Werner Erhard

Werner Erhard
Born (1935-09-05) September 5, 1935
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
United States
Occupation Author, lecturer
Spouse(s)

Patricia Fry, 1953–1960 (divorced)

Ellen Erhard (June Bryde), 1960–1983 (divorced)
Children 7
Website wernererhard.net

Werner Hans Erhard[1]:7 (born John Paul Rosenberg; September 5, 1935) is an American critical thinker[2][3][4][5][6] and author of transformational models and applications for individuals, groups, and organizations.[7][8][9] He has written about integrity,[10][11][12] performance,[13][14] leadership[12][15][16][17] and individual and organizational transformation.[18][19] Erhard has lectured at (among other institutions)[20] Harvard University,[14][21] Stanford University,[22] Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine,[23] University of California, Berkeley,[24] University of Chicago,[24] University of Southern California,[25] University of Rochester,[26] Erasmus University Rotterdam,[27] Yale University,[28] Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),[29] Oxford Union at Oxford University,[30] UNESCO, Geneva,[31] and the US Air Force Academy.[32]

Since 2002 Erhard has devoted his time to academia.[33][34][35][36] He was originally known[32]:553 for developing the est training[1][37] (1971–1983) and The Forum (1984–1991).[38] In 1977 Erhard,with the support of John Denver, Robert W. Fuller, and others, founded the Hunger Project[39] (an NGO accredited to the United Nations)[40] in which more than 4 million people have participated in establishing the end of hunger as an idea whose time has come.[41]

In 1991 Erhard retired from business and sold his then-existing intellectual property to a group of his former employees who formed Landmark Education, renamed in 2013 as Landmark Worldwide. He has no ownership or management position in Landmark Worldwide, but at Landmark's request consults with them from time to time.[42][43]

Much of Erhard's scholarly writing can be found on his author's page in the Social Science Research Network (SSRN),[44] where Erhard is the 22nd-most downloaded author out of over 325,000 authors,[44][45] and most recently at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER),[11] the European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI),[46] and The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation.[47]

Early life

John Paul Rosenberg was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 5, 1935.[1]:6[48] His father was a small-restaurant owner who left Judaism for a Baptist mission before joining his wife in the Episcopal Church[1]:6[48] where she taught Sunday School.[1]:6 They agreed that their son should choose his religion for himself when he was old enough.[1]:6 He chose to be baptized in the Episcopal Church, served there for eight years as an acolyte[1]:6 and has been an Episcopalian ever since.[49]

Erhard attended Norristown High School, Norristown, Pennsylvania, where he was awarded the English award in his senior year.[1] :25,29 He graduated in June 1953, along with his future wife Patricia Fry.[1]:30 From the early mid-1950s until sometime in 1960 Erhard worked in various automobile dealerships (starting with a Ford dealership where he was trained by Lee Iacocca, and then Lincoln Mercury, and finally Chevrolet), with a stint out when he was given the opportunity to manage a nearly defunct medium-duty industrial equipment firm which became successful under his management.[50][51] Rosenberg married Patricia Fry on September 26, 1953[52]:4 and they had four children together.[1] In 1960, he abandoned Patricia and their children in Philadelphia, traveled to Indianapolis with June Bryde [53]:57 and changed his name to "Werner Hans Erhard".[54] Rosenberg chose his new name from Esquire magazine articles he read about then West German economics minister Ludwig Erhard and the physicist Werner Heisenberg.[1]:57–58 June Bryde changed her name to Ellen Virginia Erhard.[55]

The renamed Erhards moved to St. Louis, where Erhard took a job as a car salesman.[56] His wife Patricia Rosenberg and their four children initially relied on welfare and help from family and friends. After five years without contact, Patricia Rosenberg divorced Erhard for desertion and remarried.[57] In October 1972, a year after creating the est training, Erhard contacted his first wife and family. He arranged to provide support and college educations for the children, as well as repaying Pat's parents for their financial support[58] Between 1973 and 1975 virtually every member of his extended family took the est training, and both his ex-wife Pat and his own younger siblings subsequently took jobs in the est organization[1]:242,243

Career

Parents Magazine Cultural Institute

In 1961, Erhard began selling correspondence courses in the Midwest. He then moved to Spokane, Washington,[1]:85 where he was offered and accepted a job with Encyclopædia Britannica's "Great Books" program and was soon promoted to area training manager. In January 1962, Erhard switched to the Parents Magazine Cultural Institute, a division of the then- Fortune 50 W.R. Grace & Co.[1]:112[59] In the summer of 1962, he was promoted to the position of territorial manager for California, Nevada, and Arizona, and moved to San Francisco; and in the spring of 1963 to Los Angeles.[1]:82–106 In January 1964, Parents promoted Erhard and transferred him to Arlington, Virginia as the southeast division manager.[1]:94 In August 1964, Erhard resigned his position in Arlington over a dispute with the company president and returned to his previous position as west coast division manager for Parents in San Francisco.[1]:107–114 In 1967, Erhard was promoted to vice president.[60]:117–138 During the next few years, Erhard brought on as staff at Parents many people who would later become important in est, including Elaine Cronin, Gonneke Spits and Laurel Scheaf.

