Westlake station (Sound Transit)


Westlake
Link light rail and bus station

The Westlake station mezzanine, seen from the platform level
Location Pine Street & 4th Avenue
Seattle, Washington
Coordinates 47°36′41″N 122°20′14″W / 47.61139°N 122.33722°W / 47.61139; -122.33722Coordinates: 47°36′41″N 122°20′14″W / 47.61139°N 122.33722°W / 47.61139; -122.33722
Owned by King County Metro
Line(s)
  Central Link

Sound Transit Express, King County Metro

Platforms 2 side platforms
Tracks 2
Connections Seattle Center Monorail, South Lake Union Streetcar, King County Metro, Sound Transit Express, Community Transit
Construction
Structure type Tunnel
Parking Pay parking nearby
Disabled access Yes
History
Opened September 15, 1990 (1990-09-15)
Rebuilt 2005–2007
Traffic
Passengers 10,096 daily boardings (Q1 2017; Link only)[1]
Services
Preceding station  
Link
   Following station
toward Angle Lake
Central Link
Preceding station  
ST Express
   Following station
toward Bellevue TC
Route 550
Terminus

Westlake is a light rail and bus station located that is part of the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel in Seattle, Washington. The station serves Pine Street between 3rd and 6th avenues in Downtown Seattle, near Westlake Center and Westlake Park. It is served by the Central Link, part of Sound Transit's Link light rail system, as well as buses from King County Metro and Sound Transit Express. The station is also connected above ground by buses, the South Lake Union Streetcar, and the Seattle Center Monorail.

Westlake station consists of two underground side platforms, connected to the surface by entrances and a mezzanine level served by nearby department stores. It is situated between University Street station to the south, and Convention Place station to the north; Convention Place is only served by buses, however, and Capitol Hill station is the next northbound light rail station. The transit tunnel was built in the 1980s and opened for bus-only service on September 15, 1990. The tunnel was closed from 2005 to 2007 for a large renovation to prepare for light rail service, which began on July 18, 2009. Link light rail trains terminated at Westlake until the opening of the University Link Extension in 2016. Trains and buses serve the station 20 hours a day on most days; the headway between light rail trains is 6 minutes during peak periods, with less frequent service at other times.

Location

Westlake station is located on Pine Street between 3rd and 6th avenues in Downtown Seattle's retail and office district.[2] The station is at the north end of Downtown Seattle, near the Denny Triangle area, and is within walking distance of the Pike Place Market Historic District. According to the Puget Sound Regional Council, the area within 1⁄2 mile (0.8 km) of the station has an estimated population of 15,171 people (in 12,995 total housing units, mostly in multifamily buildings) and approximately 91,055 jobs.[3]

Westlake station is adjacent to the Westlake Center shopping mall, Westlake Park, Pacific Place, the Nordstrom flagship store, and the regional flagship of Macy's (formerly The Bon Marché).[2] Pike Place Market is located to the west of the station,[4] while the Washington State Convention Center is four blocks to the east.[5] Amazon.com is headquartered several blocks north of the station in the Denny Triangle area.[6]

History

Background and earlier proposals

The Pine Street area of Downtown Seattle was regraded for development from 1903 to 1906, as part of a citywide regrading program.[7] The newly regraded area was part of urban planner Virgil Bogue's 1911 comprehensive plan for Seattle, envisioning a civic center to the north and several subway lines converging at the intersection of Pine Street and 3rd Avenue. The subway lines would continue outwards to serve the civic center, Capitol Hill, Downtown (modern-day Pioneer Square), and the waterfront; the stations would also include additional entrances from within department stores and other large buildings.[8] The plan was rejected by voters on March 5, 1912,[9] and a 3rd Avenue subway passing through the area was unsuccessfully proposed twice in the 1920s.[10][11]

