Robert Whitehead

Robert Whitehead
Born (1823-01-03)3 January 1823
Bolton, Lancashire, England, UK
Died 14 November 1905(1905-11-14) (aged 82)
Shrivenham, Berkshire, England, UK[1]
Nationality British
Citizenship England
Spouse(s) Frances Maria Johnston
Children
  • Frances Eleanor Whitehead
  • Alice C Whitehead
  • John Whitehead
  • Sir James Beethom Whitehead
  • Robert B Whitehead
Engineering career
Projects Developed the first self-propelled torpedo

Robert Whitehead (3 January 1823 – 14 November 1905) was an English engineer, most famous for developing the first effective self-propelled naval torpedo.

Early life

He was born in Bolton, England, the son of James Whitehead, a cotton-bleacher, and his wife Ellen Whitehead nee Swift.[2][3][4] He trained as an engineer and draughtsman, and attended the Mechanics Institute in Manchester.

His first professional employment was at a shipyard in Toulon, France, for Philip Taylor & Sons,[5] and then as a consultant engineer in Milan, Italy. He then moved to Trieste, on the Adriatic coast of Austria.

Whitehead's work in Trieste was noticed by the owners of Fonderia Metalli, a metal foundry in the nearby city of Fiume (today Rijeka, Croatia). In 1856, Whitehead became manager of the company, and changed its name to Stabilimento Tecnico di Fiume (STF). STF produced marine steam boilers and engines, which were the most modern products of that era. The Austrian Navy was a customer.

Meeting Luppis

Whitehead Torpedo and Ship-factory in Fiume, 1910

In the early 1860s, Whitehead met engineer Giovanni Luppis, who had recently retired to Trieste from the Austrian Navy. Luppis had produced the first prototypes of a self-propelled torpedo in 1860, which he called the "coast saviour" (Italian: Salvacoste) (Croatian: Spasilac obale). Luppis' device was a low-profile surface boat, propelled by compressed air, and controlled by ropes from the land. Whitehead and Luppis formed a partnership to perfect the torpedo as an effective weapon.

The first torpedo

Robert Whitehead (right) and his son (left) with a battered test torpedo in Fiume, Austria-Hungary c.1875

Whitehead's initial torpedo experiments were conducted with the help of his 12-year-old son, John, and a workman, Annibale Ploech. They discarded Luppis' concept of shore launch and control for an unguided weapon launched from a ship on a straight line at the target which became known as the Whitehead torpedo.

This resulted in Minenschiff, the first self-propelled (locomotive) torpedo, officially presented to the Austrian Imperial Naval commission on 21 December 1866. The commission was impressed and the Austrian gunboat Gemse was adapted for launching torpedoes at the Schiavon shipyard in Fiume. The ship was equipped with a launching barrel, which was Whitehead's invention. More than 50 launch trials were performed in front of the factory, in Fiume harbour bay. Gemse's commander, Frigate Lieutenant Count Georg Anton von Hoyos, later married Whitehead's daughter Alice.

By 1870, Whitehead had managed to increase the torpedo's speed to 7 knots (13 km/h) and it could hit a target 700 yards (640 m) away. The torpedo was driven by a small reciprocating engine run by compressed air.

Key innovations

Whitehead added two important features to the torpedo:

Whitehead fiercely guarded his trade secrets, employees were often sworn to secrecy about the guidance mechanisms employed in his torpedoes.

Whitehead & Co.

Though the product was promising, the torpedo did not produce profits for Stabilimento Tecnico di Fiume, which went bankrupt in 1873. In 1875, Whitehead reorganized the company as Torpedo-Fabrik von Robert Whitehead – later Whitehead & Co., Societa in Azioni.

In 1890 Whitehead opened a UK manufacturing and test site in Portland Harbour, Dorset.[6]

When Whitehead retired, the Whitehead family sold the company to two large British armaments companies, Vickers and Armstrong-Whitworth. Thus the company remained under British control until the First World War.

The western facade of the torpedo and ship factory is the backdrop of the international TV series Sport Crime.[7] Showrunners and main actors Daniela Scalia and Luca Tramontin stated that an episode will be partially shot at Whitehead's.[8]

UBAG Corporation

In 1915, the Whitehead company established one of its largest enterprise, the Hungarian Submarine Building Corporation (or in its German name: Ungarische Unterseebotsbau AG (UBAG)) in Fiume, Kingdom of Hungary (Now Rijeka, Croatia).[9][10]

SM U-XX, SM U-XXI, SM U-XXII and SM U-XXIII Type diesel-electric submarines were produced in Fiume.[11][12]

Use of the torpedo

Chilean torpedo gunboat Almirante Lynch
Frigate Blanco Encalada
Chinese battleship Dingyuan

Most of the world's major navies took note of the development of this device by the late 1880s. Even the extremely reduced post-Civil War United States Navy was involved in torpedo development; and established a Naval Torpedo Station in Newport, Rhode Island in 1870.

