Vostochny Cosmodrome

Map of Vostochny Cosmodrome

Launch of the Soyuz-2.1a from Vostochny Cosmodrome. 28 April 2016

Vostochny

The Vostochny Cosmodrome is located at 51° 53′ N 128° 20′ E in Amur Oblast in the Russian Far East.

The Vostochny Cosmodrome (Russian: Космодром Восточный Kosmodrom Vostochny "Eastern Spaceport") is a Russian spaceport under construction on the 51st parallel north in the Amur Oblast, in the Russian Far East. When completed in 2018, it is intended to reduce Russia's dependency on the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The first launch took place on 28 April 2016 at 02:01 UTC.

History

Russian president Vladimir Putin made several statements emphasizing the importance of the new cosmodrome. In August 2010, he said "The creation of a new space center ... is one of modern Russia's biggest and most ambitious projects".^[1] In January 2011, he ordered the government to complete the paperwork as soon as possible so that construction can start on schedule.^[2]

The general designer of the cosmodrome is Ipromashprom (Mechanical Engineering Project Institute). The main contractor is the Federal Agency for Special Construction.^[3]

Construction of the cosmodrome began in January 2011 and, as of 2011, was expected to be completed in 2018.^[4]

During a visit to the site in July 2011, the newly appointed chief of Roskosmos, Vladimir Popovkin, promised 20 billion rubles for Vostochny during 2012.^[5] A month later, the head of Spetstroy, Grigory Naginsky told the press that first blueprints for the center went through the project expertise and the first contract worth 1.6 billion rubles was signed with Roskosmos, covering the construction of the railway line and the road. Naginsky also promised the completion of the initial makeshift housing for construction workers at the site by 1 October 2011.

Although the Angara pad at Vostochny had originally been planned for completion in 2018, as part of the second phase of the construction of the new launch center, Dmitry Rogozin announced in January 2013 that Angara would fly from Vostochny earlier, in 2015.^[6] In the event, however, Roskosmos announced in November 2014 a postponement, and that the first unmanned test mission of Angara would not launch until 2021.^[6]

Over 100 construction workers went on strike to protest about unpaid wages in March and April 2015.^[7] Following corruption allegations and findings by the Russian Prosecutor General's Office that "a number of labor laws have been violated during the construction. [Vladimir Putin said he is] taking personal control of the cosmodrome's construction."^[8]

In June 2015, the installation of the support equipment, assembly of the first floor of the command post of the Vostochny cosmodrome have been handed over to specialists of the Centre for Operation of Space Ground-Based Infrastructure (TsENKI).^[9]

In October 2015, it was announced that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz-2 rocket were designed for a different variant of the rocket and are too small, so that the planned launch date of the first Soyuz-2 from Vostochny Cosmodrome in December 2015 was under question.^[10] A spokesperson for a Russian government space infrastructure agency reported that "Work with the rocket at the integration and testing complex now can not be conducted because the facility is not ready", and added that "there are still imperfections in the construction".^[11] However, later this information was disproved by the cosmodrome's operation centre and the rocket was set into the facility.^[12]

Location

President of Russia Vladimir Putin in Vostochny Cosmodrome, 14 October 2015

Vostochny (which means "eastern" in Russian) is in the Svobodny and Shimanovsk districts of Amur Oblast in the Russian Far East, on the watershed of the Zeya and Bolshaya Pyora rivers,^[3] approximately 600–800 km (370–500 mi) from the Pacific Ocean, depending on launch azimuth. The planned total area is 551.5 km², being a region approximately 30 km in diameter centred on 51°53′04″N 128°20′02″E / 51.884395°N 128.333932°E / 51.884395; 128.333932Coordinates: 51°53′04″N 128°20′02″E / 51.884395°N 128.333932°E / 51.884395; 128.333932.^[13] The nearby train station is Ledyanaya and the nearest city is Tsiolkovsky. The cosmodrome's latitude, 51° north, means that rockets will be able to carry almost the same amount of payload as they can when launched from Baikonur at 46°N.^[14] Other arguments for choosing this location include the ability to use sparsely populated areas and bodies of water for the rocket launch routes; proximity to major transportation networks such as the Baikal–Amur Mainline, the Chita–Khabarovsk Highway; abundance of electricity production resources in the area; and the infrastructure supporting the former Svobodny Cosmodrome, on which the new spaceport will be based.^[3] The site's location in the Russian far eastern region allows for easier transport of materials to the site, and allows rockets to jettison their lower stages over the ocean.^[15] It was expanded as part of the plan of modernization of the supporting infrastructure. Putin said that among places offered was an area on the shore of the Pacific Ocean, near Vladivostok, but that experts recommended not to locate it there since the proximity to the ocean can create problems and delays in launches, and as a result the current place was chosen.^[16]

