Ayer (MBTA station)

AYER

Platforms at Ayer, looking westward, in August 2011
Location 70 Main Street
Ayer, Massachusetts
Coordinates 42°33′32.63″N 71°35′22.82″W / 42.5590639°N 71.5896722°W / 42.5590639; -71.5896722Coordinates: 42°33′32.63″N 71°35′22.82″W / 42.5590639°N 71.5896722°W / 42.5590639; -71.5896722
Line(s)
  Fitchburg Line
Platforms 2 side platforms
Tracks 3
Construction
Parking 30 spaces in town lot (free)
Other information
Fare zone 8
History
Opened December 1845
Closed January 18–June 28, 1965
March 1, 1975–January 13, 1980[1]
Rebuilt 1848, 1895-96, c. 1970, 1980
Traffic
Passengers (2013) 435 (weekday inbound average)[2]
Services
Preceding station   MBTA   Following station
toward Wachusett
Fitchburg Line

Ayer is a commuter rail station on the MBTA Commuter Rail Fitchburg Line, located off Main Street (Route 2A/111) in the Ayer Main Street Historic District in downtown Ayer, Massachusetts. There are three tracks through the station, two of which are served by a pair of low-level side platforms, which are not handicapped accessible. There is a shelter on the inbound platform.

Ayer has been a major railroad interchange since the Fitchburg Railroad opened through South Groton in 1845, followed by the Stony Brook Railroad, Worcester and Nashua Railroad, and Peterborough and Shirley Railroad in 1848. The original depot was replaced with a union station with a large trainshed in 1848. Land speculation and industrial development spurred by the railroad access expanded the tiny farm village into the independent town of Ayer.

A new station was constructed in 1896. By 1900, the town was served by five lines all controlled by the Boston and Maine Railroad, with service to Boston, Worcester, and Lowell plus New York, New Hampshire, and Maine. Passenger service ended on all of the lines except the Fitchburg Line between 1931 and 1961. After a brief disruption in early 1965, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority began subsidizing commuter rail service to Ayer. The station and part of the line was closed in 1975, but reopened in 1980. Pan Am Railways also runs freight trains through the town to various destinations.

Planning began in 2003 for a parking structure to serve park-and-ride commuters at the station. Due to delays caused by disagreements with a property owner, the project was reduced to an expansion of an existing surface lot. Property to ensure a public access route to the station was acquired by the town in June 2016, allowing the parking expansion to proceed with projected completion in 2018.

History

Railroad construction

1889 map of Ayer Junction station and surrounding areas (north is to the upper left). The Fitchburg mainline runs approximately east-west, joined by the Stony Brook east of the station. The Worcester & Nashua runs approximately north-south, with the Peterborough & Shirley running to the northwest.

The Fitchburg Railroad main line opened on an east-west alignment through the tiny village of South Groton in Groton, Massachusetts in December 1845.[3] Following a town vote the previous year, Groton station was established at Flannigan's Crossing (Groton-Harvard Road).[4][5]:27 The station was located on the southwest corner of the grade crossing, with a freight house just to its west and a woodshed (to supply early wood-burning locomotives) across the tracks.[4]

Three more railroads followed in short succession. The Stony Brook Railroad opened from Ayer to North Chelmsford with service to Lowell in July 1848; it ran parallel to the Fitchburg for several miles east of downtown Ayer before branching to the northeast at Stony Brook Junction. Located at the junction, Willows station (also known as Sandy Pond) was the only other train station in Ayer and served both the Stony Brook and the Fitchburg.[3] The Worcester and Nashua Railroad (W&N) opened between Worcester and Ayer on July 3, 1848; an extension north to Nashua, New Hampshire on December 18, 1848 crossed the Fitchburg on a diamond crossing and a connecting line was built on the southeast corner of the junction.[3][6][4] The Peterborough and Shirley Railroad (P&S), opened in February 1848, crossed the northern section of the W&N at grade and ran to the northwest. It was leased to the Fitchburg before opening and fully acquired in 1860.[3] The line had originally been intended to meet the Fitchburg Railroad in Shirley to the west, but the terminus was changed to Groton to connected with the W&N.[4]