The regraded area was developed into the city's retailing neighborhood in the 1920s, with the construction of large department stores for The Bon Marché, Frederick & Nelson, and Nordstrom on Pine Street between 3rd and 6th avenues.[12] The area would become the center of a second major rapid transit plan proposed by the Forward Thrust Committee in the 1960s, to be built by 1985. A subway station on 3rd Avenue between Pine and Pike streets, designed with underground connections to major stores, would be served by two routes continuing north to Ballard (via Lower Queen Anne) and Lake City (via Capitol Hill and the University District).[13][14] The plan was put on a ballot measure in 1968, requiring a supermajority to support bonding to augment $385 million in local funding with $765 million from the Urban Mass Transportation Administration, but failed to reach the 60 percent threshold; a second attempt in 1970 yielded the same result, ending the planned system.[15][16] The failure of the Forward Thrust ballot measures led to the creation of Metro Transit in 1972, operating bus service across King County and taking over planning for a regional rapid transit system.[17][18]

Bus tunnel

Metro Transit began planning a bus-based transit system through downtown Seattle in the 1970s, including a transit mall, tunnel, or bus terminal in the Westlake area.[19][20] Metro approved construction of a downtown bus tunnel in 1983,[21] selecting Pine Street and 4th Avenue as the site of one of the stations.[22] The station would be integrated with a planned shopping mall on Pine Street, with underground walkways connecting to nearby department stores.[23][24]

The Pine Street segment of the tunnel, running from 4th Avenue to 9th Avenue, would be dug cut-and-cover, requiring a long-term closure of the street.[25] SCI Contractors of Calgary was awarded the $74.5 million contract for the Pine Street segment, including the construction of Westlake and Convention Place stations, in February 1987.[26][27] On April 27, 1987, Pine Street was closed to non-bus traffic, and construction of Westlake station's pilings and outer walls began.[28] Excavation of the tunnel on Pine Street was completed in late August, allowing for concrete pouring to begin.[27] Pine Street was briefly re-opened for the Christmas shopping season, from November 2 to January 4, at the request of downtown merchants; the excavated tunnel was backfilled and given a temporary surface for automobile traffic.[29][30] A pair of tunnel boring machines arrived at Westlake station in the spring of 1988 after completing the 3rd Avenue segment of the bus tunnel; the machines were partially salvaged, leaving the outer shells in place to form part of the tunnel walls.[31] Pine Street was re-opened to traffic on November 1, 1988, coinciding with the opening of Westlake Center and Westlake Park.[32][33] Excavation and concrete pouring in Westlake station were completed in December 1988, leaving major work on the mezzanine level left to finish.[34]

A dual-mode bus on route 107 at Westlake station just after the station opened, in 1990

Westlake station, along with Pioneer Square station, was at the center of a controversy during its construction due to the use of granite from South Africa, then under a Metro boycott against Apartheid rule.[35] After the granite's origins were discovered, the materials were returned and Metro's executive director resigned as a result of the incident.[36] Metro also had to return shipments of terra cotta tiles that were delivered warped, in the wrong size, and in the wrong color; the planned terra cotta ceiling for the station was instead replaced with a travertine limestone.[37] During construction in early 1989, approximately 20 workers were sickened by fumes and foul air inside the station.[38] Air quality tests conducted in the tunnel could not identify the cause of the bad air, leading Metro to install scrubbers to help control diesel exhaust from equipment.[39]

The Westlake station mezzanine was opened on August 11, 1989, as part of a public preview of the tunnel. The station's design was praised by local politicians and visitors, with Seattle City Councilman George Benson noting that it had "an element of class that is new to Seattle".[40] The mezzanine remained open for several weeks, allowing for access between the basement levels of downtown retailers, but closed until November for additional construction.[41] Additional fire sprinklers were installed in Westlake station to accommodate parties and receptions, as the station's mezzanine became sought as an events venue.[42][43] Tunnel construction was completed in June 1990,[44] and bus service began on September 15, 1990.[45] Between 1990 and 2004, all service in the tunnel was operated by custom-built dual-mode buses, which operated on diesel fuel outside the tunnel and electrically as trolleybuses (via overhead wires) inside the tunnel.[46][47]

Light rail

A Link light rail train arriving at Westlake station

In the early 1990s, a regional transit authority (RTA) was formed to plan and construct a light rail system for the Seattle area. After an unsuccessful attempt in 1995, regional voters passed a $3.9 billion plan to build light rail under the RTA in 1996.[48] The downtown transit tunnel had already been planned for eventual light rail use and was built with tracks that would be incorporated into the initial system.[49][50] The RTA, later renamed Sound Transit, approved the tunnel as part of the route of its initial light rail line in 1999, with plans to eventually add new surface entrances to serve the Washington State Convention Center in lieu of a Convention Place light rail station.[51][52] Ownership of the tunnel, including its stations, was transferred to Sound Transit in 2000 but returned two years later to King County Metro under a joint-operations agreement.[53][54]