Self-education

Erhard, while being largely self-educated,[5][61] has learned from and worked closely with academics, philosophers, thinkers and artists such as – Philosophers: Isaiah Berlin, Hubert Dreyfus, Michel Foucault, Sir Karl Popper, Hilary Putnam, Michael Zimmerman; Leadership and Business Academics: Warren Bennis, Fernando Flores, Ronald Heifetz, Dave Logan; Economics Academics: Milton Friedman, and Michael C. Jensen; Neuroscientists: David Eagleman, and Karl H. Pribram; Theoretical Physicists: Richard Feynman, and Leonard Susskind; Social Scientists: Anthropologist Gregory Bateson; Cyberneticists: Heinz von Foerster and James Grier Miller, Biologist Humberto Maturana; Artist Robert Rauschenberg;[62] and IBM Fellow, Allan Scherr; and Futurist, Buckminster Fuller, among others.[63] Philosopher Michael E. Zimmerman said of Erhard, "He had no particular formal training in anything, but he understood things as well as anyone I'd ever seen; and I've been around a lot of smart people in academia." [64]

Quoting Erhard's biographer, philosophy professor William Bartley:

Having cut himself off from ordinary routes to academic and professional training...Werner began to shape a distinctive and indigenously American grass-roots training program of his own. Werner's route was to be by way of business: unable to attend university, he initially came to the human potential movement through the study and application of motivational techniques. If his acquisition of a liberal education within the business world is not surprising, perhaps that is at least in part because methods used to enhance motivation in business are not all that different from those used to develop human potential generally... During the course of his own training program, Werner Erhard encountered various ideas, theories, techniques, and disciplines on which he drew... "Intersections" will, in this book, mark the major crossroads where, on his journey in search of Self, Werner encountered these seminal ideas and practices. They contain background material about his self-education, material which, while outside the narrative, is also crucial to it.[1]:63

During his time in St. Louis, Erhard read two books which were to have a marked effect on him: Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill (1937) and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz (1960).[1]:122 When a member of his staff at Parents Magazine introduced him to the ideas of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both key figures in the human potential movement, his interests became more focused on personal fulfillment rather than sales success.[65] After his move to Sausalito, he attended seminars by Alan Watts, a notable Western interpreter of Zen Buddhism, who introduced him to the distinction between mind and self;[65] Erhard subsequently became close friends with Watts.[1]:117–138 Erhard also studied in Japan with Zen rōshi Yamada Mumon.[66] In William Bartley's biography, Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, the Founding of est (1978), Bartley quotes Erhard as acknowledging Zen as an essential contribution that "created the space for" est.[1]:146,147 Bartley details Erhard's connections with Zen beginning with his extensive studies with Alan Watts in the mid 1960s[1]:118 and quotes Erhard as acknowledging:

Of all the disciplines that I studied, practiced, learned, Zen was the essential one. It was not so much an influence on me, rather it created space. It allowed those things that were there to be there. It gave some form to my experience. And it built up in me the critical mass from which was kindled the experience that produced est.[1]:118

Erhard attended the Dale Carnegie public speaking course in 1967.[65] He was sufficiently impressed with it to make his staff attend the course as well, and began to think about developing a course of his own.[65] Over the following years, Erhard continued to investigate a wide range of movements, including Encounter, Transactional Analysis, Enlightenment Intensive, Subud and Scientology.[65]

In 1970, Erhard became involved in Mind Dynamics[1]:158 and began teaching his own version of Mind Dynamics classes in San Francisco and soon also Los Angeles.[1]:136–137 The directors of Mind Dynamics eventually invited him into their partnership, but Erhard rejected the offer, saying he would rather develop his own seminar program – "est", the first program of which he conducted in October 1971.[1]:178

est (1971–1984)

Erhard's company "est", short for Erhard Seminars Training and also Latin for "it is", offered intensive communications and personal and professional development workshops.[67] Their purpose was "to transform one's ability to experience living [transform the way one sees (perceives) life and makes sense of (comprehends) life] so that the situations one had been trying to change or had been putting up with, clear up in the process of living itself."[68] The point of the est training was to have a transformation in one's natural self-expression rather than living by an inherited set of rules.[69]

Between 1971 and 1984, 700,000 people enrolled in the est training.[70] Jonathan D. Moreno, Ph.D., American ethicist, philosopher, and historian describes the est training as "the most important cultural event after the human potential movement itself seemed exhausted.” [71] and a form of "Socratic interrogation...relying on the power of the shared cathartic experience that Aristotle observed.” Erhard challenged participants to be themselves instead of playing a role that had been imposed on them [71] and aimed to press people beyond their point of view, into a perspective from which they could observe their own positionality.[1]

The first est course was held at the Jack Tar Hotel in San Francisco, California, in October 1971.[72] While Erhard led all the early est courses himself, by the mid-1970s there were ten trainers trained by him (doctors, attorneys, and successful business men and women).[65]:384 Further est centers opened in Los Angeles, Aspen, Honolulu and New York, and many other cities, and est was enthusiastically endorsed by celebrities and people of influence such as Warren Bennis, Walter Kaufmann, Jerry Rubin, David Geffen, Arianna Huffington, Yoko Ono, John Denver and Valerie Harper.[65]:384

Werner Erhard Foundation (1973–1991)

In the early 1970s, the est Foundation became the Werner Erhard Foundation[73] with the aim of "providing financial and organizational support to individuals and groups engaged in charitable and educational pursuits – research, communication, education, and scholarly endeavors in the fields of individual and social transformation and human well-being".The foundation supported many projects that were launched by individuals expressing their commitment to altering what is possible for humanity, such as The Hunger Project, The Mastery Foundation, The Holiday Project, and the Youth at Risk Program, programs which continue to be vital and active today. The foundation also organized presentations by leading thinkers and humanitarians such as the Dalai Lama and Buckminster Fuller[74] and hosted an annual conference in theoretical physics, a science in which Erhard was especially interested.[75] These conferences attracted leading names in theoretical physics of the era, including Stephen Hawking,[75] Leonard Susskind and Richard Feynman.[76] Physicist Leonard Susskind who attended some of these conferences writes, "I met Hawking and Gerard 't Hooft in the attic of Werner Erhard's house in San Francisco. Erhard was a fan of Sidney Coleman. Dick Feynman, myself, and David Finkelstein were his gurus. He was very, very smart."[77]

In the nearly 20 years of its existence, the Werner Erhard Foundation[78] supported these charitable organizations and projects:

Werner Erhard and Associates (1981–1991) and "The Forum"

