White-eyed buzzard

White-eyed buzzard
Adult from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Butastur
Species: B. teesa
Binomial name
Butastur teesa
(Franklin, 1831)
Synonyms

Poliornis teesa

The white-eyed buzzard (Butastur teesa) is a medium-sized hawk, distinct from the true buzzards in the genus Buteo, found in South Asia. Adults have a rufous tail, a distinctive white iris, and a white throat bearing a dark mesial stripe bordered. The head is brown and the median coverts of the upper wing are pale. They lack the typical carpal patches on the underside of the wings seen in true buzzards but the entire wing lining appears dark in contrast to the flight feathers. They sit upright on perches for prolonged periods and soar on thermals in search of insect and small vertebrate prey. They are vociferous in the breeding season and several birds may be heard calling as they soar together.

Description

Adult, note the pale median upperwing coverts

This slim and small sized hawk is easily identified by its white iris to the eye and the white throat and dark mesial stripe. A white spot is sometimes visible on the back of the head. When perched the wing tip nearly reaches the tip of the tail. The ceres are distinctly yellow and the head is dark with the underside of the body darkly barred. In flight the narrow wings appear rounded with black tips to the feathers and the wing-lining appears dark. The upper wing in flight shows a pale bar over the brown. The rufous tail is barred with a darker subterminal band. Young birds have the iris brownish and the forehead is whitish and a broad supercilium may be present.[2] The only confusion can occur in places where it overlaps with the grey-faced buzzard (Butastur indicus), adults of which have a distinctive white supercilium.[3][4] Fledgelings are reddish brown unlike most other downy raptor chicks which tend to be white.[5]

The specific name teesa is derived from the name in Hindi.[6] The name Butastur was used to indicate that it was between the Buteo buzzards and Astur, an old name for the sparrowhawks. Molecular phylogeny studies suggest that the genus is a sister group of the Buteoninae.[7]

Distribution and habitat

This species is widely distributed in South Asia, throughout India in the plains and extending up to 1000 m in the Himalayas. It is a resident in Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar, and has been recorded in Indonesia.[8] It is absent from Sri Lanka and is probably absent from the Andamans. It is a summer visitor in northeastern Afghanistan. It is mainly found in the plains but may go up to 1200m in the foothills of the Himalayas.[3]

The usual habitat is in dry, open forest or cultivation. They are numerous in some areas but declining.[3] A survey in the late 1950s estimated about 5000 birds in the vicinity of Delhi in an area of about 50,000 km2.[9]

Behaviour and ecology

In flight, the dark wing lining and white throat are distinctive on the underside.

This species is usually seen soaring alone in thermals or perched still. Groups of two or three may sometimes be seen. They have a mewing call or falling whistle (transcribed as pit-weer[10]) that is repeated when pairs are soaring.[3] They are vociferous in the breeding season.[11]

They feed mainly on locusts, grasshoppers, crickets and other large insects as well as mice, lizards and frogs. They may also take crabs from near wetlands[12] and have even been reported to take larger prey like the black-naped hare (Lepus nigricollis).[13]

The breeding season is February to May. The nest is loose platform of twigs not unlike that of a crow, sometimes placed in a leafless tree.[14] The usual clutch is three eggs, which are white and usually unspotted.[15] Both sexes share nest-building and feeding young; female alone incubates for about 19 days until the eggs hatch.[16][17][18]

A species of endoparasitic platyhelminth has been described from the liver of this species.[19] Protozoa that live in the blood stream that belong to the genus Atoxoplasma have been isolated.[20] Like most birds they have specialized ectoparasitic bird lice such as Colpocephalum zerafae that are also known from other birds of prey.[21]

Images

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Butastur teesa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Hume, AO (1869). My Scrap Book: Rough notes on Indian oology and ornithology. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. pp. 286–288.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 100–101.
  4. ↑ Clark,William S; Schmitt,N John (1992). "Flight identification of indian raptors with pale bars on upper wings". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (1): 1–3.
  5. ↑ Gnanaselvan, P (1992). "Nesting of the White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle in Pudukudi, Thanjavur District". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 32 (7&8): 16–17.
  6. ↑ Jerdon, TC (1862). The Birds of India. volume 1. Military Orphan Press, Calcutta. pp. 92–93.
  7. ↑ Lerner, HRL & Matthew C. Klaver, David P. Mindell (2008). "Molecular Phylogenetics of the Buteonine Birds of Prey (Accipitridae)". The Auk. 125 (2): 304–315. doi:10.1525/auk.2008.06161.
  8. ↑ Shagir, K. J.; Iqbal, M. (2015). "White-eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa, a new species for Greater Sundas and Wallacea". BirdingAsia (23): 124–125. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  9. ↑ Galushin VM (1975). "A comparative analysis of the density of predatory birds in two selected areas within the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, near Moscow and Delhi" (PDF). Emu. 74: 331. doi:10.1071/MU974330.
  10. ↑ Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian Birds. Gurney and Jackson. pp. 366–367.
  11. ↑ Dewar, Douglas (1912). Jungle Folk: Indian natural history. John Lane. pp. 32–36.
  12. ↑ Mackenzie, K (1894). "Food of the white-eyed buzzard". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (1): 101.
  13. ↑ Javed,Salim (1995). "Hare in the diet of White-eyed Buzzard Eagle Butastur teesa (Franklin)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92 (1): 119.
  14. ↑ Kanoje, R (1997). "Nesting site of white-eyed buzzard in Kanha National Park". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 37 (5): 90.
  15. ↑ Blanford, WT (1895). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 362–364.
  16. ↑ Soni, RG (1993). "Breeding of White-eyed Buzzard in the Thar Desert". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 90 (3): 506–507.
  17. ↑ Hume, AO (1890). The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Volume 3. R H Porter, London. pp. 158–161.
  18. ↑ Ali S & SD Ripley (1978). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 256–258.
  19. ↑ Dharejo, A.M. Bilqees; F.M. Khan, M.M. (2007). "Uvitellina teesae, new species (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae) from liver of white-eyed buzzard Butastur teesa (Accipitridae), in Hala, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 39 (6): 385–388.
  20. ↑ Levine, Norman D (1982). "The Genus Atoxoplasma (Protozoa, Apicomplexa)". Journal of Parasitology. 68 (4): 719–723. JSTOR 3280933. PMID 7119994. doi:10.2307/3280933.
  21. ↑ Tendeiro, J (1988). "Etudes sur les Colpocephalum (Mallophaga, Menoponidae) parasites des Falconiforms 1. Groupe zerafae Price & Beer" (PDF). Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 39: 77–102.

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