The downtown transit tunnel closed on September 23, 2005, for a two-year, $82.7 million renovation to accommodate light rail vehicles. The renovation included the installation of new rails, a lowered roadbed at stations for level boarding, new signalling systems and emergency ventilation.[55] As part of the renovation, a short cut-and-cover "stub tunnel" was built under Pine Street between Westlake station and Interstate 5 to form the turnback area for trains and part of a future northern extension of the light rail system.[56][57] The tunnel reopened on September 24, 2007, with new signage, lighting, and street improvements; Westlake station was host to a public open house for the planned light rail system, featuring a light rail vehicle on display at the station prior to the re-opening of the tunnel.[58]

Link light rail service began on July 18, 2009, running from Westlake station to Tukwila International Boulevard station.[59][60] A tunneled extension of the light rail system, from Westlake to stations at Capitol Hill and University of Washington, was excavated from 2011 to 2012.[61] The northern extension opened on March 19, 2016, moving the line's northern terminus to University of Washington station.[62]

Future

The downtown transit tunnel is expected to lose bus service in 2019, due to construction at Convention Place station; the tunnel would become served exclusively by light rail trains, which will increase in frequency for the opening of the Northgate Link Extension.[63]

As part of the Sound Transit 3 program, approved by voters in 2016, Westlake station is planned to become a transfer station for a new light rail line serving South Lake Union, Lower Queen Anne, and Ballard, to open in 2036.[64][65] The new line would continue south through a new downtown light rail tunnel to International District/Chinatown station, merging with the current line.[66][67]

Station layout

Level 3 Seattle Center Monorail
Street Level Exits/Entrances, South Lake Union Streetcar
Mezzanine Ticket vending machines, Metro Customer Shop, to Exits/Entrances
Platform
level
Side platform, doors will open on the right
Northbound ← Central Link toward University of Washington (Capitol Hill)
← Bus Bay A (41, 74) northbound toward Interstate 5 (Convention Place)
← Bus Bay A (255) eastbound toward State Route 520 (Convention Place)
Southbound → Central Link toward Angle Lake (University Street) →
→ Bus Bay C (101, 102, 150) southbound toward SODO Busway (University Street) →
→ Bus Bay D (550) eastbound toward Interstate 90 (University Street) →
Side platform, doors will open on the right
Terra cotta artwork on the south wall of Westlake station, seen from the mezzanine level

Westlake station is situated below Pine Street between 4th and 6th avenues in Downtown Seattle. The station consists of two side platforms, a mezzanine level, and entrances from the surface; all three levels are connected by a series of elevators, escalators, and stairs.[2] The 500-foot-long (150 m) mezzanine spans the length of the station, unlike other downtown tunnel stations,[68] and includes separate entrances to the basement level of nearby department stores, including Macy's, Nordstrom, Nordstrom Rack, and the Westlake Center;[69][70] The mezzanine also has ticket vending machines that issue ORCA cards, as well as the King County Metro Customer Shop, open during limited weekdays and located at the west end of the station.[2][71] The non-retail entrances to Westlake station are located on both sides of Pine Street between 3rd and 4th avenues, and on the north side of Pine Street between 5th and 6th avenues. There is also a direct elevator from the mezzanine level to the Seattle Center Monorail terminus at Westlake Center.[2] The platform level at Westlake station is 50 to 60 feet (15 to 18 m) below street level, while the mezzanine is 20 feet (6 m) below street level.[68][72]