In the 1980s, Erhard created a new program called "the Forum", which began in January 1985. Also during that period Erhard developed and presented a series of seminars, broadcast via satellite that included interviews with contemporary thinkers in science, economics, sports, and the arts on topics such as creativity, performance, and money. The interviews were designed not to present particular views, but to inquire into the commitments, visions and influences at the source of their work. People interviewed in this diverse series included Mike Wallace, Milton Friedman, Alice Cahana, Robert Reich, Kareem Abdul Jabbar, and Senator Daniel Inouye.[89][90][91]

In October 1987, Erhard hosted a televised broadcast with sports coaches John Wooden, Red Auerbach, Tim Gallwey and George Allen to discuss principles of coaching across all disciplines. They sought to identify distinctions found in coaching, regardless of the subject being coached. Jim Selman moderated the discussion and in 1989 he documented the outcome in an article called "Coaching and the Art of Management."[92]

On February 1, 1991,[93] some of the employees of Werner Erhard and Associates purchased its assets, licensed the right to use its intellectual property and assumed some of its liabilities, paying $3 million and committing to remitting up to $15 million over the following 18 years in licensing fees.[94] Shortly afterwards the new owners established Landmark Education.[93]

Presentations that evolved from the "Forum" continue to take place today in major cities in the US and worldwide as the "Landmark Forum" under the auspices of Landmark Worldwide.

Academic lectures

Throughout his career Erhard has lectured at universities and organizations around the world.[95] The Harvard Business Review On Change states "We are indebted to numerous philosophers, scholars, and thinkers who have inquired into the nature of being, especially Werner Erhard." In their publication the Harvard Review cited, "Transformation and Its Implications for Systems-Oriented Research," lecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts, April 1977 and "The Nature of Transformation," Oxford University Union Society, Oxford, England, September 1981" and stated "Numerous writers have grappled with the relationship of past, present and future in the workplace, especially Werner Erhard," citing "Organizational Vision and Vitality: Forward from the Future," Academy of Management, San Francisco, California, August 1990.[4][30][96][97] While Erhard did not attend university, he "breached the 'split' in American intellectual life between the ideology of the university and the ideology of the American marketplace."[98] "Erhard organized and led Harvard seminars and training sessions with Michael C. Jensen professor of Business Administration Emeritus at Harvard Business School who co-founded the Journal of Financial Economics and was the recipient of the 2009 Morgan Stanley-American Finance Association Award for Excellence in Financial Economics."[99]

Current work

After retiring from Werner Erhard & Associates, Erhard continued to make public appearances. One of these was on CNN's Larry King Live in an episode titled, "Whatever Happened to Werner Erhard?" via satellite from Moscow, Russia on December 8, 1993 where Erhard was working with the All Union Knowledge Society,[100] and some members of the newly formed Russian parliament.[61] As of 2001 Erhard maintained a residence with Gonneke Spits in Georgetown, Cayman Islands.[101] During this time he worked in the area of peace and reconciliation in Northern Ireland, and on some occasions with author Peter Block.[102]

Currently Erhard devotes his time to scholarly research and writing and presentations of his ideas. He participated in an event on May 11, 2004 at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University entitled "From Thought to Action: Growing Leaders in a Changing World". The event was in honor of a friend, Warren Bennis, who had taken the est Training and for some time consulted with Werner Erhard and Associates. In 2007, he presented a talk exploring the link between integrity, leadership, and increased performance at the John F. Kennedy Center for Public Leadership,[103] led a course on integrity at the 2007 MIT Sloan School of Management's SIP (Sloan Innovation Period),[104] and spoke at the Harvard Law School program on Corporate Governance.[105] In 2008, he took part in a presentation on integrity at DePaul University[106] and co-led a course on leadership at the Simon School of Business.[107] In 2009 he presented Being a Leader and the Effective Exercise of Leadership: An Ontological Model at the Gruter Institute Squaw Valley Conference: Law, Behavior & the Brain.[108]

Erhard, along with colleagues Michael C. Jensen and Steve Zaffron, authored the paper, "Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics and Legality". Quoting from The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Well-Being, "Erhard, Jensen, and Zaffron (2007) aimed to present a positive model of integrity that provides powerful access to increased performance for individuals, groups, and organizations." (Positive as used here is as it is used in the sciences – it does not mean integrity as something good or desirable, it means integrity as the way integrity actually works in the world.).[109]

He presented his work on "Why We Do What We Do: A New Model Providing Actionable Access to the Source of Performance" at the Kennedy Center For Public Leadership at Harvard University in December 2009.[110] Author Bartley J. Madden wrote about Werner Erhard, professor Michael C. Jensen, and colleagues’ development of a new paradigm of individual, group, and organizational performance. He writes that their paradigm “emphasizes how one's worldview shapes and constrains each individual's perceptions. The paradigm takes one to the source of performance, which is not available by merely explaining performance through linear cause and effect analysis.” [12] He goes on to say that their work reveals that “the source of performance resides in how actions correlate naturally with the way circumstances occur” and that “language (including what is said and unsaid in conversations) plays a dominant role in how situations occur and so is instrumental in improving performance.” [12]

Madden points out that a cornerstone of their new paradigm of performance is its emphasis on integrity (keeping or when not keeping, then honoring [as they define honoring] one's word). Erhard, Jensen, et al. write, “Integrity is important to individuals, groups, organizations and society because it creates workability. Without integrity, the workability of any object, system, person, group or organization declines; and as workability declines, the opportunity for performance declines. Therefore integrity is a necessary condition for maximum performance. As an added benefit, honoring one's word is also an actionable pathway to being trusted by others.” [12][111]

