Wyandot language

Wyandot
Waⁿdat
Native to Canada, United States
Region northeastern Oklahoma, Quebec; recently near Sandwich, Ontario, and Wyandotte, Oklahoma
Extinct There was an elderly speaker in 1972.[1]
Revival Oklahoma and Quebec have limited language programs (2007)
Iroquoian

  • Northern

    • Lake Iroquoian
      • Five Nations
        • Huronian
          • Wyandot
modified Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3 wya
Glottolog wyan1247[2]

Wyandot (sometimes spelled Waⁿdat) is the Iroquoian language traditionally spoken by the people known variously as Wyandot or Wyandotte, descended from the Wendat (Huron). It was last spoken by members located primarily in Oklahoma, United States and Quebec, Canada. Linguists have traditionally considered Wyandot as a dialect or modern form of Wendat.

Wyandot essentially died out as a spoken language nearly a century ago, though there are now attempts at revitalization. The Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma is offering Wyandot language classes in the Wyandotte Public Schools, grades K–4, and also at the Wyandotte Nation's preschool "Turtle-Tots" program. The Wendat Community of Quebec is offering adult and children's classes in the Wendat language at its village school in Wendake.

History

Although it is traditionally equated with or seen as a dialect of the Iroquoian Wendat (Huron), Wyandot became so differentiated as to be considered a distinct language. This change appears to have happened sometime between the mid-eighteenth century, when the Jesuit missionary Pierre Potier (1708–1781) documented the Petun dialect of Wendat in Canada, and the mid-nineteenth century. By the time the ethnographer Marius Barbeau made his transcriptions of the Wyandot language in Wyandotte, Oklahoma, in 1911-1912, it had diverged enough to be considered a separate language.[3]

Significant differences between Wendat and Wyandot in diachronic phonology, pronominal prefixes, and lexicon challenge the traditional view that Wyandot is modern Wendat.[4] History suggests the roots of this language are complex; the ancestors of the Wyandot were refugees from various Huronian tribes who banded together to form one tribe. After being displaced from their ancestral home in Canada on Georgian Bay, the group traveled south, first to Ohio and later to Kansas and Oklahoma. As many members of this group were Petun, some scholars have suggested that Wyandot may be more influenced by Petun than being descended from Wendat.[5]

The work of Marius Barbeau was used by linguist Craig Kopris to reconstruct Wyandot; he developed a grammar and dictionary of the language.[6] This work represents the most comprehensive research done on the Wyandot language as spoken in Oklahoma just prior to its extinction (or its "dormancy" as modern tribal members refer to it).

Phonology

Consonants

The phonemic inventory of the consonants is written using the orthography Kopris employed in his analysis, which was based on Barbeau’s transcriptions. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbol is written in parentheses afterward in cases where the orthography differs from IPA. Kopris listed places of articulation for the consonants, with the caveat that this was not a distinction made by Barbeau.

Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal (m) n
Plosive t d k ʔ
Affricate ts
Trill r (ɹ)
Fricative s š (ʃ) ž (ʒ) h
Approximant y (j) w

(m) is placed in parentheses because it appears as an allophone of /w/ in nearly all cases, though its presence cannot always be explained this way. The presence of a single voiced stop, /d/, contrasting with the voiceless stop /t/, makes Wyandot unusual among Iroquoian languages, all of which lack a phonemic voicing distinction.[7] The /r/ sound is pronounced as [ɹ] rather than [r] according to researchers phonetically transcribing directly from fluent speakers, describing it as "corresponding to the English r"[8] and as "the smooth English sound, never vibrant".[9] Both the Wyandot /d/ and /n/ are cognate with /n/ in other Northern Iroquoian languages. Although it could be argued that the two are in free variation, there are cases in which they clearly contrast, as in the minimal pairs da (‘that; the; who’) and na (‘now; then’). The ambiguity of the relationship between /d/ and /n/ seems to indicate that the two were in the process of a phonemic split that was not yet complete by the early 20th century.[10]

Another unique feature of Wyandot is the presence of the voiced fricative /ž/, creating an /š ž/ contrast, although the language lacks a corresponding /s z/ contrast.[11] The phoneme /k/ also has no voiced counterpart.

Consonants in Wyandot may appear in clusters. Word-initial consonant clusters can be up to three consonants long, medial clusters up to four consonants long, and final clusters only two consonants long.[12]

Vowels

Barbeau’s original transcriptions contained great detail and a complex system of diacritics, resulting in 64 different vowel characters. By eliminating allophones, Kopris came to a list of six phonemes, in addition to the marginal phoneme /ã/.

Wyandot vowels
  Front Back
High i u
Mid ɛ̃ ɔ̃
Low e a

Other analysis of the same Barbeau data suggests vowel length is contrastive in Wyandot, as in other Iroquoian languages.[13]

Wyandot and Wendat today

Members of the Wyandotte Nation, whose headquarters is in Wyandotte, Oklahoma, are promoting the study of Wyandot as a second language among its people as part of a cultural revival.[14] Since 2005, Richard Zane Smith (Wyandot) has been volunteering and teaching in the Wyandotte Schools with the aide of the linguist Dr. Craig Kopris.

Linguistic work is also being done on the closely related Wendat. The anthropologist John Steckley was erroneously reported in 2007 as being "the sole speaker" (non-native) of Wendat.[15] Several Wendat scholars have Master's Degrees in Wendat Language and have been active as linguists in the Wendat Community in Quebec. In Wendake, Quebec, the First Nations people are working on a revival of the language and culture. The language is being introduced in adult classes and into the village primary school. The linguist Megan Lukaniec (Wendat) has been instrumental in helping to create curriculum, infrastructure and materials in the language programs in Wendake.

The Wendat language is written with the Latin alphabet. Although based on the 17th-century orthography of the Jesuit missionaries, the current spelling no longer uses the Greek letters θ for [tʰ], χ for [kʰ], ͺ for [ç], or ȣ for [u] and [w]. The Jesuit missionary Jean de Brébeuf wrote his original lyrics for his Christmas hymn, "Huron Carol" in Wendat in 1643.

Examples of Wendat:

Wyandot uses a different orthography than Wendat, explicitly indicating allophones of consonants and pre-nasalization of stops. Nasal vowels are indicated by a nasal hook while glottal stops are written with the IPA character rather than an apostrophe.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Pulte, William. 1999. "The Last Speaker of Wyandot". Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics 24(4):43-44.
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Wyandot". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ Julian, 2010, p. 324
  4. ↑ Kopris, 2001, p. 371
  5. ↑ Steckley, 1988, p. 60
  6. ↑ Kopris, 2001, p. xxi
  7. ↑ Kopris, 1999, p. 63
  8. ↑ Barbeau, 1960, p. 57
  9. ↑ Haldeman, 1847, p. 269
  10. ↑ Kopris, 2001, p. 77
  11. ↑ Kopris, 2001, p. 46
  12. ↑ Kopris, 2001, p. 57
  13. ↑ Julian, 2010, p. 326
  14. ↑ "Language page of the Wyandotte Nation"
  15. ↑ J. Goddard, "Scholar sole speaker of Huron language", Toronto Star, Dec 24, 2007.

References

Sources

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