Westlake station was designed by Brent Carlson of TRA Architects to "give the impression" of a retail center's liveliness, and features heavy use of granite materials and Art Deco design elements.[68][42] The station is also adorned with public artwork as part of the tunnel's $1.5 million art program, under the direction of lead artist Jack Mackie and program director Vicki Scuri.[73] The south station wall has a collection of 1,264 handmade terra cotta tiles carved in the shapes of leaves, vines, and flowers; the tiles, designed by Mackie, are arranged from the mezzanine level downwards, as if forming the roots of Westlake Park above.[74] Between the mezzanine and platform, Scuri's 40 ceramic tiles feature geometric patterns found in clothing and other garments.[73][74] The platform level houses three 35-foot-long (11 m), 10-foot-tall (3 m) porcelain enamel murals by Seattle artists Fay Jones, Gene Gentry McMahon, and Roger Shimomura. Jones's mural is an interpretation of Seattle's place as a port city, using bright colors to "bring sunshine underground";[75] McMahon's mural depicts the "glamour" of shopping,[73] with "larger than life" figures against the Seattle skyline and a beach;[76] and Shimomura's mural is a collage of American pop culture figures, including the likes of Marilyn Monroe, Alice in Wonderland, and Donald Duck, intermixed with imagery from East Asian cultures, including a samurai and geisha, in a celebration of the city's cultural diversity.[76][77] The station's stairways and surface entrances are inscribed with quotes from University of Washington professor Caroline Ober, artist Mark Tobey, and retailer Silas Munro.[2] On the corner of Pine Street and 5th Avenue is a 17-foot-high (5.2 m) granite street clock shaped like a question mark, designed by artist Bill Whipple.[74]

The station's pictogram, a tiara, represents the neighborhood's playful nature. It was created in 2009 by Christian French as part of the Stellar Connections series and its points represent nearby destinations, including Pike Place Market, Victor Steinbrueck Park, the Paramount Theatre, and the Washington State Convention Center.[78]

Services

A northbound King County Metro bus at Westlake station's Bay A

Westlake is one of five stations in the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel, which is served by six King County Metro bus routes and one Sound Transit Express bus route, as well as Sound Transit's Central Link light rail line. The bus routes are divided into three bays by their outbound direction: Bay A is served by three routes (routes 41, 74 and 255) heading north toward Northgate and the University District and east towards Kirkland; Bay C is served by three routes (routes 101, 102 and 150) heading south through the SODO Busway toward Kent and Renton; and Bay D is served by one route (Sound Transit Express route 550) heading east via Interstate 90 to Bellevue.[79]

Central Link light rail runs from the University of Washington campus to Downtown Seattle, the Rainier Valley and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, using the downtown transit tunnel between Westlake and International District/Chinatown stations. Westlake is the 13th northbound station from Angle Lake station, the line's southern terminus, and second southbound station from University of Washington station, the northern terminus. The station is located between Capitol Hill and University Street stations. Central Link trains operate for 20 hours a day on weekdays and Saturdays, from 5:00 am to 1:00 am, and 18 hours on Sundays, from 6:00 am to 12:00 am. During regular weekday service, trains operate roughly every 6 to 10 minutes during and between peak periods, respectively, with longer headways of 15 minutes in the early morning and 20 minutes at night. During weekends, Central Link trains arrive every 10 minutes during daytime hours and every 15 minutes during early mornings and evenings. The station is approximately 38 minutes from SeaTac/Airport station and six minutes from University of Washington station.[80][81]

In addition to service in the tunnel, Westlake station is within close proximity to several other regional and local transit services. The Seattle Center Monorail, serving the Seattle Center and Space Needle, terminates at a station located on the third floor of the Westlake Center shopping mall, connected directly to the tunnel station via an elevator and stairway.[82] The South Lake Union Streetcar terminates one block north of the station at McGraw Square, continuing to the South Lake Union neighborhood.[83][84] Westlake station is also adjacent to several surface bus stops, served by King County Metro, Sound Transit Express, and Community Transit routes.[85] Bus stops on Pine and Pike streets serve local routes headed east to Capitol Hill, Montlake, and Madison Park. Bus stops on 3rd Avenue serve RapidRide routes and local routes heading north to Ballard, Fremont, and South Lake Union, and south towards West Seattle, the Rainier Valley, and SoDo. Bus stops on 2nd Avenue, 4th Avenue, 5th Avenue, Olive Way, and Stewart Street serve regional express routes to Snohomish County, the Eastside, southern King County, and Pierce County.[85][86]