A major part of Werner Erhard’s current work is devoted to the creation and development of the course “Being A Leader and The Effective Exercise of Leadership: An Ontological/Phenomenological Model” which he has led at numerous universities and is being taught by 34 professors in their own schools.[12][112] Erhard and his colleagues, Michael C. Jensen and a United States Air Force Academy fellow, Kari Granger, were asked to contribute to the 2012 Harvard University publication, The Handbook for Teaching Leadership: Knowing, Doing and Being,[113] edited by the Dean of Harvard Business School, Nitin Nohria,[114] HBS leadership professor Scott Snook, and Dean of Harvard College, Rakesh Khurana.[115] In their introduction the editors write, "Erhard, Jensen and Granger anchor this collection by taking dead aim at the BE component. In a highly provocative chapter titled 'Creating Leaders', this eclectic group of scholars argues for adopting a decidedly ontological approach to leadership education...For these authors, integrity, authenticity, and being committed to something bigger than oneself form the base of 'the context for leadership', a context that once mastered, leaves one actually being a leader. It is not enough to know about or simply understand these foundational factors, but rather by following a rigorous, phenomenologically based methodology, students have the opportunity to create for themselves a context that leaves them actually being a leader and exercising leadership effectively as their natural self-expression."[116]

Erhard's ontological work has been a topic for discussion by academics. At the 2013 Philosophy of Communication Division National Communication Association Conference in Washington D.C., two professors, Bruce Hyde and Andrew Kopp, presented their paper "Connecting Philosophy and Communication; A Heideggerian Analysis of the Ontological Rhetoric of Werner Erhard", in which they state "We are not suggesting here that Heidegger's philosophical writings were the source of Erhard's ideas. We see both men as being at work in the same field, sharing a view toward language and its relationship to Being."[117]

Erhard is the author of the final chapter in the book about Nobel Prize winning economist Friedrich Hayek, Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, edited by Robert Leeson, Visiting Professor of Economics at Stanford University.[118]

In 2014 the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI) issued Erhard's and Michael C. Jensen's paper "Putting Integrity Into Finance: A Purely Positive Approach" in which they summarize their theory of integrity as a purely positive phenomenon (i.e. that integrity does not mean integrity as something good or desirable, rather it means integrity as the way integrity actually works in the world) and that "adding integrity as a positive phenomenon to the paradigm of financial economics provides actionable access (rather than mere explanation with no access) to the source of the behavior that has resulted in damaging effects on value and human welfare, thereby significantly reducing that behavior."[119][120]

Critics and disputes

Erhard became the object of both popular fascination and criticism, with the media tending to vilify him over the span of several decades.[71] Professor of Ethics Jonathan D. Moreno writes, "Allegations of all sorts of personal and financial wrongdoing were hurled at him, none of which were born out and some of which were even publicly retracted by major media organizations."[71] Various skeptics have questioned or criticized the validity of Erhard's work and his motivations. Psychiatrist Marc Galanter described Erhard as "a man with no formal experience in mental health, self help, or religious revivalism, but a background in retail sales."[121] Michael Zimmerman, Professor and Chair of the Philosophy Department at Tulane University, who wrote “A Philosophical Assessment of the est Training”[122] described Erhard as "a kind of artist, a thinker, an inventor, who has big debts to others, borrowed from others, but then put the whole thing together in a way that no one else had ever done."[123][124] Philosophy professor at Sacramento City College, Robert Todd Carroll referred to est as a "hodge-podge of philosophical bits and pieces culled from the carcasses of existential philosophy, motivational psychology."[125] Social critic John Bassett MacCleary called Erhard "a former used-car salesman" and est "just another moneymaking scam."[126] NYU psychology professor Paul Vitz noted that est "was primarily a business" and that its "style of operation has been labeled as fascist."[127]

In 1991, Erhard "vanished amid reports of tax fraud (which proved false and won him $200,000 from the IRS[61][128]) and allegations of incest (which were later recanted)."[129] The March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast of these allegations was later removed by CBS due to factual inaccuracies.[43] On March 3, 1992, Erhard sued CBS, San Jose Mercury News reporter John Hubner and approximately twenty other defendants for libel, defamation, slander, and invasion of privacy, as well as conspiracy.[130][131] On May 20, 1992, Erhard filed for dismissal of his own case and sent checks for $100 to each of the defendants, covering their filing fees in the case.[132] Erhard told Larry King in an interview that he dropped the suit after receiving legal advice telling him that in order to win it, it would not be sufficient to prove that CBS knew the allegations were false, but that he would also need to prove that CBS acted with malice.[133] Erhard stated to King that his family members (as reported in Time magazine)[128] had since retracted their allegations, which according to Erhard had been made under pressure from the 60 Minutes producer.[133]

Erhard's daughters retracted the allegations of sexual abuse they had made against their father.[134][135] Celeste Erhard, one of the daughters featured in the CBS program, subsequently sued journalist John Hubner and the San Jose Mercury News seeking US$2 million.[136] Celeste Erhard accused the newspaper of having "defrauded her and invaded her privacy".[136] She asserted that she had exaggerated information, had been promised a book deal to be co-authored with Hubner for revenue of $2 million, and stated on the record that the articles and her appearance on CBS television's 60 Minutes were to get publicity for the book.[136][137] Celeste claimed that the quotes in the article were obtained by deceitful measures.[138] The case was dismissed in August 1993, the judge ruling that the statute of limitation had expired and that Celeste Erhard "had suffered no monetary damages or physical harm and that she failed to present legal evidence that Hubner had deliberately misled her,"[136] which is legally required for damages.