The first vessel sunk by self-propelled torpedoes was the Turkish steamer Intibah, on 16 January 1878, during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. She was hit by torpedoes launched from torpedo boats operating from the tender Velikiy Knyaz Konstantin under the command of Stepan Osipovich Makarov.

Three naval actions during the late nineteenth century changed the world navies' perception of the torpedo:

  1. During the 1891 Chilean Civil War, the Chilean vessel Almirante Lynch, torpedoed and sank in port the rebel frigate Blanco Encalada with a 14-inch (360 mm) Whitehead torpedo at a range of 100 yards.
  2. In 1894, in the Revolta da Armada, the rebel Brazilian vessel Aquidaban was torpedoed and sunk at night while moored in a roadstead by the Brazilian torpedo gunboat Gustavo Sampaio with a 14-inch (360 mm) Schwartzkopff torpedo, and was perhaps also torpedoed by the torpedo boat Affonso Pedro.
  3. In 1895, during the Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese battleship Dingyuan was put out of action in port by multiple torpedo hits over the course of two nights by several Japanese torpedo boats.

The risks of torpedoes to the ships that carried them were shown, however, at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, in July 1898, when the Spanish cruiser Vizcaya was severely damaged by a shell hit that detonated one of her internally mounted bow torpedoes while it lay armed in its above-water tube. The USS Texas, which also fought in the battle, had its bow and stern tubes removed before the war under just such a concern. One of the major concerns of the US Navy in the Santiago campaign was Spanish torpedoes. All ships during the blockade of Santiago, despite the heat and to the great discomfiture of their crews, kept their portholes shut to delay sinking if the ships were struck by torpedoes or mines.

During Operation Weserübung in 1940, the German heavy cruiser Blücher, already crippled by fire from shore batteries, was hit by two Whitehead torpedoes launched from fixed, shore-mounted tubes and later sank. Whitehead's invention of the torpedo was a key development in naval history.

Heritage

Whitehead's gravestone
The grave of Robert Whitehead at St Nicholas' Church, Worth, West Sussex, England, pictured in 2013
Whitehead's son, Sir James Beethom Whitehead, painted in 1907 by John Henry Frederick Bacon

Whitehead was a devout Christian and a supporter of the temperance movement. In the early 1880s, he gave £1000 to Agnes Weston, who was attempting to buy and demolish two public houses in Devonport, expressing his hope that the gift "would knock a hole in one of them".[13] He left his fortune to his granddaughter Agathe Whitehead.

Whitehead is buried at the Parish Church of St Nicholas, Worth in Crawley, West Sussex. His epitaph reads "His fame was in all nations round about". Kozala Cemetery in Rijeka is home to the Whitehead Family Mausoleum.

Family

His children and grandchildren by his wife Frances Maria Johnson (1821–1883),[14] daughter of James Johnson[15] and Ann Boville,[16] include:

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Death obituary. The New York Times, first published 15 November 1905.
  2. 1 2 1861 England Census: Family of James and Ellen Whitehead. Accessed March 2017
  3. ↑ England Marriages: James Whitehead and Ellen Swift; accessed March 2017
  4. ↑ England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975; accessed March 2017
  5. ↑ Brown, David K. "Whitehead, Robert". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36868. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  6. ↑ "Whitehead & Co". Graces Guide to Industrial History. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  7. ↑ http://www.sportcrime.com/
  8. ↑ http://radio.hrt.hr/radio-rijeka/clanak/sport-crime-la-serie-tv-per-proteggere-lo-sport-e-i-suoi-valori/113286/
  9. ↑ Paul G. Halpern (2015). The Naval War in the Mediterranean: 1914–1918 Routledge Library Editions: Military and Naval History. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-317-39186-9. line feed character in |title= at position 46 (help)
  10. ↑ Lawrence Sondhaus (1994). The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918: Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism. Purdue University Press. p. 287. ISBN 978-1-55753-034-9.
  11. ↑ Lawrence Sondhaus (1994). The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918: Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism. Purdue University Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-55753-034-9.
  12. ↑ Paul E. Fontenoy (2007). Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact Weapons and warfare series. ABC-CLIO. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-85109-563-6.
  13. ↑ Agnes Weston: My Life among the Bluejackets, James Nisbett: London, 1909, p. 136
  14. ↑ Find-a-Grave: Frances Maria Johnson Whitehead, accessed March 2017
  15. 1 2 3 Cambridge University Alumni: James Whitehead, brother of Robert Whitehead. Accessed March 2017
  16. ↑ James Johnson and Ann Boville 6 June 1805 marriage at Whorlton, York, England
  17. 1 2 1925 Arrival at Southampton, accessed March 2017
  18. ↑ 1911 England Census: James Beethom Whitehead family, accessed March 2017
  19. ↑ Royal Aero Club Aviators’ Certificate: John William St John Whitehead
  20. ↑ Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England. London, England. Accessed March 2017
  21. ↑ Cambridge University Alumni: Robert Boville Whitehead
  22. ↑ 1911 Census: Robert Boville Whitehead family
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