During closures of the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel and Westlake station, tunnel buses are rerouted onto the surface; southbound buses stop on 2nd Avenue and Stewart Street, while northbound buses stop on 4th Avenue and Olive Way. King County Metro also runs a special route, the Route 97 Link Shuttle, between all Link light rail stations during service disruptions, stopping at Pine Street and 5th Avenue to serve the station.[87]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Q1 2017 Service Delivery Quarterly Performance Report" (PDF). Sound Transit. May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Transit Tunnel: Westlake Station (PDF) (Map). King County Metro Transit. October 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  3. ↑ Growing Transit Communities Oversight Committee (October 2013). "Westlake: Light Rail/Streetcar/Bus" (PDF). The Growing Transit Communities Strategy. Puget Sound Regional Council. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  4. ↑ Sipe, Tyler; Wasson, Lindsey (December 12, 2016). "Transit Tourism: Explore Seattle by Link light rail". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  5. ↑ Bhatt, Sanjay (July 17, 2015). "$1.4 billion plan in works to double Convention Center". The Seattle Times. p. A1.
  6. ↑ González, Ángel (May 8, 2016). "Amazon's artsy, amenity-packed tower marks a reshaped neighborhood". The Seattle Times. p. D5. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  7. ↑ Dorpat, Paul (October 18, 1987). "Pine Street repeats itself—first digging was 83 years ago". The Seattle Times. p. 40.
  8. ↑ Bogue, Virgil (1911). "Appendix No. III—Proposed Rapid Transit System". Plan of Seattle: Report of the Municipal Plans Commission. Seattle, Washington: Lowman & Hanford. pp. 180–182. OCLC 1440455. Retrieved July 27, 2017 – via Google Books.
  9. ↑ Crowley, Walt (September 17, 1972). "Virgil Bogue's plan: Seattle that might have been". The Seattle Times. pp. 8–9.
  10. ↑ "2008 Find of the Month Archive: 1920 rapid transit plan". Seattle Municipal Archives. June 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
  11. ↑ Trimble, William Pitt (1926). Seattle Rapid Transit Report to the City Planning Commission. Seattle Planning Commission. OCLC 14264109.
  12. ↑ Lane, Polly (October 16, 1988). "Frederick & Nelson founder's dream to come true at last". The Seattle Times.
  13. ↑ Lane, Bob (April 29, 1970). "Choice of Third Avenue Transit Line Explained". The Seattle Times. p. A8.
  14. ↑ De Leuw, Cather & Company (October 30, 1967). "Chapter 8: Engineering Studies and Analyses". Report on a Comprehensive Public Transportation Plan for the Seattle Metropolitan Area. Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle. p. 93. OCLC 74314.
  15. ↑ McRoberts, Patrick (January 1, 1999). "King County voters on Forward Thrust bonds approve stadium and aquarium and nix transit on February 13, 1968.". HistoryLink. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  16. ↑ "Voters reject rail transit plan and three other Forward Thrust bond proposals on May 19, 1970.". HistoryLink. September 19, 2002. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  17. ↑ "Milestones—The 1970s". King County Metro. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  18. ↑ Lane, Bob (September 22, 1974). "When will Seattle have rail rapid transit? Maybe never". The Seattle Times. p. B2.
  19. ↑ Lane, Bob (July 29, 1979). "Metro takes new look at bus tunnel". The Seattle Times. p. A22.
  20. ↑ Gough, William (November 27, 1982). "New transit mall could ease downtown traffic by 1986". The Seattle Times. p. A9.
  21. ↑ Gough, William (November 4, 1983). "Metro Council OK's downtown transit tunnel". The Seattle Times. p. B1.
  22. ↑ "Panel picks sites for tunnel stations". The Seattle Times. November 1, 1984. p. C6.
  23. ↑ Nogaki, Sylvia (February 18, 1984). "Metro envisions city bus subway in 5 years". The Seattle Times. p. A6.
  24. ↑ "Transit tunnel is key in traffic plan for downtown". The Seattle Times. October 25, 1984. pp. B6, B10.
  25. ↑ Lane, Bob (August 30, 1985). "Metro driving forward with tunnel". The Seattle Times. p. B2.
  26. ↑ Lane, Bob (February 3, 1987). "Big dig will close Pine St. to buses". The Seattle Times. p. C1.
  27. 1 2 Lane, Bob (August 25, 1987). "Pouring begins: Thick concrete for tunnel beneath Pine Street". The Seattle Times. p. C3.
  28. ↑ Lane, Bob (April 25, 1987). "Pine Street in downtown area to be off limits to most traffic". The Seattle Times. p. A8.
