Wutun language

Wutun
Native to China
Region Qinghai province, mainly in Tongren County
Ethnicity Monguor
Native speakers
 2,000 (1995)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 wuh
Glottolog wutu1241[2]

The Wutun language (Chinese: 五屯话; pinyin: Wǔtún huà) is a Chinese–Tibetan–Mongolian creolized language. It is spoken by about 2,000 people, most of whom are classified as Monguor (Tu) by the Chinese government, living in two villages (Upper and Lower Wutun) in Tongren County, in the eastern part of the Qinghai province in western People's Republic of China.[3][4]

The two Wutun villages, as well as other villages in the area, were under the control of a Mongol banner for several centuries, and have long been regarded by governments as members of a Mongol ethnic group. However, they self-identify as Tibetans.[4]

Vocabulary

The greatest portion of Wutun lexical items is Chinese (but with their tones lost); a smaller one, Tibetan; and an even smaller one comes from the Bonan Mongolian language.[4]

Grammar

The Wutun grammar is of Mongolic type, particularly similar to that of the Bonan language. There is also Tibetan influence.[4]

History

A number of theories have been proposed about the origin of the Wutun villagers, and their peculiar dialect. The Chinese linguist Chen Naixiong infers from the vowel distribution of the Chinese lexical items in Wutun speech that their ancestors may have spoken an old Nanjing dialect. Others think that they may have been a group of Hui people (Chinese-speaking Muslims) from Sichuan who, for reasons unknown, converted to Lamaism and moved to eastern Qinghai. In any event, historical documents as old as 1585 attest to the existence of the Wutun community.[4]

Today's Wutun villagers don't speak Chinese, but the knowledge of Tibetan is common both in Wutun and in Tongren County in general, as the Tibetan language is the lingua franca of this multiethnic region, which is populated by Tibetans and Hui people, as well as some Han Chinese and Mongols.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wutun at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Wutunhua". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ Lee-Smith, Mei W.; Wurm, Stephen A. (1996), Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tyron, Darrell T., eds., Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 2, Part 1. (Volume 13 of Trends in Linguistics, Documentation Series), Walter de Gruyter, pp. 820, 883, ISBN 3-11-013417-9, retrieved 12 November 2013, International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, North China: Intercultural communications involving languages other than Chinese
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lee-Smith, Mei W.; Wurm, Stephen A. (1996), "The Wutun language", in Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tyron, Darrell T., Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 2, Part 1. (Volume 13 of Trends in Linguistics, Documentation Series), Walter de Gruyter, p. 883, ISBN 3-11-013417-9, retrieved 10 October 2013, International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, North China: Intercultural communications involving languages other than Chinese

Further reading


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