Winchester Hoard

Coordinates: 51°03′37″N 1°19′45″W / 51.060386°N 1.329201°W / 51.060386; -1.329201

Winchester Hoard

Some items from the Winchester Hoard held at the British Museum
Material Gold
Size 10 jewellery pieces
Period/culture Iron Age
Discovered near Winchester, Hampshire by Kevan Halls in 2000
Present location Room 50, British Museum, London
Identification P&EE 2001 9-1 1-10

The Winchester Hoard is a hoard of Iron Age gold found in a field in the Winchester area of Hampshire, England, in 2000, by a retired florist[1][2] and amateur metal detectorist, Kevan Halls. It was declared treasure and valued at £350,000—the highest reward granted under the Treasure Act 1996 up to the time.

The hoard consists of two sets of jewellery of a very high purity of gold dating from 75–25 BCE. Although, the items pre-date the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 CE, the manufacturing technology was Roman rather than Celtic. The total weight of the items is nearly 1,160 g (41 oz).

The find was described as "the most important discovery of Iron Age gold objects" for fifty years;[3] and the items were probably an "expensive", "diplomatic gift".[1] The brooches alone were "the third discovery of its kind from Britain".

The Winchester Hoard is now housed at the British Museum in London.

Discovery and valuation

The hoard was discovered near Winchester over a series of trips to a farmer's ploughed field in September, October, and December, 2000[3] by retired florist[1][2] and amateur metal detectorist Kevan Halls.[4]

The first discovery, which was of the brooches,[5][6] was reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme, and archaeologists attached to the British Museum were able to excavate the find site to ascertain the historical context of the find.[4] No evidence of a settlement or temple, by way of architectural remnants, was found.[4][5] It was more likely that the hoard was buried "on top of a small hill... covered with trees".[4]

The hoard was declared treasure following a coroner's inquest, and later valued at £350,000,[1][3][7] which was shared between finder and landowner under the Treasure Act 1996 – the highest reward granted under that Act at that time.[1] It was also the first time the context of a find was investigated by the British Museum in conjunction with said Act.[5]

Items discovered

The hoard contains two sets of gold jewellery;[3][6] each includes a torc, a pair of brooches, or fibulae,[5] linked by a chain (of which only one chain was found), and a bracelet (of which one was broken in half). They were all made with a very high gold content – between 91% and 99% – determined by X-ray fluorescence tests at the British Museum.[3] The total weight of the hoard is 1,158.8 g (40.88 oz) (37.25 troy ounces).[3] It is dated from 75–25 BC,[4] which places it in the Late British Iron Age.

All of the brooches are of a bow type, with two being further classified as Knotenfibeln ("interlace fibulas"),[3] typical of La Tène style[5] The chain is of gold wire, interlinked, with a hook at either end to attach to each pair of brooches. The bracelets are, or were in the case of the broken one, ring shaped. The ends of the torcs exhibit some ornamentation (granulation), and in the case of the smaller one, filigree. Both granulation and filigree had been attached by diffusion soldering.[8]

One of the torcs is larger than the other, so it is assumed that each was intended for different sexes,[4] and that the items had been worn.[1][3]

Item specifications

Item № Description Length or diameter Thickness Weight Gold content (approx)
1 Brooch 1 60 mm (2.4 in) 22.2 g (0.78 oz) 94%
2 Brooch 2 60 mm (2.4 in) 22.5 g (0.79 oz) 94%
3 Chain 170 mm (6.7 in) 4.4 mm (0.17 in) 23.6 g (0.83 oz) 94%
4 Brooch 3 80 mm (3.1 in) 20.7 g (0.73 oz) 92%
5 Brooch 4 80 mm (3.1 in) 20.5 g (0.72 oz) 91%
6 Bracelet (complete) 90 mm (3.5 in) 94.1 g (3.32 oz) 95%
7 Bracelet (half) 53.3 g (1.88 oz) 99%
8 Bracelet (half) 53.1 g (1.87 oz) 99%
9 Torc 1 480 mm (19 in) 11 mm (0.43 in) 516.7 g (18.23 oz) 94%
10 Torc 2 440 mm (17 in) 8.3 mm (0.33 in) 332.1 g (11.71 oz) 97%

Significance

The find was called "the most important discovery of Iron Age gold objects"[3][4] since the Snettisham Hoard, over fifty years previously.[6][8] The objects were also described as "unique", "very unusual"[3][6] and even "iconic".[1]

Given that gold brooches from the Iron Age are more rare than silver ones—in fact, this was only the third discovery of its kind from Britain, and one of "less than a dozen" from Northern Europe[3]—it was possible to date the hoard more accurately by these.[3] However, the torcs were unusual in that no others of this type had been found from Iron Age Britain,[5] indeed Europe, up until then. The design was close to typical Iron Age torcs, but were made "using Roman or Hellenistic Greek technology",[2][3] although this was several years before the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD – in other words, the execution was beyond the manufacturing knowledge of the Celts,[8] and a link between Britain, Rome and Greece before such historical events.[1][2] Moreover, social changes in Hampshire and West Sussex in the first century BC were highlighted.[5]

The dichotomy of Roman craftmanship against "Barbarian taste"[8] was further reinforced by Dr Jeremy Hills, who compiled both the British Museum and Treasure Annual Report for the hoard,[3][4] by stating, "I would have liked them to have been made in Britain, but they weren't... They're massive, chunky and showy. No self-respecting Greek or Roman would have worn anything as gaudy".[1]

It was determined that the hoard was not associated with grave goods, and was not part of a hoard associated with a settlement or religious location. It may, instead, have been a personal collection or votive offering.[4] Hills further conjectured that "[t]hey were a very expensive gift, a major diplomatic gift",[1] and that in doing so the Romans were "winning friends and influencing them", ultimately "conquering them that way".[1] Ingratiating themselves with pro-Roman tribal kings, the Romans would have found it easier to quell internal unrest, thus making the recipients "puppet rulers beholden to the superpower of their age".[8]

Who the recipient, or indeed the giver, of the "gift" was is still unknown. However, it could have a link to the Gaul turncoat, Commius, who eventually became king of the Atrebates after fleeing a position as aide to Caesar which he took up in 56 BC.[1]

Display

The hoard is now housed in Room 50[4] of the British Museum in London and was part of the Buried Treasure: Finding Our Past exhibition (November 2003 — November 2005).[9] Among other items in the exhibition were the Mildenhall Treasure, the Lewis chessmen, and the Ringlemere Cup.[10]

In September 2003, BBC Two screened a documentary on the discovery of the hoard.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Alberge, Dalya (8 September 2003). "Golden hoard of Winchester gives up its secret". The Times. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Gilchrist, Andrew (17 November 2003). "There's gold in them there hills". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Treasure Annual Report 2000" (PDF). Department for Culture, Media and Sport. 2001. pp. 16–18;133. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "The Winchester hoard". British Museum. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Prehistoric Society - Past No. 38". Newsletter Number 38. The Prehistoric Society. August 2001. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Ainsworth, Kay (2005). "Conference report - Hampshire in the Iron Age: A Special Place?". Newsletter 43 - Spring 2005. Hampshire Field Club & Archaeological Society. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
  7. "Winchester Hoard by Iron Age". The Art Fund. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Faulkner, Dr Neil (11 May 2009). "Hidden Treasure Fact Files". BBC. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
  9. The exhibition travelled from London to the National Museum Cardiff, the Manchester Museum, the Hancock Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne, and the Norwich Castle Museum.
  10. "Buried Treasure: Finding Our Past". British Museum. Retrieved 2010-08-04.

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