Women in Kyrgyzstan

Women in Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyz woman
Gender Inequality Index
Value 0.357 (2012)
Rank 64th
Maternal mortality (per 100,000) 71 (2010)
Women in parliament 23.3% (2012)
Females over 25 with secondary education 81.0% (2010)
Women in labour force 55.5% (2011)
Global Gender Gap Index[1]
Value 0.6948 (2013)
Rank 63rd out of 144

Women in Kyrgyzstan traditionally had assigned roles, although only the religious elite sequestered women as was done in other Muslim societies.[2] Because of the demands of the nomadic economy, women worked as virtual equals with men, having responsibility for chores such as milking as well as child-rearing and the preparation and storage of food.[2] In the ordinary family, women enjoyed approximately equal status with their husbands, within their traditional roles.[2] Kyrgyz oral literature includes the story of Janyl-myrza, a young woman who led her tribe to liberation from the enemy when no man in the tribe could do so.[2] In the nineteenth century, the wife of Khan Almyn-bek led a group of Kyrgyz tribes at the time of the Russian conquest of Quqon.[2]

Cultural background

Kyrgyzstan is a country in Central Asia, with strong nomadic traditions. Most of Kyrgyzstan was annexed to Russia in 1876, but the Kyrgyz staged a major revolt against the Tsarist Empire in 1916, and a large part of the population was killed during that violent conflict. Kyrgyzstan became a Soviet republic in 1936, and achieved independence in 1991, when the Soviet Union fell. The current population of the country consists of a Kyrgyz majority (70.9%), followed by Uzbeks at 14.3%, and Russians at 7.7%. There are also other minorities such as Dungan, Uyghur, Tajik, Turk, Kazakh, Tatar, Ukrainian, Korean and German. Most of the population is Muslim (75%), but there is also a significant Russian Orthodox minority (20%). The country is largely rural: only 35.7% of the population lives in urban areas. The total fertility rate is 2.66 children born/woman (2015 estimate), despite the fact that the modern contraceptive prevalence rate is quite low, at 36.3% (2012 estimate). The literacy rate of women is very high at 99.4% (2015 estimate).[3]

Modern times

In modern times, especially in the first years of independence, women have played more prominent roles in Kyrgyzstan than elsewhere in Central Asia.[2] As a result of the December 16, 2007 parliamentary elections, 23 women representing three political parties have positions in parliament.[4] As of 2007, women held several high‑level government posts, including minister of finance, minister of education and science, minister of labor and social development, chief justice of the Constitutional Court, the chair of the State Committee on Migration and Employment Issues, and chair of the CEC.[4] As of 2007, no women occupied the positions of governor or head of local government.[4] In August 2007, President Kurmanbek Bakiyev signed into effect an action plan on achieving gender balance for 2007–2010.[4] Between 2007 and 2010, women members of parliament introduced 148 out of the 554 bills that were considered on the floor, covering issues from breastfeeding protection in health bill to the adoption of a law guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities for women and men.[5] In March 2010, opposition politician Roza Otunbaeva rose to power as caretaker president following a revolution against Bakiyev's government, becoming Kyrgyzstan's first female president.[6]

Violence against women

Despite laws against them, many crimes against women are not reported due to psychological pressure, cultural traditions, and apathy of law enforcement officials. Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal, but enforcement of the law is very poor.[7] Rape is underreported, and prosecutors rarely bring rape cases to court.[8]

Bride kidnapping, forced and early marriage

Although prohibited by law, rural inhabitants continue the traditional practice of bride kidnapping (abducting women and girls for forced marriage). In many primarily rural areas, bride kidnapping, known as ala kachuu (to take and flee), is an accepted and common way of taking a wife. Girls as young as 12 years old are kidnapped for forced marriage, by being captured and carried away by groups of men who, through violence or deception, take the girl to the home of the intended groom, where the abductor's family pressures and coerces the young woman to accept the marriage. In some cases, the young woman is raped in order to force the marriage.[9]

