Eel River Athapaskan peoples

Eel River Athapaskan

Eel River Athapaskan area
Regions with significant populations
California
Languages
Eel River language, American English
Religion
Animism (largely ex), Christianity

The Eel River Athapaskans include the Wailaki, Lassik, Nongatl, and Sinkyone (Sinkine) groups of Native Americans that traditionally live in present-day Mendocino, Trinity, and Humboldt counties on or near the Eel River and Van Duzen River of northwestern California.

These groups speak dialects of the Wailaki language belonging to the Pacific Coast Athabaskan group of the Athapaskan language family which is prominently represented in Alaska, western Canada, and the southwestern U.S. Other related Athapaskan groups neighboring the Eel River Athapaskans included the Hupa-Whilkut-Chilula to the north, the Mattole on the coast to the west, and the Kato to the south.

The Whilkut, Nongatl and Lassik were essentially annihilated during the Bald Hills War in the 1860s.

Eel River Athapaskan Tribes

Nongatl

The Nongatl (Hupa word meaning ″Athapaskan to the south″) lived traditionally in the territory around the Van Duzen River, from its outlet on the Eel River to its headwaters near Dinsmore, California, and along Yager Creek and Larabee Creek (Elsasser 1978; Golla 2011). They had at least 35 villages.[1]

Lassik

The Lassik (Las'-sik, the name of their last chief) had about 20 villages and occupied a portion of main Eel River south to Kekawaka Creek, and its east tributaries, Van Duzen River, Larrabee, and Dobbyn creeks, as well the headwaters of the North Fork Eel River and Mad River. They had for neighbors toward the north the Whilkut inhabitants of the valley of Mad River and Redwood Creek; toward the east the Wintu of South Fork Trinity River; toward the south the Wailaki, from whom they were separated by Kekawaka Creek; toward the west the Sinkyone (Sinkine) on Southfork of Eel River. Their dialect resembles the Hupa in its morphology and the Wailaki in its phonology. The majority of them perished during the first few years of the occupancy of their country by white people, a bounty being placed on their heads and the traffic in children for slaves being profitable and unrestrained. A few families of them are still living in the neighborhood of their former homes.

Wailaki

The Wailaki (Wintun term meaning "north language.") lived in northwestern California, along the Eel River south of Kekawaka Creek and the North Fork Eel River in three main subdivisions: Tsennahkenne or Tsen-nah-ken-ne (Eel River Wailaki or Mainstem Eel River band); Bahneko or Bah-ne-ko keah (North Fork [Eel River] Wailaki or North Fork Eel River band); and Che-teg-gah-ahng (Pitch Wailaki or Pitch band) (located farther up the North Fork of the Eel River). These regional groupings were divided into several bands and contained almost 100 villages:

Tsennahkenne, Tsen-nah-ken-ne or Eel River Wailaki (both sides Eel River from Boulder Creek to Cottonwood Creek, then West side south to Yuki border (around Blue Rock Creek))

  • Villages
    • Daabisch'i'aandin (ant-something's den-place); "ants nest place"
    • Daabistciis'aandin (ant-red-lies-place)
    • Dilkitts'oo'kaaliindin (??-milk-flows up-place)
    • Kotc'ildjildin (he slips down-place); "man slipped down"
    • Sait'ohdaadin (sand-?-mouth-place); village near Sait'oo cliff
    • Sait'ooyeeh (sand-?-under); winter shelter under Sait'oo cliff
    • Seedibiintcekinee'din (stone-sharp-DIM-base-place); "rock sharp (?) under place"
  • Villages
    • Baahntceekii (warrior-cry); "war (ghosts) cry"
    • Daadii'schowdin (grasshopper-AUG-place)
    • Lhtciishseeyeehbii' (ashes-stone-under-in it); "ashes rock shelter in"
  • Villages
    • Daakostaatcedin
    • Dindaidin (flint-place); "flint place"
    • Naadilyaasdin (pine-young-place); "pine seeds place"
  • Villages
    • Bischowdaadin (stream bank-AUG-mouth-place); "slide large mouth place"
    • Nin'keniitcit (earth-the middle)
  • Villages
    • Ch'ibeetcekii' (pick grass-DIM-tail); "gather grass tail"
    • Ch'idee'kinee'din (something's horn-base-place); = Seetaahbii' ?
    • Ch'inaa'ghaan'tc'eedai' (something's eye-?asleep?-door?); "eye closed door"
    • Ilhgaichowkii' (??white?-AUG-tail)
    • Laashee'lhgottcedin (buckeye-pierced-DIM-place); "buckeye small hole place"
    • Sait'ootcedaadin (sand-?-DIM-tip-place); "sand point on"
    • Seedik'aandin (rock-ridge-place); "rock ridge place"
    • Seenaaghaatcedin (rock-wander-DIM-place); "stones walk around place"
  • Villages
    • Ch'oolhittcebinin' (graveyard-DIM-its hillside); "graveyard hillside"
    • Kaaslinchowdin (spring-AUG-place); "spring large place"
    • K'ai'tc'il'iintaahdin (Christmas berries-among-place); "Christmas berries among place"
    • Naataalliinkii' (step over-flow-tail); "step over creek tail"
    • T'ighiskotin (cottonwood-trail down); "cottonwood trail down"
    • T'ohch'ilishchowkii' ? (grass-?-AUG-tail); "grass sour large tail"
    • Toommischowdaa'din (water-slide-AUG-tip-place); "water slide large point place"
    • Tootcedin (water?, grass?-DIM-place)
  • Villages
    • K'ishs'aandin (alder tree-lies-place); "alder stands place"
    • Seechowkinee'din (rock-large-base-place); "rock large its base place"
    • tcadEtokInnEdAN (??-??-base-place)

