Vṛddhi
Vṛddhi (Sanskrit: वृद्धि, IPA: [ˈʋr̩d̪d̪ʰi]) is a Sanskrit word meaning 'growth'[1] (from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰ- 'to grow'[2]).
In Pāṇini's Sanskrit grammar, it is a technical term for long vowels produced by ablaut (vowel gradation), as for example in:[3]
- bhṛ-tá- 'carried' ("base form", nowadays called zero grade)
- bhár-aṇa- 'burden' (guṇa, full grade)
- bhār-yà- 'to be carried' (vṛddhi, lengthened grade)
In modern Indo-European linguistics it is used in Pāṇini's sense, but not restricted to Sanskrit but applicable to the Indo-European languages in general as well as to the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language from which this feature was inherited:
- *bʰr̥-[4] (zero grade of the reconstructed verb meaning 'to carry')[5]
- *bʰer- (full grade)
- *bʰēr- (vṛddhi, lengthened grade)
Vṛddhi-derivations
A vṛddhi-derivation or vṛddhi-derivative is a word that is derived by such lengthening, a type of formation very common in Sanskrit, but also attested in other languages. Such derivatives signify "of, belonging to, descended from". An example:[6]
- PIE *swéḱuro- 'father-in-law' (Vedic Sanskrit śváśura-) → *swēḱuró- 'relating to one's father-in-law' (Vedic śvāśura- 'relating to one's father-in-law', Old High German swāgur 'brother-in-law')
Derivatives that are formed by inserting a full grade (as opposed to a lengthened grade) vowel into the "wrong" position of a zero grade are also called vṛddhi-derivations:[6]
Notes
- ↑ in Sanskrit, a -tí-nomen actionis formed from the verbal root vṛdh-/vardh- 'to grow'
- ↑ *werdʰ- 'to grow' entry at Indo-European etymological database of The Tower of Babel project
- ↑ Meier-Brügger (2003, L 413)
- ↑ The asterisk * indicates that this form is not directly attested, but has been reconstructed on the basis of other linguistic material.
- ↑ Rix (2001:76f)
- 1 2 Fortson (2004:116f)
References
- Fortson, Benjamin W., IV (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0316-7.
- Meier-Brügger, Michael; Fritz, Matthias; Mayrhofer, Manfred (2003). Indo-European Linguistics. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017433-2.
- Rix, H (2001). Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (2 ed.). ISBN 3-89500-219-4.