Purpose

The new cosmodrome is to enable Russia to launch most missions from its own land, and to reduce Russia's dependency on the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Currently, Baikonur is the only launch site operated by Russia with the capability to launch crewed missions to ISS or elsewhere. The Russian government pays a yearly rent of $115 million to Kazakhstan for its usage. Satellites bound for geostationary orbit and high inclination orbits can be currently launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwestern Russia. The new site is intended mostly for civilian launches.^[17] Roscosmos plans to move 45% of Russia's space launches to Vostochny by 2020, while Baikonur's share will drop from 65% to 11%, and Plesetsk will account for 44 percent.^[2] In a 2012, the share of space launches from Russia's territory stood at 25%. By 2030 this figure is projected to increase to 90%.^[18]

Construction

Construction of residential buildings in Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast, next to Vostochny Cosmodrome

Early plans project seven launch pads will be built at the site, including two for crewed flights. On 1 September 2009, Medvedev signed Presidential decree №562 declaring Spetstroy is the sole contractor of the construction of the cosmodrome.^[19] Construction began in January 2011^[20] and is expected to be completed by 2018.^[21][22] The first launch took place on 28 April 2016. Russian engineers are looking to apply the knowledge gained from building the Soyuz launch facilities in Kourou spaceport and the Angara pad at Naro Space Center in South Korea.^[20] As a cost-saving measure, no defensive military structures like those at Baikonur cosmodrome will be built at Vostochny.^[2] More than 400 social, engineering and transport infrastructure facilities, 115 km (71 mi) of roads and 125 km (78 mi) of railroads are projected to be built at the cosmodrome.

In December 2011, ARMS-TASS reported with reference to the director of Federal Special Construction Agency, Grigory Naginsky that the hotels and barracks were being constructed within the infrastructure of Vostochny Cosmodrome. Speaking of housing development plans, he noted that a town for 40 thousand people would be constructed in the network of Cosmodrome.^[23]

In January 2012, a Russian Government Decree signed by Prime Minister Medvedev transferred 9,663 hectares (23,880 acres) of forest lands in the Amur Oblast for the construction of the spaceport from Shimanovsky and Svobodensky districts.^[24]

On 2 March 2012, Deputy Prosecutor General Yuri Gulyagin said at a meeting with the Presidential representative in the Far Eastern Federal District Viktor Ishayev that timely payment of wages, as well as registration of vehicles and people involved in the construction of the cosmodrome, will soon be the focus of regulatory authorities. According to him, the construction of launch site should not be admitted to the violations that were in the construction of the 2012 APEC Summit objects. As noted at the meeting, the number of workers and organizations of every month will only increase, and therefore requires strict control. Number of employees at the facility by the end of 2012 will be increased from 5,000 to 7,000.^[25]

In April 2013, Minister of the Far Eastern Development Viktor Ishayev said that 2014 will be the busiest year in the construction period and the number of workers will rise to 7,000. He also said he is sorry for the delay in the reconstruction and development of the sites for the workers residences that were handed from the Russian Ministry of Defense in Tsiolkovsky.^[26] On 12 April 2013, which is Cosmonautics Day in Russia, Putin suggested to name the town that will be built near the cosmodrome after the founder of theoretical astronautics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, saying that there is not a single locality in Russia that bears the name of the scientist yet.^[27] Later it was decided to assign this name to Uglegorsk, the nearest city.

