Word of the year

The word(s) of the year, sometimes capitalized as "Word(s) of the Year" and abbreviated "WOTY" (or "WotY"), refers to any of various assessments as to the most important word(s) or expression(s) in the public sphere during a specific year.

The German tradition, Wort des Jahres was started in 1971. For English language, the oldest of these, and the only one that is announced after the end of the calendar year, determined by a vote of independent linguists, and not tied to commercial interests, is the American Dialect Society's Word of the Year. However, various other organizations also announce Words of the Year for promotional purposes.

The most popular and overused Words of the Year tend to appear on lists of words to avoid, such as the list of 'banished' words and phrases from Lake Superior State University and other organizations.

American Dialect Society

Since 1991, the American Dialect Society (ADS) has designated one or more words or terms to be the "Word of the Year" in the United States:
  • 2006: plutoed (demoted or devalued, as happened to the former planet Pluto)[6]
  • 2007: subprime (an adjective used to describe a risky or less than ideal loan, mortgage, or investment)[7]
  • 2008: bailout (in the specific sense of the rescue by the government of companies on the brink of failure, including large players in the banking industry)[8]
  • 2009: tweet (a short, timely message sent via the Twitter.com service, and verb, the act of sending such a message)[9]
  • 2010: app (an abbreviated form of application, a software program for a computer or phone operating system)[10]
  • 2011: occupy (verb or noun inspired from the Occupy movements of 2011)[11]
  • 2012: hashtag (a word or phrase preceded by a hash symbol (#), used on Twitter to mark a topic or make a commentary)[12]
  • 2013: because introducing a noun, adjective, or other part of speech (e.g., "because reasons," "because awesome").[13]
  • 2014: #blacklivesmatter: hashtag used as protest over blacks killed at the hands of police (esp. Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and Eric Garner in Staten Island, New York).[14]
  • 2015: Singular they (as a gender-neutral pronoun, especially for non-binary gender identities)[15]
  • 2016: dumpster fire (an exceedingly disastrous or chaotic situation)[16]

The society also chose a "Word of the 1990s" (web), "Word of the 20th Century" (jazz), "Word of the Past Millennium" (she), and "Word of the Decade (2000–2009)" (google as a verb).

[17]===Selection=== Other candidates for "Word of the Year" have included:

Categories

In addition to the "Word of the Year", the society also selects words in other categories that vary from year to year:

Most Useful

Most Creative

Most Unnecessary

Most Outrageous

Most Euphemistic

Most Likely to Succeed

Least Likely to Succeed

Special Categories

English dictionaries

Macquarie Dictionary

The Macquarie Dictionary, which is the dictionary of Australian English, updates the online dictionary each year with new words, phrases, and definitions. These can be viewed on their website.

Each year the editors select a short list of new words added to the dictionary and invite the public to vote on their favourite. The public vote is held in January and results in the People's Choice winner. The most influential word of the year is also selected by the Word of the Year Committee which is chaired by the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sydney, Dr Michael Spence. The Editor of the Macquarie Dictionary, Susan Butler, is also a committee member. The Committee meets annually to select the overall winning words.

The following is the list of winning words since the Macquarie Word of the Year first began in 2006:

Year Committee's Choice People's Choice
2016 fake news[21] halal snack pack[22]
2015 captain's call[23] captain's call[24]
2014 mansplain[25] shareplate
2013 infovore[26] onesie
2012 phantom vibration syndrome First World problem
2011 burqini fracking
2010 googleganger shockumentary
2009 shovel-ready[27] tweet
2008 toxic debt flashpacker
2007 pod slurping password fatigue
2006 muffin top (No overall winner. See Macquarie website for category winners)

Merriam-Webster

The lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year (for each year) are ten-word lists published annually by the American dictionary-publishing company Merriam-Webster, Inc., which feature the ten words of the year from the English language. These word lists started in 2003 and have been published at the end of each year. At first, Merriam-Webster determined its contents by analyzing page hits and popular searches on its website. Since 2006, the list has been determined by an online poll and by suggestions from visitors to the website.[28]

The following is the list of words that became Merriam-Webster's Word of the Year since 2003:[29]