The video of the CBS 60 Minutes program was subsequently withdrawn from the market by CBS.[139] Suzanne Snider in The Believer, May 2003, reported that it "was filled with so many factual discrepancies that the transcript was made unavailable with this disclaimer: 'This segment has been deleted at the request of CBS News for legal or copyright reasons.'"[43]

In 1992 a court ruled that "The Forum" had not caused any "mental injuries" to Stephanie Ney. The court entered a default judgment of $380,000 against Werner Erhard – in absentia[140]:262 because Erhard had not personally received the notice to appear and was not present.[141]

In 1993, Erhard filed a wrongful disclosure lawsuit against the IRS, asserting that IRS agents had incorrectly and illegally revealed to the media details of information from his tax returns.[142] In the first half of April 1991, IRS spokesmen were widely quoted, alleging that "Erhard owed millions of dollars in back taxes, that he was transferring assets out of the country, and that the agency was suing Erhard", branding Erhard a "tax cheat".[142] On April 15, the IRS was reported to have placed a lien of $6.7 million on personal property belonging to Erhard.[143] In his wrongful disclosure lawsuit against the IRS Erhard stated that he had never refused to pay taxes that were lawfully due,[142] and in September 1996 he won the suit. The IRS settled the lawsuit with Erhard, paying him $200,000 in damages. While admitting that the media reports quoting the IRS on Erhard's tax liabilities had been false, the IRS took no action to have the media correct those statements.[142][144]

A private investigator quoted in the Los Angeles Times stated that by October 1989, Scientology had collected five filing cabinets worth of materials about Erhard, many from ex-members of est who had joined Scientology, and that Scientology was clearly in the process of organizing a "media blitz" aimed at discrediting Erhard.[145] According to Harry Rosenberg, Erhard's brother, "Werner made some very, very powerful enemies. They really got him."[134]

In their 1992 book Perspectives on the New Age James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton noted that est used "authoritarian trainers who enforce numerous rules", require applause after participants "share" in front of the group, and deemphasize reason in favor of "feeling and action." The authors also pointed out that graduates of est were "fiercely loyal," and recruited heavily, reducing marketing expenses to virtually zero.[146]

Impact

A 2012 Financial Times article stated that Erhard's influence "extends far beyond the couple of million people who have done his courses; there is hardly a self-help book or a management training programme that does not borrow some of his principles."[61] Fortune magazine's 40th Anniversary issue (5/15/95), in examining the major contributions to management thinking over the last two decades along with Peter Drucker's The Practice of Management and Michael Hammer and James Champy's Reengineering The Corporation, recognized Erhard's ideas about methods for empowering people as one of the major innovations in management thinking of the last two decades.[147] Erhard and his programs have been cited[148] as having a significant cultural impact on America in the 1970s.[149] Erhard's teachings have influenced the field of professional coaching. The late Thomas Leonard, who founded or helped found Coach U, the International Coach Federation, Coachville, the International Association of Coaches and the Coaches Training Institute, was an employee of est.[150][151] Sociologist and Professor Earl Babbie acknowledged the value that he got out of his work with Werner Erhard. As Babbie says "I want to thank Werner Erhard for all the value I've gotten from my association with him, especially as it was reflected in the writing of this book" (Society By Agreement, which at the time was a widely used introductory sociology textbook in the United States).[152] Harvey Austin, a physician and author, said Erhard's work is "brilliant, seminal and transforming"/[153]

Paul Fireman (former CEO of Reebok),[154] Peter Block,[155] leadership expert Warren Bennis,[156] and economist Michael C. Jensen,[157][158] spoke positively of Erhard's impact on their own performance. Tiger Woods' father cited est as helping him become a better parent.[159] David Logan, Assoc. Professor of Business, University of Southern California said, "Werner's thinking – I don't know any nice way of saying it – is just out there in the world. You can't do a Master's Degree in organizational development or human resources without picking up some of it. And it's usually not credited back to him. His stuff is just out there."[160] Over the years, Werner Erhard's philosophy has been cited in helping to promote[161] a multibillion-dollar personal growth industry based on Erhard's original concepts.[162][163] Social scientist Daniel Yankelovich said of the large scale study he conducted of participants of The Forum that Erhard created: "Several of the study's findings surprised me quite a bit, especially the large number of participants for whom The Forum proved to be 'one of the most valued experiences of my life'. This is not a sentiment that people, especially successful, well-educated people, express lightly."[164]

Many scholars have been influenced by Werner Erhard, such as the founder of ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) and former president of the Association of Cognitive Behavior Therapies Steven C. Hayes,[165] researcher and author Bartley J. Madden, whose current focus is on market-based solutions to public policy,[166] Jay Greenberg, Professor of Mathematics and author of Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries,[167] and Bernard Roth, Rodney H. Adams Professor in the School of Engineering and Academic Director and co-founder of the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design (the d.school) at Stanford University.[168]

Professor Roth says about Erhard's influence on his work: "I learned a lot from Werner and his work. For me it put an intellectual framework around all the fragments ... I also benefited from coleading several workshops with Werner and his associates. Three years ago I participated in a leadership workshop colead by Werner, Michael C. Jensen, and Kari Granger. It had been twenty-two years since I last worked with Werner. This experience brought a renewed realization as to how deeply his style and content have influenced my teaching."[169]

The Hunger Project

In 1977, Erhard along with the support of John Denver, Robert W. Fuller (former Oberlin College president), and others, founded The Hunger Project, a non-profit, NGO accredited to the United Nations Economic and Social Council[40] in which more than 4 million people have participated. Erhard authored the Hunger Project Source Document, subtitled, "The End of Starvation: Creating an Idea Whose Time Has Come". The document called for people to examine and transcend their own unconscious beliefs about the problem of persistent hunger and take personal responsibility for the context in which hunger seemed inevitable. Erhard wrote, "What we're attempting to do is to get at the truth about hunger and starvation on our planet. And when you get to the truth of it, when you work your way to the source of it, you see that hunger and starvation on this planet are a function of the forces in which we live on this planet. Victor Hugo said, essentially, that all the forces in the world are not so powerful as an idea whose time has come. If, in fact, the time were to come for the end of hunger and starvation on this planet, hunger and starvation on this planet would end. When the time for things comes, they happen by whatever means are available."[170] The foundational purpose of the Hunger Project was for people to create the context that the time for ending hunger on the planet had come.[171] It called for individuals to “take a stand for the end of hunger and begin to integrate the end of hunger into the very fabric of daily life actions that would help transform hunger and end it.".[172]