Groton Junction and Ayer Junction

The 1848-built Union Station in September 1895, shortly before it was demolished

South Groton, until then "about a dozen farms of doubtful prosperity" and hindered by its remoteness, was quickly transformed by the railroads.[4][7][8] A new union station known as Groton Junction was constructed in 1848 just east of the diamond crossing. Like many large stations of that era, it had a massive arched trainshed, which spanned the Fitchburg mainline. Smaller secondary arches to either side were intended for the Stony Brook and the P&S, but that arrangement soon proved inconvenient.[4] A temporary wooden building was used while the union station was being constructed, although some W&N trains used the Fitchburg tracks to reach the original station. The temporary station and the original station and freight house were moved and used for other purposes in town; the temporary station burned in the 1872 fire, but the other two buildings lasted at least into the 1890s.[4]

Between 1848 and 1852, land speculators laid out streets and commercial plots surrounding the new station. Industry, made possible by the railroad connections to major cities, soon arrived: a plow company in 1850, a tannery in 1854, and an iron foundry soon after.[8] The city of Ayer, named after Groton-born James Cook Ayer, was incorporated from parts of Groton and Shirley in 1871; the railroad station was then renamed Ayer Junction.[9][3] The station received a small expansion that year, and a covered island platform was built between the W&N tracks. The roof was rebuilt with new trusses; the former iron supporting pillars were used to construct the upper story of the nearby Spaulding Block.[4]

Ayer was devastated by a fire in 1872, but its industrial connections allowed for a period of rebuilding and even prosperity after. Most buildings in the Ayer Main Street Historic District were built during that time.[8] When the Hoosac Tunnel opened in 1875, trains through Ayer could run on the Fitchburg and the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad as far west as Troy, New York. With service to Troy, Boston, Nashua, Worcester, Lowell, and Greenville, Ayer Junction (soon shortened to Ayer) was a major rail interchange and the most important station on the Fitchburg Railroad between Concord and Fitchburg.[3]

Consolidation under the B&M

The station buildings and signal bridges in 1919

By the late 1880s, Ayer was a major rail junction and service point. Freight houses were located in the northeast and southeast corners of the junction, coal sheds in three locations, another engine house and freight house to the east, and a small roundhouse at Mechanic Street.[6] The Worcester, Nashua and Rochester Railroad, the successor to the W&N, came under control of the Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M) in 1886, followed by the Boston and Lowell Railroad (which by then owned the Stony Brook) in 1887. The Brookline and Pepperell Railroad opened in 1894 and connected to the P&S in West Groton several miles to the north, with trains run through to Ayer. When the Fitchburg Railroad was acquired by the B&M in 1900, all lines through Ayer (and most of northern Massachusetts) were under its control.[3]

In 1895, the Fitchburg and B&M demolished the 1848-built union station. Two new station buildings opened to replace it: a passenger station (the centerpiece of the new Depot Square) in the northeast corner of the junction, and a freight station in the southeast which replaced the formerly separate freight houses.[5]:14 In 1897, the junction of the P&S was relocated slightly to the west to eliminate angled grade crossings of Main Street and Park Street.[5]:19 An island platform was constructed around that time between the two Fitchburg main tracks east of the diamond crossing to serve commuters to Boston. In 1906, East Main Street was rerouted onto a bridge east of the station, eliminating traffic problems caused when trains blocked the grade crossing. The old Stony Brook freight house and engine house were removed as part of the construction.[5]:30 Two signal bridges built at right angles over the junction in the 1910s and an interlocking tower built in 1929 controlled the various train movements across the complex junction.[10]

Decline of service

Ayer interlocking tower, which controlled access to the various rail lines running through Ayer

Although Camp Devens opening in 1917 briefly increased traffic, competition from interurban streetcars (including a line on Central Street built around 1905) then automobiles in the early 20th century forced the B&M to discontinue service on marginal branch lines, as well as redundant routes built during years of intense competition between railroads.[8] Passenger service on the lightly used Brookline & Pepperell ended in 1931 and on the P&Sin 1933.[3] The Stony Brook, with its flatter grades than the W&N, became the preferred route for passenger and freight service to the north, particularly after a wye was constructed at North Chelmsford in 1930 allowing direct service to New Hampshire. Through Worcester-Portland local service ended in 1928; the diamond crossing was removed, and part of Plow Shop Pond was filled in to create the southwest leg of the junction, thus finishing a wye between the Fitchburg main and the line to Worcester. Passenger service ended on the northern part of the W&N in 1934, and part of the route to Nashua was outright abandoned within a decade.[3]