Bahneko, Bah-ne-ko keah or North Fork [Eel River] Wailaki (both sides North Fork Eel from its mouth to about a mile up from Asbill Creek; East side Eel River between Cottonwood Creek and Yuki border (around Blue Rock Creek))

  • Villages
    • Nooleehchowtaahdin (waterfall-AUG-among-place); "waterfalls large among"
    • Seeghaakindin (rocks-it floats through-place); "rocks through it (water) goes"
  • Villages
    • K'ai'lhtciitaahdin (redbud-among-place); "redbud place"
    • Tseegholkiliinseeyeeh ? (rock-?-?-rock-under)
  • Villages
    • Seelhtciidaadin (rock-red-mouth-place); "stone red mouth place"
    • Tootak'it (water-between); "between water", a summer camp
  • Villages
    • Seelhgaichowdin (rock-white-AUG-place); "rock white large..."
  • Villages
    • chug/-ge/-tah (Merriam)
    • K'ai'lhtciitaahdin (redbud-among-place); "redbud place"
    • Seetaatciikaiyaa (stone-??-DIM-tribe?)
  • Villages
    • Seenchiiyeeh; "rock large under"
    • Seetaandoon'chii' (rock-goes straight into water-tail); "rock runs to the water"

Che-teg-gah-ahng or Pitch Wailaki (North Fork Eel from a mile up from Asbill Creek all the way up to Lassik border (at Salt Creek); includes Hull's Creek and Casoose Creek)

  • Villages
    • Ch'i'aanmiiyeeh (something's den/cave-under it)
    • Ch'ilkoochowdin (??-AUG-place)
    • Ch'ilkoochowkinee'din (??-AUG-base-place)
    • K'aishkonteelhdin (?-valley-place)
    • Loonbistee'din ?
    • Min'k'itdin (pond-place)
    • Seetciitciikidaadin ?
    • T'aan'chowsiidin (leaf-AUG-head?-place)
    • T'aan'tciighittcin ?
  • Villages (no village names given)
  • Villages
    • K'ishkonteelhdin (alder-valley-place); "alder flat"
    • Naandoon'din (it is straight?-place)
    • Seelhtcinninyeeh (rock-black?-face?-under)
    • Sin'aanyeeh ?
    • T'aantcintaanteelhdin (pepperwood-flat-place); "pepperwood flat"
  • Villages
    • Nee'lhghiindin (ground-greasy-place)
    • T'antcaanchowdin ?
    • T'ohchaahdin (grass/prairie-big-place)
    • Aantcinyaashbinin' (pepperwood-small-its hillside)
    • Seetcimmii' (stone-kind-in it)
    • Laawaasoonk'ait ?

Northern Bands (Kekawaka and allies, neither Wailaki nor Lassik; language like Wailaki, not Lassik) (both sides Eel River north of Boulder Creek on east side and Chamise Creek on west; north to Lassik border (around Kekawaka Creek))

  • Villages (no village names given)

Sinkyone (Sinkine)

The Sinkyone, with about 70 villages, had the land along the Eel River and South Fork Eel River, and a portion of coastline from Spanish Flat south

Population

Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. (See Population of Native California.) Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) proposed a 1770 population for the Nongatl, Sinkyone, and Lassik as 2,000, and the population of the Wailaki as 1,000. Sherburne F. Cook (1976) suggested a total of 4,700 for the Nongatl, Sinkyone, Lassik, Wailaki, Mattole, and Kato. Martin A. Baumhoff (1958) estimated the aboriginal populations as 2,325 for the Nongatl, 4,221 for the Sinkyone, 1,411 for the Lassik, and 2,760 for the Wailaki, or a total of 10,717 for the four Eel River Athapaskan groups.

Kroeber estimated the combined population of the Nongatl, Sinkyone, and Lassik in 1910 as 100, and the population of the Wailaki as 200.

Today, some Wailaki people are enrolled in the Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians of California[3], the Grindstone Indian Rancheria of Wintun-Wailaki Indians, and the Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation (formerly: Covelo Indian Community Yuki, Wailaki, Concow, Little Lake Pomo, Nomlacki, and Pit River peoples).[4]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ SOCIAL STUDIES FACT CARDS CALIFORNIA INDIANS - SOUTHERN ATHAPASKANS - Lassik, Mattole, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki
  2. ↑ California Athapascan Home Page - Northern Wailaki Band Names
  3. ↑ California Indians and Their Reservations. San Diego State University Library and Information Access. 2009 (retrieved 27 July 2009)
  4. ↑ California Indians and Their Reservations: G. San Diego State University Library and Information Access. 2010 (retrieved 30 June 2010)

References

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