Catherine Parrish, former CEO of the Hunger Project US writes, “as a project, as an organization, the Hunger Project never intended to take all the actions that would be necessary to end the persistence of hunger. What the Hunger Project intended to do was to catalyze the global grass-roots committed movement and action that would put all of that in place. You see, it’s a project of great faith in human beings. Great faith that if hundreds and thousands and millions of individuals took a stand for the end of the persistence of hunger as an idea whose time has come, that they would then find an action that was appropriate to them...The Hunger Project enrolled over four million individuals who signed a paper saying ‘I have taken a stand. I will make the end of hunger an idea whose time has come as my personal responsibility.’ So millions took it and went with it, and there were many many skeptics, and understandably so. People had been working on this problem from a context of “It can’t be done” for centuries and doing really good work and really well-educated work. So I think it sounded brass and naïve, whereas it was actually deeply, deeply thoughtful and faithful.”[172]

Father Basil Pennington said "Erhard’s program, The Hunger Project, was the first major project I encountered that worked not just to satisfy the immediate needs of the hungry but to raise consciousness to produce the political will for long-range permanent solutions.”[173] Lynne Twist writes, "The Hunger Project, by systematically challenging false assumptions about chronic hunger and food aid, exposed the myth of scarcity and opened new avenues of inquiry and possibility, eventually succeeding in making a significant contribution to the eradication of hunger by empowering people to author their own recovery. In every situation, from individuals to large populations of people, uncovering the lie and the myths of scarcity has been the first and most powerful step in the transformation from helplessness and resignation to possibility and self-reliance."[174]

The Hunger Project’s unconventional approach to solving the problem of hunger through changing the social conversation about the root causes of hunger led to skepticism and critical reactions.[175] A six-month investigation by the Center For Investigative Reporting of Oakland, California and Mother Jones Magazine found that very little of the money collected for The Hunger Project was used for the purchase and distribution of food[176] and alleged in a report on the investigation published in the magazine in December 1978 that Erhard was "using the Hunger Project not only for self-aggrandizement but for promoting the for-profit corporation he founded, as well."[177] A follow-up article in Mother Jones in 2009 by Suzanne Gordon (author of the 1978 piece) reasserted the criticism that The Hunger Project had failed to do anything significant to alleviate world hunger while at the same time providing the disclaimer that "Twelve years after it was supposed to become obsolete, the Hunger Project now has only one former Erhard associate on its board and notes it has 'no ties to Mr. Erhard or his interests.' "[178]

However, despite the criticisms, the Hunger Project has achieved results in alleviating starvation throughout the world. In 2010, James E. Parco of the U.S. Armed Forces in his book Attitudes Aren't Free writes, "On a very large scale, the Hunger Project has seen remarkably positive results with a long period of success in Africa, South Asia and Latin America according to a model which can be duplicated in nation building and peace-keeping environments. The Hunger Project uses proven strategies to bring villages out of poverty and hunger and make them self-sufficient - typically within five years. Core to the Hunger Project's philosophy is empowerment of women and girls in order to achieve lasting change." [179]

Landmark Education

In 1991 the group that later formed Landmark Education purchased the intellectual property of Werner Erhard. In 1998, Time magazine published an article[180] about Landmark Education and its historical connection to Werner Erhard. The article stated that: "In 1991, before he left the U.S., Erhard sold the 'technology' behind his seminars to his employees, who formed a new company called the Landmark Education Corp., with Erhard's brother Harry Rosenberg at the helm." Landmark Education states that its programs have as their basis ideas originally developed by Erhard, but that Erhard has no financial interest, ownership, or management role in Landmark Education.[181] In Stephanie Ney v. Landmark Education Corporation (1994),[182] the courts determined Landmark Education Corporation did not have successor-liability to Werner Erhard & Associates, the corporation whose assets Landmark Education purchased.

According to Pressman in "Outrageous Betrayal": Landmark Education further agreed to pay Erhard a long-term licensing fee for the material used in the Forum and other courses. Erhard stood to earn up to $15 million over the next 18 years."[140]:253–255 However, Arthur Schreiber's declaration of May 3, 2005 states: "Landmark Education has never paid Erhard under the license agreements (he assigned his rights to others)." [183]

In 2001, New York Magazine reported that Landmark Education's CEO Harry Rosenberg said that the company had bought outright Erhard's license and his rights to the business in Japan and Mexico.[101] From time to time Erhard consults with Landmark Education.[184]

Barbados Group

The Barbados Group represents a "self-selected group of scholars, consultants and practitioners"[185] which aims to build an ontological paradigm of performance in organizations.[186] The group and its main publication-vehicle SSRN both have at their head Michael C. Jensen, Emeritus Professor at the Harvard Business School. Werner Erhard's Barbados Group publications can be found at SSRN.[187] Some members of the Barbados Group are affiliated with Landmark Education.[188]

The Barbados Group was analyzed by economics journalist and author David Warsh, in an article in Economic Principals.[189]

Film and television

In 2006, Erhard appeared in the documentary Transformation: The Life and Legacy of Werner Erhard.[190] The film was co-produced by Robyn Symon and Walter Maksym, who had earlier served as Erhard's attorney in the lawsuit against CBS.[190]

Werner Erhard was featured in the 2002 British documentary by Adam Curtis, The Century of the Self, episode part 3 of 4. This segment of the video discusses the est Training in detail, and includes interviews with est graduates John Denver and Jerry Rubin.

