Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl
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Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, Strathearn and Caithness (c. 1360 - died 26 March 1437) was a Scottish nobleman, the son of Robert II of Scotland. Stewart was an enthusiastic advocate of the ransom and return to Scotland of the future king in exile, James I, in 1424. In 1425 he served as a member of the jury of 21 which tried and executed his nephew Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany. Eventually however Atholl turned against the King and conspired in his assassination in 1437. He was tried for murder and was executed after 3 days of gruesome torture.
Early life
He was a son of Robert II of Scotland by his second wife Euphemia de Ross, daughter of Aodh, Earl of Ross. He was also a younger half-brother of Robert III of Scotland and an uncle of the above-mentioned James I of Scotland.
He married first, sometime before 1378, Margaret Barclay, Lady of Brechin,[1] by whom he had two sons:
- Alan Stewart, 4th Earl of Caithness (d. 1431)
- David Stewart, Master of Atholl (d. bef. 1437)
In 1390, his niece Euphemia resigned to him the Earldom of Caithness. In 1404, he was made remainder of the Earl of Atholl; the then Earl, his uncle Robert, had been granted the Earldom for the duration of Robert III's life only (Robert was Robert III's brother; Robert III's original name was John), and Robert's son Murdoch was not entitled to inherit it. At the death of Robert III, in 1406, he inherited the Earldom.
Ransom and return of James I of Scotland
He was energetic in retrieving his nephew James I from the Kingdom of England, which was accomplished in 1424, and was a member of the jury which tried his cousin Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, and which culminated in the execution of Albany and two of his sons.[2] He was made Great Justiciar of Scotland and Earl of Strathearn, with such title being taken from Malise Graham, who subsequently became the Earl of Menteith in 1427.[3] He resigned Caithness to his son Alan in 1428, but regained it on Alan's death without issue in 1431.
The depth of his loyalties to James is unclear. The chronicler Buchanan (1582) saw in his efforts to return James to Scotland and support him against Albany and his children a deep-laid plan for those two branches of the House of Stewart to destroy each other — and clear his own way to the throne, reviving the old charge of illegitimacy against his half-brother Robert III. Others aver that it was the imprisonment and subsequent death of his son David that turned him against the king.
Assassination of James I
Whatever the cause of Stewart's rage against the King, he joined with his grandson Robert Stewart, Master of Atholl and Sir Robert Graham in a conspiracy against James I, which assassinated the king on 20 February 1437. Robert Stewart unbarred the doors to the royal apartments, permitting assassins to enter the King's lodging at the Dominican Friars in Perth. The King hid himself under the floorboards, only to be discovered by Sir Robert Graham, who personally finished him off.[4]
However, Atholl found little popular support for his cause, and the conspirators were swiftly apprehended. They were attainted and put to death in Edinburgh by a series of tortures remarkable and hideous even for that era. Walter was tortured over a period of three days. On the first, he was put in a cart with a crane, hoisted up, dropped, and jerked violently to a stop to stretch his joints. He was then placed in a pillory and "crowned with a diadem of burning iron"[5] bearing the inscription "King of all Traitors". On the second day, he was bound to a hurdle and dragged along the high street of Edinburgh (some claim he was also blinded and tortured with red-hot iron pincers on this day, but Buchanan speaks only of the hurdle). On the third, he was disembowelled while alive, his entrails burnt before his face, and his heart was torn out and burnt. Finally, his corpse was beheaded and quartered, and the quarters displayed around the realm.
References
- Anonymous, p.277., Notes and Queries, London (1867) Retrieved November 2010
- Rerum Scoticarum Historia, George Buchanan
- History of Scotland, George Buchanan
- Campbell, Alastair, A History of Clan Campbell Retrieved November 2010
- McAndrew, Bruce A., Scotland's Historic Heraldry Retrieved November 2010
- Riddell, John, p. 201, Tracts, Legal and Historical: with other Antiquarian Matters (1835) Retrieved November 2010
Notes
- ↑ McAndrew, Bruce A., p.180, Scotland's Historic Heraldry Retrieved November 2010
- ↑ George Crawfurd, p. 159, A General Description of the Shire of Renfrew (1818) Retrieved November 2010
- ↑ Nicholas, Harris (1842). History of the Earldoms of Strathern, Monteith, and Airth. William Pickering: Stevens and Norton: Clark, Edinburgh. pp. 19–20.
- ↑ Campbell, Alastair, p.121, A History of Clan Campbell Retrieved November 2010
- ↑ McAndrew, Bruce A., p.181, Scotland's Historic Heraldry Retrieved November 2010
| Peerage of Scotland | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Vacant; last held by Robert Stewart |
Earl of Atholl 1404–1437 |
Succeeded by Forfeit Next held by John Stewart |
| Preceded by Euphemia Stewart |
Earl of Caithness 1390 – c. 1428 |
Succeeded by Alan Stewart |
| Preceded by Malise Graham |
Earl of Strathearn 1427–1437 |
Succeeded by Forfeit |
| Preceded by Alan Stewart |
Earl of Caithness 1431–1437 |
Succeeded by Forfeit; Next held by George Crichton |