Oxford

Oxford University Press, which publishes the Oxford English Dictionary and many other dictionaries, announces an Oxford Dictionaries UK Word of the Year and an Oxford Dictionaries US Word of the Year; sometimes these are the same word. The Word of the Year need not have been coined within the past twelve months but it does need to have become prominent or notable during that time. There is no guarantee that the Word of the Year will be included in any Oxford dictionary. The Oxford Dictionaries Words of the Year are selected by editorial staff from each of the Oxford dictionaries. The selection team is made up of lexicographers and consultants to the dictionary team, and editorial, marketing, and publicity staff.[30]

Year UK Word of the Year US Word of the Year
2016 post-truth [31]
2015 😂 (Face With Tears of Joy, Unicode: U+1F602, part of emoji)[32]
2014 vape[33]
2013 selfie[34]
2012 omnishambles GIF (noun)
2011 squeezed middle
2010 big society refudiate
2009 simples (Compare the Meerkat catchphrase) unfriend
2008 credit crunch hypermiling
2007 carbon footprint locavore
2006 bovvered carbon-neutral
2005 sudoku podcast
2004 chav

Grant Barrett

Since 2004, lexicographer Grant Barrett has published a words-of-the-year list, usually in the New York Times, though he does not name a winner.

Global Language Monitor

The Global Language Monitor (GLM) has been selecting the Top Words of the Year since 2000.[35] GLM states the Top Words, Phrases, and Names of the Year provide a history of each year since 2000 through English-language word usage. To select these words and phrases, it uses a [big data], [data mining] statistical analysis of language usage in the worldwide print and electronic media, the Internet, and the blogosphere, as well as social media, though several linguists and lexicographers have charged that its mathematical methodologies are flawed.

GLM announced "Emoji" as its Top Word of 2014 for Global English along with its complete lists of Top Words, Phrases, and Names in December 2014.[36]

Earlier in 2015 GLM has released:

GLM announced [Microaggression] as the Top Word, [Donald J. Trump] as the Top Name, and [Migrant Crisis] as the Top Phrase for global English for 2015 on December 28, 2015.

WORDS

2017 2016 2015 2014
Truth Meme Microaggression The Heart ♥ Emoji (for love)
Narrative Refugee Climate Changing Hashtag
Opioids Bigly Refugee Vape
Woke Brexit Migrant Blue Moon
Nuclear Option (N. Korea) Non-binary Thug Nano
Deep State Symbol for enteretainer formerly known as Prince Trans Photo Bomb
Robot Apocalypse Zika Content Caliphate
A Higher Level of Fake News Gun Cult Affluenza White Privilege
Great American Eclipse Safe Place Opioids Bae
Lean (In)to Heroin and Fentanyl Evolve 'Bash' Tag
2013 2012 2011 2010 2009
404]] Apocalypse/Armageddon occupy Spillcam twitter
Fail deficit fracking Vuvuzela Obama-
Hashtag Olympiad drone The Narrative H1N1
@Pontifex Bak'tun Non-veg Refudiate stimulus
The Optic meme Kummerspeck Guido and Guidette vampire
Surveillance MOOC Haboob Deficit 2.0
Drones The Cloud 3Q Snowmagedden/Snowpocalypse deficit
Deficit omnishambles Trustafarians 3-D hadron
Sequestration Frankenstorm (The Other) 99 Shellacking healthcare
Emancipate obesogenic simplexity transparency
Filibuster hen outrage
Nano- derecho bonus
Twerking hashtag unemployed
Deadlock drones foreclosure
Franken- fracking cartel
Meme phobes Twenty-ten
(spoken only)
Stalemate superfood Obamacare
The Cloud The 47
Phony YOLO
Comet adorkable

Phrases

2015 2014

Migrant Crisis

 Hands Up, No Shoot
2013 2012 2011 2010 2009
Toxic Politics Gangnam Style Arab Spring Anger and Rage King of Pop
Federal Shutdown Global warming and climate change Royal Wedding Climate change Obamamania
Global warming and climate change Fiscal cliff Anger and rage The Great Recession Climate change
Federal Deficit The Deficit Climate change Teachable moment swine flu
Tread Lightly God particle The Great Recession Tea Party Too Large to Fail
Boston strong Rogue nukes Tahrir Square Ambush Marketing cloud computing
Marathon Bombing Near-Earth Asteroid Linear no-threshold Lady Gaga public option
Chemical Weapons Binders full of women Bunga bunga Man up Jai Ho!
All-time High Arab Spring 'How's that working out for you?' Pass the bill to be able to see what's in it Mayan calendar
Rogue nukes solar max "Make no mistake about it!" Obamamania God particle
Near-Earth Asteroid big data Don't Touch My Junk
Arab Spring ethical/sustainable fashion
Solar Maximum toxic politics
big data Citius, Altius, Fortius
Ethical/Sustainable Fashion War on Women