Publications

Selected Erhard writings as lead author

Published Interviews

Books by others

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Bartley, William Warren (1978). Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST. Clarkson Potter. ISBN 0-517-53502-5.
  2. ↑ Erhard, Werner. "Scholarly Papers". SSRN. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  3. ↑ de Bertodano, Helena (February 27, 2014). "The man who proved Stephen Hawking wrong". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
  4. 1 2 Harvard Business Review On Change, Harvard Business Review Paperback Series, Harvard Business Press; 6 edition (September 1, 1998)
  5. 1 2 3 Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part 1 Influences from Mises to Bartley (May 2013). Chapter 12: "Bill Bartley: An Extraordinary Biographer" by Werner Erhard. Robert Leeson (ed.) Visiting Professor of Economics at Stanford University. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 234–236.
  6. ↑ Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C.; Granger, Kari (2012). Creating Leaders: An Ontological/Phenomenological Model, Chapter 16, in The Handbook for Teaching Leadership: Knowing, Doing, and Being (Eds. Scott Snook, Nitin Nohria, Rakesh Khurana). SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. xxii–xxiv, 245–262. ISBN 978-1-4129-9094-3. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  7. ↑ Roth, Bernard (2015). The Achievement Habit: Stop Wishing, Start Doing, and Take Command of Your Life. pp. 199, 205–206. ISBN 978-0-06-235610-9.
  8. ↑ "SSRN Author Page for Werner Erhard". Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  9. ↑ "Distilled Wisdom: Buddy, Can you Paradigm", Fortune Magazine, May 15, 1995.
  10. ↑ "Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics and Legality". SSRN 920625 Freely accessible.
  11. 1 2 3 Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C. "Putting Integrity into Finance: A Purely Positive Approach". National Bureau of Economic Research.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Madden, Bartley J. (August 28, 2012). "Management's Worldview: Four Critical Points about Reality, Language, and Knowledge Building to Improve Organization Performance". Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce. 22 (4): 334–346. doi:10.1080/10919392.2012.723586.
  13. ↑ Zaffron, Steve; Logan, David (2009). The Three Laws of Performance: Rewriting the Future of Your Organization and Your Life. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-470-19559-8. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  14. 1 2 "John F Kennedy School Center for Public Leadership Harvard University". YouTube. March 6, 2008. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  15. ↑ Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C.; Granger, Kari (2012). Creating Leaders: An Ontological/Phenomenological Model, Chapter 16, in The Handbook for Teaching Leadership: Knowing, Doing, and Being (Eds. Scott Snook, Nitin Nohria, Rakesh Khurana). SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. xxii–xxiv, 245–262. ISBN 978-1-4129-9094-3. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  16. ↑ "Being a Leader and the Effective Exercise of Leadership". SSRN 1238158 Freely accessible.
  17. ↑ "Course Materials for: Being a Leader and the Effective Exercise of Leadership: An Ontological/Phenomenological Model". SSRN 1263835 Freely accessible.
  18. ↑ Werner Erhard on Transformation and Productivity, An Interview with Werner Erhard, by Norman Bodek, ReVision: The Journal of Consciousness and Change, Vol 7, No. 2, Winter 1984 / Spring 1985
  19. ↑ Erhard, Werner. "Archive of Articles". Werner Erhard. wernererhard.net. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  20. ↑ "Social Sciences Research Network". SSRN 1585976 Freely accessible. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1585976.
  21. ↑ Jackson, Robert (November 9, 2007). "Michael Jensen's and Werner Erhard's Talk on Integrity – Harvard University Law School, November 9, 2007". Blogs.law.harvard.edu. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  22. 1 2 Erhard, Werner (2010). "A Breakthrough in Individual and Social Transformation". In van Praag, John; Riccardo, Bernardini. Eranos Foundation Yearbook 69: 2006/2007/2008. Daimon Verlag. pp. 98–108. ISBN 978-3-85630-734-9.
  23. ↑ "Dean's Leadership Course Attracts 165 Participants from Five Continents". Geisel School of Medicine. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  24. 1 2 Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C. (May 2015). "Creating Leaders, a New Model: An Evening with Werner Erhard and Michael Jensen (PDF File of Powerpoint Slides)". SSRN 2606342 Freely accessible.
  25. ↑ "USC.edu". Marshall.usc.edu. August 31, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Rochester.edu". Simon.rochester.edu. July 3, 2008. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  27. ↑ "HBS Professor Michael Jensen to Present Seminar at Erasmus Academie - About RSM - Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University". Rsm.nl. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
  28. ↑ Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C.; Zaffron, Steve. "A New Model of Integrity: An Actionable Pathway to Trust, Productivity and Value (PDF File of Keynote Slides)". Yale Symposium on Corporate Governance, Inaugural Lecture, New Haven, CT, January 2007. SSRN 932255 Freely accessible.
  29. ↑ Goss, Tracy; Pascale, Richard T.; Athos, Anthony. "The Reinvention Roller Coaster: Risking the Present for a Powerful Future". Harvard Business Review. "Transformation and Its Implications for Systems-Oriented Research," lecture at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 1977. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  30. 1 2 "The Nature of Transformation," Oxford University Union Society, Oxford, England, September 1981
  31. ↑ Cartwright, Susan and Cooper, Cary; The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Well Being, Oxford University Press
  32. 1 2 Snook, Scott; Khurana, Rakesh; Nohria, Nitin (September 21, 2011). The Handbook for Teaching Leadership: Knowing, Doing, and Being. Sage Publications. p. 259. ISBN 1412990947.
  33. ↑ Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C.; Zaffron, Steve; Scherr, Alan (3 July 2008). "Leadership Seminar Series: The Ontological Foundations of Leadership and Performance". Simon Business School. University of Rochester. Retrieved 28 January 2017. The course is co-taught with Alan Scherr, a consultant based in Rhinebeck, N.Y., Steve Zaffron of the Vanto Group and Werner Erhard, the creator of innovative ideas and models of individual, organizational and social transformation and recipient of the 1988 Mahatma Gandhi Humanitarian Award.