  29. ↑ Lane, Bob (November 2, 1987). "Pine St. reopens—for the shoppers". The Seattle Times. p. B3.
  30. ↑ Lane, Bob (December 31, 1987). "Jackhammers will take over Pine Street again". The Seattle Times. p. E3.
  31. ↑ Lane, Bob (May 18, 1988). "Light at the end of Metro's tunnel". The Seattle Times. p. D1.
  32. ↑ Lane, Bob (October 8, 1988). "Tunnel job going out of sight: 'Sidewalk superintendents' losing view". The Seattle Times. p. A1.
  33. ↑ Lane, Polly (October 16, 1988). "Emergence of a plaza: Westlake now reality after years of frustration". The Seattle Times. p. D1.
  34. ↑ "Seattle Briefly: Progress reported on Metro tunnel". The Seattle Times. December 12, 1988. p. B3.
  35. ↑ Pryne, Eric (January 27, 1989). "Firings sought over purchase from S. Africa". The Seattle Times. p. E1.
  36. ↑ Lane, Bob (March 10, 1989). "Report to Metro finds no cover-up on granite". The Seattle Times. p. C1.
  37. ↑ King, Marsha (March 12, 1989). "Ceiling falls through: Terra cotta project fails to come together". The Seattle Times. p. L2.
  38. ↑ Tizon, Alex (January 29, 1989). "Tunnel workers to get another exhaust fan". The Seattle Times. p. D4.
  39. ↑ Merritt, Mike (February 14, 1989). "Tests on bus-tunnel air don't explain illnesses". The Seattle Times. p. B2.
  40. ↑ Lane, Bob (August 12, 1989). "Tunnel station opens to raves". The Seattle Times. p. A11.
  41. ↑ Whitely, Peyton (December 3, 1989). "Tunnel station a sign of good things to come". The Seattle Times. p. B1.
  42. 1 2 Lane, Bob (April 27, 1990). "Metro sees party lights at end of tunnel". The Seattle Times. p. F2.
  43. ↑ Brown, Charles E. (May 6, 1991). "More than a picnic: Hispanics, Filipinos join forces at Cinco de Mayo event". The Seattle Times.
  44. ↑ Lane, Bob (June 7, 1990). "Deafening silence: Bus tunnel's done". The Seattle Times. p. B1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  45. ↑ Rosenwald, Lonnie (September 15, 1990). "Seattle opens glitzy new bus tunnel today". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington: Cowles Publishing Company. p. A9. Retrieved July 27, 2017 – via Google News Archive.
  46. ↑ Lane, Bob (September 11, 1990). "The Metro Mission: Easy riders". The Seattle Times. p. A4.
  47. ↑ Lindblom, Mike (May 28, 2004). "Metro to roll out hybrid buses June 5". The Seattle Times. p. B3. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  48. ↑ Schaefer, David (November 6, 1996). "Voters back transit plan on fourth try". The Seattle Times. p. A1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  49. ↑ Hamilton, Charles (November 6, 2006). "Sound Transit (King, Pierce, and Snohomish counties)". HistoryLink. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  50. ↑ Pryne, Eric (October 13, 2005). "Bus-tunnel error years ago is costly in shutdown today". The Seattle Times. p. A1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  51. ↑ "Sound Transit Board achieves historic milestone by selecting route for central Link light rail" (Press release). Sound Transit. November 18, 1999. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  52. ↑ "Sound Transit Resolution No. R99-34" (PDF). Sound Transit. November 18, 1999. p. 13. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  53. ↑ Pryne, Eric (June 25, 2002). "Sound Transit, county agree to bus-tunnel plan". The Seattle Times. p. B1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  54. ↑ Pryne, Eric (May 12, 2002). "The bus tunnel tug-of-war". The Seattle Times. p. A1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  55. ↑ Gilmore, Susan (September 23, 2005). "Bus tunnel shuts down tonight for 2 years". The Seattle Times. p. A1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  56. ↑ Pryne, Eric (January 6, 2005). "Digging is 1st sign light rail coming to town". The Seattle Times. p. B1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  57. ↑ Jacobs Associates. "Geotechnical Instrumentation Monitoring System For Shallow Freeway Tunnel Crossings With EPBMs". Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference 2013 Proceedings. SME. p. 392. ISBN 9780873353830. OCLC 881359456. Retrieved July 27, 2017 – via Google Books.
  58. ↑ Gilmore, Susan; Lindblom, Mike (September 18, 2007). "Region gets a glimpse of its transit future". The Seattle Times. p. A1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  59. ↑ Lindblom, Mike (July 17, 2009). "Light-rail debut to offer a little bit for everybody". The Seattle Times. p. A1.