In April 1946, the Stony Brook was connected directly to the Fitchburg at Stony Brook Junction, permitting the removal of its redundant rails between there and Ayer.[3] Most local passenger service between Worcester and Lowell via Ayer ended in 1953. The State of Maine used the routing until October 29, 1960, and the B&M ran a single Budd RDC car between Worcester and Haverhill until 1961 by state order.[3] When this service ended, Willows station was abandoned and soon demolished.[1]

As rail service and industry declined, Ayer made an awkward transition from a rail-centered town to a car-centered town.[7] Both depots were demolished around 1960; the former northern depot and surrounding land was sold to a local business owner on September 29, 1960. The provisions of the sale and later transactions included deed restrictions requiring the purchaser to provide an easement for public station access as well as a station facility for 100 years.[11] Service along the Fitchburg main line was cut back to Fitchburg that same year, leaving Fitchburg Line commuter service between Fitchburg and Boston as the sole remaining passenger service through Ayer when the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) was created in 1964 to subsidize suburban commuter services.[3]

MBTA era

The bare platforms and passenger shelter in 2012. The protective fence at left was the only change at Ayer as part of the Fitchburg Line Improvement Project.

The B&M cut service back to West Concord on January 18, 1965 as part of its abandonment of commuter rail service outside the MBTA's funding district, but the MBTA established funding for restoration of service back to Ayer and intermediate stops effective June 28 of that year.[1] The northern station building was demolished in the late 1960s; a parking lot and a business with no station facilities were built in its place. A small "modern railway depot"—likely just a bus shelter—was built around 1970; it was a noncontributing property to the Historic District.[8]

In December 1973, state subsidies for towns outside the MBTA funding district were halved, resulting in the MBTA needing to renegotiate subsidies from 14 municipalities. Ultimately Ayer, with just 14 daily commuters, refused to pay its $8200 bill in 1974; Littleton also did not reach an agreement.[12] On March 1, 1975, the line was cut back to South Acton, dropping stops at Ayer, Littleton, and West Acton.[13][1] On December 27, 1976, the MBTA bought the B&M's northside commuter rail assets, including the entire length of the Fitchburg Line.[1] The closure of the Lexington Branch the next month represented the limit of the contraction of the northside lines; as a result of the 1970s energy crisis and especially the 1979 energy crisis, a period of rapid expansion began in the end of the 1970s. Service to Ayer returned along with an extension to Gardner on January 13, 1980.[1] Ayer has seen continuous MBTA service since 1980, although service beyond Ayer was cut from Gardner to Fitchburg at the end of 1986.[1] The W&N just north of Ayer was finally abandoned in 1982, and turned into the Nashua River Rail Trail.[3]

The MBTA installed platforms with yellow edge strips for the 1980 return of service, and later added metal shelters and platform fences to separate passengers from freight trains. No major upgrades to the station were made as part of the Fitchburg Line Improvement Project, though a 2005 report proposed combining Ayer and Shirley into a Devens station with additional parking capacity.[14] The plan was unpopular with local residents, who preferred the stations close to the town centers, and the MBTA dropped the consolidation plan.[15]

Parking issues

Unlike all other stations on the line from Lincoln west, Ayer has no dedicated station parking, despite serving over 400 passengers per day.[2] The lots adjacent to the station are privately owned and serve local businesses, but are often illegally used by commuters using the station. The 30-space Nashua River Rail Trail parking lot is available for commuters on weekdays; some commuters also use street parking and other business lots. In 2003, the town and the Montachusett Regional Transit Authority (MART) began planning how to increase parking capacity. Five studies in six years concluded with plans for an $11 million, 400-space garage off Park Street, accessibility improvements to the station, and streetscape improvements for pedestrian access.[16] The plans were reduced in scale due to traffic concerns and other issues. $3.2 million in FTA funds (originally intended for expanded parking at Littleton/Route 495 but later rejected) was committed to build a $4 million surface lot. However, the lot was delayed due to conflicts with businesses that would be displaced and the lack of a publicly owned pedestrian entrance (a requirement to use the federal funds).[17][18][19]