  34. ↑ Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C. (9 November 2009). "Michael Jensen's and Werner Erhard's Talk on Integrity – Harvard University Law School". Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation. Harvard University Law School. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  35. ↑ Erhard, Werner (14 December 2009). "John F Kennedy School Center for Public Leadership Harvard University". YouTube. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  36. ↑ Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C.; Zaffron, Steve. "Introductory Reading for the 'Being a Leader and The Effective Exercise of Leadership: An Ontological / Phenomenological Model' Course". p. 2. SSRN 1585976 Freely accessible.
  37. ↑ Fenwick, Sheridan (1976). Getting It: The Psychology of est. New York: J.P. Lippincott. p. 173. ISBN 0-397-01170-9.
  38. ↑ Erhard, Werner. "Curriculum Vitae". Werner Erhard. Retrieved 2 February 2017. These companies were Erhard Seminars Training Inc. (1971–1975); est, an educational corporation (1975–1981), and Werner Erhard and Associates (1981–1991).
  39. ↑ Salwan, Kevin; Salwan, Hannah (2010). The Power of Half. Houghton Mifflin & Harcourt. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-547-24806-6.
  40. 1 2 "The Hunger Project". CSO-Net. Economic and Social Council. Retrieved 30 Nov. 2015.
  41. ↑ "The Hunger Project 2014 Annual Report". The Hunger Project. The Hunger Project. Interview with Catherine Parrish About The Hunger Project". Ideas in Conversation. Werner Erhard Video. Retrieved 30 Nov. 2015.
  42. ↑ Symon, Robyn. "Transformation: The Life & Legacy of Werner Erhard: 2005". Symon Productions, Inc. and Eagle Island Films.
  43. 1 2 3 U.S.A. "The Believer - est, Werner Erhard, and the Corporatization of Self-Help". Believermag.com. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  44. 1 2 Erhard, Werner. "Scholarly Papers". Social Science Research Network. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  45. ↑ "SSRN Top 30,000 Authors". Social Science Research Network. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  46. 1 2 Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C. "Putting Integrity into Finance: A Purely Positive Approach". European Corporate Governance Institute.
  47. ↑ Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C. "Putting Integrity into Finance: A Purely Positive Approach". Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation.
  48. 1 2 Steven M. Tipton: Getting saved from the sixties: moral meaning in conversion and cultural change. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1982, page 176.
  49. ↑ Wakefield, Dan. "Erhard's Life After est Common boundary: March/April 1994". wernererhard.com.
  50. ↑ Bartley, William Warren III (1978). Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, the Founding of est. New York: Clarkson N. Potter p. 42. ISBN 0-517-53502-5.
  51. ↑ Iaccoca, Lee (1984). Iacocca: An autobiography. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-38497-X
  52. ↑ Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST, Dec 12, 1988 by William Warren Bartley III pg. 40
  53. ↑ Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST, Dec 12, 1988 by William Warren Bartley III pg. 57
  54. ↑ Johns, John (May 1976). "Interview with Werner Erhard". PSA Magazine.
  55. ↑ Bartley III, William Warren (1978). Werner Erhard: the Transformation of a Man (2nd Printing Nov. 1978 ed.). New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. p. 53. ISBN 0-517-53502-5.
  56. ↑ Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST, Dec 12, 1988 by William Warren Bartley III pg. 54,55
  57. ↑ Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST, Dec 12, 1988 by William Warren Bartley III pg. 226
  58. ↑ Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST, Dec 12, 1988 by William Warren Bartley III pg. 335
  59. ↑ The Graphic Designer's Guide to Clients, By Ellen M. Shapiro
  60. ↑ William Warren Bartley, Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST, Clarkson Potter, 1978. ISBN 0-517-53502-5
  61. 1 2 3 4 "Lunch with the FT: Werner Erhard". The Financial Times. April 28, 2012.
  62. ↑ Rauschenberg, Robert. www.wernererhardvideo.com http://wernererhardvideo.com/robert-rauschenberg/. Retrieved 16 April 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  63. ↑ "Werner Erhard Curriculum Vitae at Social Science Research network". SSRN 1654395 Freely accessible.
  64. ↑ Symon, Robyn. "Transformation: The Life & Legacy of Werner Erhard: 2005". Symon Productions, Inc. and Eagle Island Films.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kay Holzinger (February 1, 2001). "Erhard Seminars Training (est) and The Forum". In James R. Lewis. Odd gods: new religions & the cult controversy. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-842-7. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  66. ↑ Rawlinson, Andrew (December 31, 1998). The Book of Enlightened Masters: Western Teachers in Eastern Traditions. Open Court. p. page: 261. ISBN 978-0812693102.
  67. ↑ The Book of est by Luke Rhinhart
  68. ↑ name="Steven M. Tipton 1982, page 176"
  69. ↑ Erhard, Werner; Gloscia, Victor (1977). "The est Standard Training". Biosciences Communication. 3: 104–122.
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  75. 1 2 3 Susskind, Leonard (2009). The Black Hole War: My Battle with Stephen Hawking to Make the World Safe for Quantum Mechanics. Back Bay Books. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-316-01641-4.
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  77. ↑ Susskind, Leonard (2014). "The Landscape". In Brockman, John (Ed.) The Universe: Leading Scientists Explore the Origin, Mysteries, and Future of the Cosmos. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-06-229608-5.
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  93. 1 2 "Landmark Education Corporation: Selling a Paradigm Shift", Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA, Karen Hopper and Mikelle Fisher Eastley, 9-898-081, p.1, Rev. April 22, 1998. Availability restricted by Harvard "to faculty and staff of universities" (see Alex Beam, "Church takes to bully pulpit" in the Boston Globe, April 2, 1999, page F01; transcribed at Freedomofmind.com, retrieved October 21, 2007)
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  182. ↑ Appendix A. Text of Court Ruling in Ney Case – Source: LEXIS-NEXIS – STEPHANIE NEY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. LANDMARK EDUCATION CORPORATION; RON ZELLER, Defendants-Appellees, and WERNER ERHARD; WERNER ERHARD AND ASSOCIATES; PETER SIAS, Defendants. – No. 92-1979 – UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT – 1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 2373
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  201. ↑ Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C. (May 2017). "Putting Integrity Into Finance: A Purely Positive Approach". Journal: Capitalism and Society. 1 (12).
  202. ↑ Erhard, Werner; Jensen, Michael C. "Putting Integrity Into Finance". Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance.
  203. ↑ Erhard, Werner; Fadiman, James (1977). "Some Aspects of the est Training and Transpersonal Psychology: A Conversation". The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. 9 (J): 27–42.
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