 | 颜锡璋 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜振佑 | 颜振吉 | 颜振淇 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜承裔 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜景堉 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜世镛 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜廷汉 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜秉刚 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 颜培郅 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shrines
Yan Hui is venerated at the Temple of Yan Hui, which is located in Qufu's walled city, a few blocks north of the Temple of Confucius.
Yan Hui's tomb is now surrounded by hundreds of tombs of his descendants, forming the Yan Family Cemetery ("Yan Forest"). A stele was installed at his tomb during the Jurchen Jin dynasty, and re-erected during the Ming Dynasty. The tomb is well preserved.[23]
Notes
- 1 2 Confucius 1997, p. 201.
- 1 2 Chin 2007, p. 75.
- ↑ Confucius & Slingerland 2003, p. 11
- 1 2 3 Confucius & Legge, p. 113
- ↑ Confucius & Slingerland 2003, p. 114
- ↑ Chin 2007, p. 74
- ↑ Anthony DeBlasi (1 February 2012). Reform in the Balance: The Defense of Literary Culture in Mid-Tang China. SUNY Press. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-0-7914-8833-1.
- ↑ Patricia Buckley Ebrey; Anne Walthall; James B. Palais (2013). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800. Cengage Learning. pp. 68–. ISBN 1-111-80815-5.
- ↑ Li Gang (2010). "State Religious Policy". In John Lagerwey; Pengzhi Lü. Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220-589 Ad). BRILL. p. 257. ISBN 90-04-17585-7.
- ↑ Albert E. Dien (2007). Six Dynasties Civilization. Yale University Press. p. 426. ISBN 0-300-07404-2.
- ↑ Naomi Standen (2007). Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossings in Liao China. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2983-4.
- ↑ Robin Wang (2003). Images of Women in Chinese Thought and Culture: Writings from the Pre-Qin Period Through the Song Dynasty. Hackett Publishing. pp. 245–. ISBN 0-87220-651-3.
- ↑ Robert Ford Campany (1996). Strange Writing: Anomaly Accounts in Early Medieval China. SUNY Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7914-2659-3.
- ↑ Mark Edward LEWIS (30 June 2009). China between Empires. Harvard University Press. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-0-674-04015-1.
- ↑ H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (1911). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. pp. 493–494. ISBN 978-1-135-79795-9.
- ↑ "台湾儒家奉祀官将改为无给职 不排除由女子继任". Sina.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ↑ "[求助]求问颜懋行至颜锡璋之间的世系|家谱阅读 - 颜氏宗亲网论坛". Yszqw.org. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
- ↑ "Ńőęď×Úç×Âűěł". Yszqw.org. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
- ↑ "中国历代复圣奉祀官颜家世系表--独孤龙的博客--凤凰网博客". Blog.ifeng.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ↑ "颜氏宗亲网". Yszqw.org. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
- ↑ "颜商客栈". Yszqw.org. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
- ↑ "《颜商客栈》网页2015年开始重新全面调整|颜商客栈 - 颜氏宗亲网论坛". Yszqw.org. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
- ↑ "A Regular Report on the Implementation of the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Part II: Preservation Status of the Specific World Heritage. Treaty signatory state: The People's Republic of China. Name of property: Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius Mansion in Qufu" (PDF). Whc.unesco.org. p. 63. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Temple of Yan Hui in Qufu. |
- Confucius; Legge, James (2009), The Confucian Analects, the Great Learning & the Doctrine of the Mean, Cosimo, Inc., p. 113, ISBN 1-60520-643-1
- Confucius; Slingerland, Edward Gilman (2003), Confucius analects: with selections from traditional commentaries, Hackett Publishing, ISBN 0-87220-635-1
- Confucius (1997). The Analects of Confucius. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506157-4.
- Chin, Ann-ping (2007), The authentic Confucius: a life of thought and politics, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-7432-4618-7
- 孔繁银 (Kong Fanyin) (2002), 曲阜的历史名人与文物 (Famous people and cultural relics of Qufu's history), 齐鲁书社 (Jinlu Shushe), ISBN 7-5333-0981-2