Whale oil

A bottle of whale oil
Whale oil lamp in brown-glazed earthenware with candle bowl for the wick and base drip pan. Lyse parish, Bohuslän - now in Nordiska museet, Stockholm, Sweden

Whale oil is oil obtained from the blubber of whales. Whale oil was sometimes known as train oil, which comes from the Dutch word traan ("tear" or "drop").

Sperm oil, a special kind of oil obtained from the head cavities of sperm whales, differs chemically from ordinary whale oil: it is comprised mostly of liquid wax. Its properties and applications differ from those of regular whale oil, and is sold at a higher price when marketed.

Early industrial societies used whale oil widely in oil lamps and to make soap and margarine. With the commercial development of substitutes such as kerosene and vegetable oils, the use of whale oils declined considerably in the 20th century. With most countries having banned whaling, the sale and use of whale oil as of 2017 has practically ceased.

Manufacture

Whale oil was obtained by boiling strips of blubber harvested from whales.[1] This process was called "trying out". The boiling was carried out on land in the case of whales caught close to shore or beached. On longer deep-sea whaling expeditions, the trying-out was carried out on the ship itself so that the waste carcass could be thrown away to make room for the next catch.

Baleen whales were generally the main source of whale oil. The oil of baleen whales is exclusively composed of triglycerides, whereas that of toothed whales contains wax esters.[2] The bowhead whale and right whale were considered the ideal whaling targets. They are slow and docile, and they float when killed. They yield plenty of high-quality oil and whalebone,[3] and as a result, they were hunted nearly to extinction.

Chemistry

Whale oil has low viscosity (lower than olive oil),[4] is clear, and varies in color from a bright honey yellow to a dark brown, according to the condition of the blubber from which it has been extracted and the refinement through which it went. It has a strong fishy odor. When hydrogenated, it turns solid and white and its taste and odor change.[5][6]

The composition of whale oil varies with the species from which it was sourced and the method by which it was harvested and processed. Whale oil is mainly composed of triglycerides[7] (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). Oil sourced from toothed whales contains a substantial amount of wax esters (especially the oil of sperm whales).[2] Most of the fatty acids are unsaturated. The most common fatty acids are oleic acid and its isomers (18:1 carbon chains).[8]

Whale oil is exceptionally stable.[9]

Physical properties of whale oils
Specific gravity 0.920 to 0.931 at 15.6 °C (60.1 °F)[10]
Flash point 230 °C (446 °F)[11]
Saponification value 185–202[7]
Unsaponifiable matter 0–2%[7]
Refractive index 1.4760 at 15 °C (59 °F)[12]
Iodine number (Wijs) 110–135[7]
Viscosity 35–39.6 cSt at 37.8 °C (100.0 °F)[4]

Applications

American whale oil and sperm oil imports in the 19th century

The use of whale oil had a steady decline starting in the late 19th century due to the development of superior alternatives, and later, the passing of environmental laws. In 1986, the International Whaling Commission declared a moratorium on commercial whaling, which has all but eliminated the use of whale oil today. The Inuit of North America are granted special whaling rights (justified as being integral to their culture), and they still use whale oil as a food and as lamp oil.[13]

Whale oil was used as a cheap illuminant, though it gave off a strong odor when burnt and was not very popular.[14] It was replaced in the late 19th century by cheaper, more efficient, and longer-lasting kerosene.[15]

In the US, whale oil was used in cars as a constituent of automatic transmission fluid until it was banned by the Endangered Species Act.[16]

In the UK, whale oil was used in toolmaking machinery as a high-quality lubricant [17]

After the invention of hydrogenation in the early 20th century, whale oil was used to make margarine,[5] a practice that has since been discontinued. Whale oil in margarine has been replaced by vegetable oil.[18]

Whale oil was used to make soap. Until the invention of hydrogenation, it was used only in industrial-grade cleansers, because its foul smell and tendency to discolor made it unsuitable for cosmetic soap.[6]

In literature, fiction, and memoirs

The pursuit and use of whale oil, along with many other aspects of whaling, are discussed in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick. In the novel, the preciousness of the substance to contemporary American society is emphasized when the fictional narrator notes that whale oil is "as rare as the milk of queens." John R. Jewitt, an Englishman who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the Nootka people on the Pacific Northwest Coast in 1802–1805, describes how whale oil was used as a condiment with every dish, even strawberries.

Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind (1896),[19] when discussing food materials in Oceania, quoted James Cook's comment in relation to "the Maoris" saying "No Greenlander was ever so sharp set upon train-oil as our friends here, they greedily swallowed the stinking droppings when we were boiling down the fat of dog-fish."

Dunwall, a port city in the video game Dishonored (2012), uses supernaturally-enhanced whale oil as a basis for its industrial revolution.

In the Heart of the Sea (2015) is a film based on the book In the Heart of the Sea by Nathaniel Philbrick.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Barfield, Rodney (1995). Seasoned by Salt. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-8078-2231-0.
  2. 1 2 Rice, Dale W. (2009). "Spermaceti". Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Second ed.). pp. 1098–1099. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-373553-9.00250-9.
  3. ↑ Clapham, Phil (2004). Right Whales: Natural History & Conservation. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-89658-657-X.
  4. 1 2 Liquids - Kinematic Viscosities
  5. 1 2 Joh. N. Tønnessen, Arne Odd Johnsen (1982). The History of Modern Whaling. pg 231
  6. 1 2 Robert Lloyd Webb (1988). On the Northwest: Commercial Whaling in the Pacific Northwest, 1790-1967. pg 144
  7. 1 2 3 4 Moninder Mohan Chakrabarty (2009). Chemistry And Technology Of Oils And Fats. pg 183
  8. ↑ Bottino, Nestor R. (1971). "The composition of marine-oil triglycerides as determined by silver ion-thin-layer chromatography". Journal of Lipid Research. 12: 24–30.
  9. ↑ "Reinventing the Whale" (PDF). WDCS: Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  10. ↑ Emil F Dieterichs (1916). A Practical Treatise on Friction, Lubrication, Fats and Oils. pg 23
  11. ↑ Frank Sims (1999). Engineering Formulas Interactive: Conversions, Definitions, and Tables. pg 132
  12. ↑ J. N. Goldsmith (1921). Table of Refractive Indices. pg 259
  13. ↑ Video on YouTube
  14. ↑ Wilson Heflin (2004). Herman Melville's Whaling Years. pg 232
  15. ↑ How Capitalism Saved the Whales | Foundation for Economic Education
  16. ↑ New Scientist 1 May 1975 pg 262
  17. ↑ Norman Atkinson, Sir Joseph Whitworth (Sutton Publishing 1996), p161.
  18. ↑ Whale oil and margarine
  19. ↑ Ratzel, Friedrich. The History of Mankind. Vol. I, P257 (London: MacMillan, 1896). URL: www.inquirewithin.biz/history/american_pacific/oceania/oceania-food.htm accessed 6 December 2009.

Further reading

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