Names

2015 2014

Donald J. Trump

 Ebola
2013 2012 2011
Pope Francis Newtown and Malala Yousafzai
(tie)		 Steve Jobs
ObamaCare Xi Jinping Osama bin-Laden & Seal Team 6
NSA Kate Middleton Fukushima
Edward Snowden Barack Obama Mohamed Bouazizi
Kate Middleton Mitt Romney Hu Jintao
IRS London Olympics Kate Middleton
Ted Cruz Higgs boson Muammar Gaddafi
Chris Christie Europe
(EU/Eurogeddon)		 Barack Obama
Marathon bombers Felix Baumgartner PIIGS
Malala Yousafzai Senkaku Islands Yaroslavl Lokomotiv
Xi Jinping John Roberts
Barack Obama Bibi
(Benjamin Netanyahu)
Hassan Rouhani Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Sochi Olympics Christopher Stevens
Angela Merkel Vladimir Putin

2000–2009 decade words and phrases

Words:[41]

  1. global warming (2000), rated highly from day one of the decade
  2. 9/11 (2001), for the September 11 attacks
  3. Obama- (2008), the U.S. President's name as a root word or word stem
  4. bailout (2008), The Bank Bailout was but Act One of the crisis
  5. evacuee/refugee (2005), after Katrina, refugees became evacuees
  6. derivative (2007), financial instrument or analytical tool that engendered the Meltdown
  7. google (2007), from Google Search, after word 'googol'
  8. surge (2007), the strategy that effectively ended the Iraq War
  9. Chinglish (2005), Chinese-English hybrid language growing larger as Chinese influence expands
  10. tsunami (2004), from Southeast Asian tsunami which took 250,000 lives
  11. H1N1 (2009), a strain of the Swine Flu
  12. default (2007), subprime mortgages linked to financial troubles
  13. dot.com (2000), the dot.com bubble of computer layoffs, before ecommerce regrew
  14. Y2K (2000), from the Y2K bug of computers mishandling dates after 1999
  15. misunderestimate (2002), a term from George W. Bush
  16. chad (2000), paper chips from voter punched cards in the 2000 Florida election recount
  17. twitter (2008), with a quarter of a billion references on Google
  18. WMD (2002), Iraq's supposed Weapons of Mass Destruction
  19. blog (2003), first called "weblog" which contracted into "blog"
  20. texting (2004), sending text messages (not voice recordings) over cell phones
  21. slumdog (2008), child inhabitants of Mumbai's slums
  22. sustainable (2006), key to "Green" living where natural resources are never depleted
  23. Brokeback (2004), new term for 'gay' from the Hollywood film Brokeback Mountain
  24. quagmire (2004), as would the Iraq War end up like Vietnam, another "quagmire"?
  25. truthiness (2006), Stephen Colbert's word for truth based on intuition not evidence or reason

Also worth noting: 'embedded' (2003), to embed reporters with US troops.

Phrases:

  1. climate change (2000), Green words in every form dominate the decade
  2. Financial Tsunami (2008), one-quarter of the world's wealth vanishes seemingly overnight
  3. ground zero (2001), site of 9/11 terrorist attack in New York City
  4. War on Terror (2001), G.W. Bush administration's response to 9/11
  5. Weapons of Mass Destruction (2003), Bush's WMD never found in Iraq or the Syrian desert
  6. swine flu (2008), specifically the H1N1 strain of flu virus
  7. "Let's Roll!" (2001), Todd Beamer's last words heard before Flight 93 crashed into the PA countryside
  8. Red State/Blue State (2004), Republican (red) or Democratic (blue) control of U.S. states
  9. carbon footprint (2007), the amount of CO2 an activity produces
  10. shock-and-awe (2003), initial strategy of Iraq War to terrorize Iraqi forces
  11. Ponzi scheme (2009), when Madoff's rob-Peter-to-pay-Paul strategy reaped billions & heartache
  12. Category 4 (2005), for Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Rita, Hurricane Wilma
  13. King of Pop (2000), Elvis was the King, MJ the King (of Pop)
  14. "Stay the course" (2004), George W. Bush's off-stated guidance for Iraq War
  15. "Yes, we can!" (2008), Obama's winning campaign slogan
  16. "Jai Ho!" (2008), shout of joy (and song) from film Slumdog Millionaire
  17. "Out of the Mainstream" (2003), complaint about any opposition's political platform
  18. cloud computing (2007), using the Internet (or other network) as a large computational device
  19. threat fatigue (2004), one too many terrorist threat alerts
  20. same-sex marriage (2003), marriage of gay or lesbian couples