On April 28, 2014, pedestrian access to the station was partially cut off when the abutting landowner erected a fence on the station's primary access point, forcing riders to walk a short distance along the tracks to a different business lot, in an effort to stop commuters from parking on his business lots.[20] He removed a section of the fence for platform access after meeting with the MBTA, but disputed whether he was required to provide access and station facilities according to the terms of the 1960 land sale.[19][11] Despite intervention by state legislators and a postcard campaign by residents, an agreement was not reached in 2014.[11][18] In December 2014, the MBTA rejected a plan that would have created a pedestrian access path and a vehicle dropoff lane, alleging that the landowner had unfairly shifted property lines.[21]

In February 2015, the landowner again blocked station access due to commuters parking on his property after a series of snowstorms.[22] When an agreement had not been reached by March, the MBTA prepared to take the issue to land court.[23] In April 2016, with negotiations between the three parties seemingly at a standstill, the Ayer selectmen voted to begin the eminent domain process, which then went before public vote at a town warrant meeting in May.[24] The public vote had two sections — one for just the access route, and one for the commercial property (the 1967-built USO Building) as well. Because of the delays, the federal funding for the project could have been jeopardized regardless of the vote.[25]

The vote was "overwhelmingly" in favor of taking the whole property, valued at $595,000.[26] On June 2, 2016, the town took ownership of the access route and building.[27] In November 2016, MART agreed to pay for the demolition of the USO building; the town paid relocation costs for the two tenants.[28]

The $4.2 million expansion will expand the rail trail parking lot from 70 spaces to 210. Completion is scheduled for spring 2018.[25] A handicapped-accessible sidewalk and a kiss-and-ride lane / bus loop will be constructed next to the station, with plans for a future pedestrian plaza and restrooms where the USO building was located.[29] The project will not include renovations to make the station handicapped accessible, which would have substantially increased the project cost. However, with the parking issues settled and the accessible entry point in place, Ayer may be included in the next round of MBTA station overhaul projects.[27][26]

Current freight service

Pan Am Railways runs intermodal and local freight through Ayer, with the Stony Brook plus the Fitchburg main west of Stony Brook Junction serving as its main line. The southern section of the W&N is now Pan Am's Worcester Branch, used primarily for traffic interchanging with CSX and the Providence and Worcester Railroad at Worcester. There are layups for freight trains east and west of the station on the Fitchburg main line, and a freight yard (known as Hill Yard) about a quarter mile to the south on the Worcester Branch. An additional main track splits just east of the station, runs north of the platforms, and continues for a distance west of the station; Pan Am uses it to store freight cars as well as to access a stub of the P&S which serves a paper plant at Vose near West Groton.[3]

Station layout

Ayer station in 2012. The Wall Track is in the foreground, with the outbound platform, Fitchburg Line tracks, and finally the inbound platform behind it.