Although the practice is illegal in Kyrgyzstan, bride kidnappers are rarely prosecuted. This reluctance to enforce the code is in part caused by the pluralistic legal system in Kyrgyzstan where many villages are de facto ruled by councils of elders and aqsaqal courts following customary law, away from the eyes of the state legal system.[10] The law against bride kidnapping was toughened in 2013.[11]

Sexual harassment

Sexual harassment is prohibited by law;[12] however, according to an expert at the local NGO Shans, it is rarely reported or prosecuted.[4]

Domestic violence

The Law on Social and Legal Protection against Domestic Violence (2003)[13] is Kyrgyzstan's law against domestic violence. In practice, police often refuse to register domestic violence complaints, which are seen as private.[14]

Polygamy

On March 26, parliament voted against a measure to decriminalize polygamy.[4] Although no official statistics were available, Minister of Justice Marat Kaiypov stated that the ministry prosecutes two to three polygamy cases each year.[4]

Prostitution

Prostitution is not a crime, although the operation of brothels, pimping, and recruiting persons into prostitution is illegal, with penalties of up to five years in prison. With no legal measures in place to regulate the industry, it was an ongoing problem. The NGO Tais-Plus continued to defend the rights of people in prostitution.

Equal rights

Women enjoy the same rights as men, including under family law, property law, and in the judicial system, although discrimination against women persists in practice.[4] The 2010 Constitution of Kyrgyzstan insures gender equality. Article 16 reads: (2) [...] "No one may be subject to discrimination on the basis of sex, race, language, disability, ethnicity, belief, age, political and other convictions, education, background, proprietary and other status as well as other circumstances." (4)"In the Kyrgyz Republic men and women shall have equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their realization."[15] The Soviet rulers claimed to have abolished many harmful traditions deriving from discriminatory nomadic practices and customs, such as bride price and forced marriage, although it is debatable to what extent this was true - according to some sources "Traditional marriage practices in the rural regions [...] have been little affected by Soviet domination", while the bride price, although outlawed by the communist regime, continued under the guise of "gifts".[16] Today, in practice, women, especially in remote rural areas, are often discriminated and prevented from enjoying their legal rights, and are often unaware of their rights and "[t]hey do not know that they can report beatings by their husbands to the police."[17]

References

  1. ↑ "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Olcott, Martha Brill. "The Role of Women". Kyrgyzstan country study (Glenn E. Curtis, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (March 1996). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kg.html
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Kyrgyz Republic (2007). United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 18, 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ↑ "Widening women's political representation in Kyrgyzstan", United Nations Development Programme, August 11, 2010.
  6. ↑ "Otunbaeva Inaugurated as Kyrgyz President", Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 7, 2010.
  7. ↑ https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper
  8. ↑ https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper
  9. ↑ https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/09/26/reconciled-violence/state-failure-stop-domestic-abuse-and-abduction-women
  10. ↑ See Judith Beyer, "Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts: Pluralistic Accounts of History", Journal of Legal Pluralism, 2006; Handrahan, pp. 212–213.
  11. ↑ http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2013/2/new-law-in-kyrgyzstan-toughens-penalties-for-bride-kidnapping
  12. ↑ http://test.mkk.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=335:8-zakon-kyrgyzskoj-respubliki-o-gosudarstvennykh-garantiyakh-ravnykh-prav-i-ravnykh-vozmozhnostej-dlya-muzhchin-i-zhenshchin-ot-4-avgusta-2008-goda-184&catid=57:obshchie-voprosy&Itemid=152&lang=ru
  13. ↑ http://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/16450
  14. ↑ https://www.hrw.org/legacy/pub/2008/eca/Kyrgyzstan_domestic_violence220908.pdf
  15. ↑ http://users.unimi.it/dirpubesteuropa/wp-content/uploads/Costituzione-della-Repubblica-del-Kyrgyzistan.pdf
  16. ↑ http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Kyrgyz.aspx
  17. ↑ http://www.irinnews.org/report/70543/kyrgyzstan-tradition-and-lack-of-awareness-fuel-domestic-violence
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