  60. ↑ Doughton, Sandi; Lindblom, Mike (July 19, 2009). "Seattle hops on board: Tens of thousands revel in the sun and the festivities as big-city transit rolls out at last". The Seattle Times. p. A1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  61. ↑ "Sound Transit contractors connect University Link tunnels to downtown Seattle" (Press release). Sound Transit. May 15, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  62. ↑ Beekman, Daniel (March 20, 2016). "Capitol Hill, UW light-rail stations open to big crowds". The Seattle Times. p. B1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  63. ↑ Lindblom, Mike (June 25, 2017). "Reprieve for tunnel riders, but cascading projects to multiply Seattle's traffic woes". The Seattle Times. p. B1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  64. ↑ "Downtown Seattle Light Rail Tunnel" (PDF). Sound Transit 3. Sound Transit. July 1, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  65. ↑ Lindblom, Mike (November 14, 2016). "Where Sound Transit 3 projects could speed up or slow down". The Seattle Times. p. B1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  66. ↑ Lindblom, Mike (December 5, 2015). "Would voters dig another transit tunnel?". The Seattle Times. p. A1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  67. ↑ Kubly, Scott (July 15, 2015). "ST3 Draft Priority Projects" (PDF). Seattle Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  68. 1 2 3 Updike, Robin (August 6, 1989). "A new dawn beneath downtown". The Seattle Times. p. A1.
  69. ↑ Martinez, Amy (June 16, 2010). "Nordstrom Rack to move its downtown Seattle store to Westlake Center". The Seattle Times. p. A10. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  70. ↑ Gupta, Himanee (September 13, 1990). "Step into retailers' new underground parlor". The Seattle Times. p. D1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  71. ↑ "Metro Customer Services". King County Metro. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  72. ↑ Laprade, William T.; Thompson, Steven R. (1989). "Engineering Geology of the Downtown Seattle Transit Project" (PDF). Engineering Geology in Washington: Volume II. Washington State Department of Natural Resources: 667. OCLC 763131412. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  73. 1 2 3 "Westlake Station—the Shopping Stop". King County Metro. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  74. ↑ Artifacts: Public Art in Seattle's New Underground. Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle. 1988. pp. 8–9. OCLC 22895595.
  75. 1 2 Ann Gwinn, Mary (August 7, 1988). "Tunnel vision: $1.5 million worth of art along the 1.3-mile tunnel will be the largest public-art project in Northwest history". The Seattle Times. p. 28.
  76. ↑ Vogt, Travis (June 24, 2016). "Seattle Light Rail Stations: Ranked". CityArts. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  77. ↑ "Stellar Connections". Sound Transit. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  78. ↑ Downtown Metro Service: Frequent Routes to Help You Get Around Downtown (PDF) (Map). King County Metro. September 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  79. ↑ "Link light rail schedule". Sound Transit. March 11, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  80. ↑ "Expanded Metro bus service coming; Link light rail ramps up in downtown tunnel" (Press release). King County Metro. September 16, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  81. ↑ "About the Monorail". Seattle Center Monorail. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  82. ↑ Gilmore, Susan; Lindblom, Mike (September 18, 2007). "Seattle gets a glimpse of its transit future". The Seattle Times. p. A1. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  83. ↑ Seattle Streetcar (PDF) (Map). Seattle Department of Transportation. December 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  84. 1 2 Regional Transit Map Book (PDF) (Map). Sound Transit. February 2014. pp. 8–11. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  85. ↑ Downtown Metro Service: Frequent Routes to Help You Get Around Downtown (PDF) (Map). King County Metro. September 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  86. ↑ Surface Street Bus Stops When the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel is Closed (PDF) (Map). King County Metro. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
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