In November 2013, the ITAR-TASS news agency reported that the gap that existed in July of three months was reduced by November to 10 days. By this time the first stage of the project, the construction of roads at the cosmodrome, had been completed. As of November 2013, more than 4,000 personnel, 680 pieces of construction equipment and vehicles were working at the site. With personnel working on a rotational basis, the overall number of people involved in the project has reached 5,246.^[28]

In December 2013, specialists chose sites for Angara facilities at the cosmodrome and transported the carrier rocket's mockup from Moscow-based Khrunichev Space Center that made it to the spaceport.^[29]

In March 2014, Russia's federal network grid operator FGC UES completed the first phase of power supply to the cosmodrome. The first phase has been comprehensively modernized 220 kV substation "Ledyanaya", thus the company has provided the ability to connect power receivers of the future complex structures to the Unified National Power Grid.^[30] On same month Spetstroy said it was hoping to finish building the launch pad for the Soyuz-2 carrier rocket before the end of July 2015.^[31]

In July 2015, the reconstruction of Ledyanaya railway station was completed and included a garage, service and domestic building and treatment facilities, 20 new turnouts and communications systems. In the shortest possible time an extension was built to the post of electric interlocking and high loading platform, in addition to the construction of the railway stations Promishlenaya-1 (Russian: Промышленная-1) and Promishlenaya-2. They are located directly on the territory of the cosmodrome.^[32]

On 25 September 2015, the first rocket destined for a launch at Vostochny Cosmodrome arrived by train. The rocket, a Soyuz-2.1A, is planned to launch in December 2015.^[33]

In October 2015, a spokesperson for a Russian government space infrastructure agency reported that "Work with the rocket at the integration and testing complex now can not be conducted because the facility is not ready" and added that "There are still imperfections in the construction." According to The Moscow Times, critical infrastructure was built at the wrong dimensions and would not fit the current generation of Soyuz rockets.^[11] However later this information was disproved by the cosmodrome's operation centre and the rocket was set into the facility.^[34]

First Launch

The first launch at the complex occurred on 28 April 2016, at 02:01 UTC, when a Soyuz-2 launched from pad Site 1S, carrying the gamma-ray astronomy satellite Mikhailo Lomonosov.

Economic aspects

Development of the Vostochny Cosmodrome is expected to have a positive impact on the economy of the relatively poorly developed Russian Far East. The Russian government has a strategic policy to bring high-tech companies into the Far East region, and several enterprises involved in human space flight are expected to move their activities there when the new cosmodrome is completed.^[14] The development of the new site is also expected to dramatically increase employment in the towns of Tsiolkovsky, Shimanovsk, Svobodny and others.^[14] According to a 2009 estimate, the construction will cost 400 billion rubles ($13.5 billion).^[35] Along with the launch pads and processing facilities, an airport and a satellite city will be constructed. The city will be designed to accommodate for 35,000 people as well as for tourists.^[20] It will contain a full supporting infrastructure with schools, kindergartens and clinics.^[2] Architect Dmitry Pshenichnikov has stated that the city is to become a "one-of-its-kind scientific and tourist space town with a unique design and a beautiful landscape".^[20] When completed, the cosmodrome will permanently employ 20,000–25,000 people.^[35]

In November 2012, press reports indicated that the Russian government is having difficulty in finding a good use for the new spaceport, and that other government ministries have been avoiding the project while "calling the project a 'dolgostroy', which is Russian for an "endlessly being updated construct".^[36]

Launch pads

Seven launch pads are planned to be built at Vostochny, over a period of years. Launch pads include:

• Site 1S – Soyuz-2, first launch on 28 April 2016, at 02:01 UTC
• PU1 (where PU (ПУ) stands for puskavaya ustanovka (пусковая установка) or "launch pad") – Angara-1.2/A5/A5P/A5V, launches beginning in 2021.^[6]
• PU2 – Prospective super heavy-lift launch vehicle, launches beginning after 2023.^[37]

Gallery

See also

• Plesetsk Cosmodrome
• Kapustin Yar
• Baikonur Cosmodrome
• Svobodny Cosmodrome

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vostochny Cosmodrome.

• Official website
• Map of area
• Vostokdrom