Ayer station has two side platforms which straddle the Fitchburg Line's two main tracks. The station platforms are located inside the junction, approximately the same location as the 1848 and 1896 stations. The "Wall Track", a freight siding and connection to the P&S stub, runs along the north side of the outbound platform. Reaching the inbound platform from the town center requires crossing all three tracks.[30] The platforms are low-level; the station is not handicapped accessible.[2][26]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Belcher, Jonathan (January 7, 2017). "Section 8: Rail Routes". Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district (PDF). NETransit. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 "Ridership and Service Statistics" (PDF) (14th ed.). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Karr, Ronald Dale (1995). The Rail Lines of Southern New England. Branch Line Press. pp. 192–214. ISBN 0942147022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hurd, Duane Hamilton (1890). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. 2. J. W. Lewis & Company. pp. 657–660 – via Internet Archive.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Schwarzel, Barry E. (2012). Images of America: Ayer. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 9–30. ISBN 9780738591520 – via Google Books.
  6. 1 2 George H. Walker & Co. (1889). "Ayer Junction, part of Ayer". Atlas of Middlesex County, Massachusetts – via WardMaps LLC.
  7. 1 2 Hikida, T. Kent (July 12, 1985). "Ayer Main Street Historic District". Ayer Historical Commission – via Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Zarowin, David (February 2, 1989). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form". United States Department of the Interior – via Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System.
  9. ↑ Nason, Elias; Varney, George Jones (1890). A gazetteer of the state of Massachusetts: with numerous illustrations. B.B. Russell. p. 130 – via Internet Archive.
  10. ↑ Humphrey, Thomas J.; Clark, Norton D. (1985). Boston's Commuter Rail: The First 150 Years. Boston Street Railway Association. p. 92. ISBN 9780685412947.
  11. 1 2 3 Lefferts, Jennifer Lenn (June 11, 2014). "Agreement elusive on Ayer rail access". Boston Globe. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  12. ↑ Amory, David (January 20, 1975). "MBTA puts bigger bite on 14 'outside' towns for rail costs". Boston Globe – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers. (Subscription required (help)).
  13. ↑ O'Keele, John (March 2, 1975). "MBTA ends Boston & Maine's Ayer, Littleton, West Acton service; cites deficit". Boston Globe – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers. (Subscription required (help)).
  14. ↑ "MBTA Commuter Rail Fitchburg Branch Improvements". Fitchburg Commuter Rail Line Improvement Implementation Plan. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. September 2005. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  15. ↑ Vaznis, James (March 30, 2006). "All aboard! or not; Ayer commuters, others seek to save popular downtown train stop". Boston Globe – via Proquest Historical Newspapers. (Subscription required (help)).
  16. ↑ Montachusett Regional Planning Commission (December 2009). "Ayer Parking Garage Impact Analysis" (PDF). Montachusett Regional Transit Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2015.
  17. ↑ Arata, Mary E. (October 22, 2012). "Tsongas delivers $3.2M earmark for Ayer parking lot: Businessman angered by threat to his business". Nashoba Valley Voice. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  18. 1 2 Pak-Harvey, Amelia (July 30, 2014). "MBTA to receive over 160 postcards on Ayer commuter rail access issue". Nashoba Valley Voice. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  19. 1 2 Pak-Harvey, Amelia (April 29, 2014). "Ayer owner told to remove fence blocking path to train station". Lowell Sun. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  20. ↑ Pak-Harvey, Amelia (April 28, 2014). "In surprise move, property owner sets up fence around commuter rail". Nashoba Valley Voice. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  21. ↑ Bishop, Jon (December 15, 2014). "Pastor responds: MBTA rejects Ayer land swap plan". Nashoba Valley Voice. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  22. ↑ Bishop, Jon (February 20, 2015). "Flare-up in MBTA dispute". Nashoba Valley Voice. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  23. ↑ Bishop, Jon (March 3, 2015). "Pontbriand updates Ayer selectmen on MBTA land swap status". Lowell Sun. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  24. ↑ O'Connor, Anne (April 6, 2016). "Ayer selectmen vote to pursue eminent domain for commuter-rail access". Nashoba Valley Voice. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  25. 1 2 O'Connor, Anne (April 21, 2016). "Eminent domain may finally settle Ayer's commuter rail stop quandary". Lowell Sun. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  26. 1 2 3 O'Connor, Anne (May 9, 2016). "Ayer Town Meeting backs taking land, building for Depot Square commuter-rail project". Lowell Sun. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  27. 1 2 "Eminent-domain taking for parking facility complete in Ayer". Lowell Sun. June 5, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  28. ↑ O'Connor, Anne (November 15, 2016). "Depot Square building coming down in Ayer to pave way for 100 parking spaces". Lowell Sun. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  29. ↑ "Ayer Commuter Rail Parking Facility & Depot Square Concept Plans" (PDF). Montachusett Regional Transit Authority. February 7, 2017.
  30. ↑ Held, Patrick R. (2010). "Massachusetts Bay Colony Railroad Track Charts" (PDF). Johns Hopkins Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2013.
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