Similar word lists

A Word a Year

Since 2004, Susie Dent, an English lexicographer has published a column, "A Word a Year", in which she chooses a single word from each of the last 101 years to represent preoccupations of the time. Susie Dent notes that the list is subjective.[42][43][44] Each year, she gives a completely different set of words.

Since Susie Dent works for the Oxford University Press, her words of choice are often incorrectly referred to as "Oxford Dictionary's Word of the Year".

Other countries

In Germany, a Wort des Jahres has been selected since 1972 (for year 1971) by the Society of the German Language.[45] In addition, an Unwort des Jahres (Un-word of the year or No-no Word of the Year) has been nominated since 1991, for a word or phrase in public speech deemed insulting or socially inappropriate (such as "Überfremdung").[46] Similar selections are made each year since 1999 in Austria, 2002 in Liechtenstein, and 2003 in Switzerland.

In Denmark, the Word of the year has been selected since 2008 by Danmarks Radio and Dansk Sprognævn.

In Norway, the Word of the year poll is carried out since 2012.

In Russia, the Word of the year poll is carried out since 2007.

In Ukraine, the Word of the year poll is carried out since 2013.

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2002-01-13. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  2. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2003-01-13. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  3. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2004-01-13. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  4. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2005-01-07. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  5. ↑ American Dialect Society
  6. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2007-01-05. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  7. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2008-01-04. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  8. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  9. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  10. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2011-01-08. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  11. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  12. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
  13. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  14. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
  15. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
  16. ↑ "American Dialect Society". Americandialect.org. 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  17. ↑ 2015 vape word of 2015 meaning inhale or exhale
  18. ↑ http://www.americandialect.org/2011-Word-of-the-Year-PRESS-RELEASE.pdf
  19. ↑ http://www.americandialect.org/American-Dialect-Society-2010-Word-of-the-Year-PRESS-RELEASE.pdf
  20. ↑ http://www.americandialect.org/Word-of-the-Year_2007.pdf
  21. ↑ Hunt, Elle (2017-01-24). "'Fake news' named word of the year by Macquarie Dictionary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  22. ↑ Woods, Emily (2017-02-01). "The people have spoken... a lot about the halal snack pack". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  23. ↑ "Tony Abbott's lexical legacy: Captain's call is 2015 Word of the Year". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  24. ↑ "Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year". Macquarie Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  25. ↑ "Macquarie Dictionary words of the year: 'mansplain' and 'share plate'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  26. ↑ "The Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year is ...". The Conversation. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  27. ↑ "'Shovel-ready' wins Macquarie's word of year". News. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  28. ↑ "Merriam-Webster launches 'Word of the Year' online poll". CNET. 2007-11-27. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
  29. ↑ "Word of the Year Archive". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  30. ↑ Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year: Frequently Asked Questions (viewed Nov. 20, 2013).
  31. ↑ "Word of the Year 2016 is... | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  32. ↑ "Oxford names 'emoji' 2015 Word of the Year". Oxford Dictionaries. 16 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  33. ↑ Grisham, Lori (18 November 2014). "Oxford names 'vape' 2014 Word of the Year". USA Today. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  34. ↑ The Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year 2013 is... (viewed Nov. 20, 2013).
  35. ↑ GLM was founded in [Silicon Valley] by Paul JJ Payack in 2003 and moved to [Austin, Texas] some five years later. Top Words of the Decade
  36. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-08-09. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
  37. ↑
  38. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
  39. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
  40. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-11-21. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
  41. ↑ Goldstein, Katherine (2009-11-19). "Top Words Of The Decade 2000-2009: Most Popular Words". Huffington Post.
  42. ↑ A Word a Year: 1906–2006
  43. ↑ A Word a Year: 1905–2005
  44. ↑ A Word a Year: 1904–2004
  45. ↑ German Word of the Year
  46. ↑ "Unword of the year" in Germany
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