Volodymyr-Volynskyi

Volodymyr-Volynskyi Володимир-Волинський
City of regional significance
Dormition Cathedral in Volodymyr-Volynskyi
Flag Coat of arms
Volodymyr-Volynskyi Show map of Volyn Oblast Volodymyr-Volynskyi Show map of Ukraine Location of Volodymyr-Volynsky
Coordinates: 50°50′53″N 24°19′20″E / 50.84806°N 24.32222°E / 50.84806; 24.32222Coordinates: 50°50′53″N 24°19′20″E / 50.84806°N 24.32222°E / 50.84806; 24.32222
Country	Ukraine
Region	Volyn Oblast
First mentioned	988
Subdivisions	List city municipalities town municipalities rural municipalities ----- Total settlements: cities urban-type settlements villages settlements
Government
• Mayor	Peter Shanyk
Elevation	174 m (571 ft)
Population (2015)
• Total	39,074[1]
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
• Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Postal index	44700-44709
Area code	+380 3342
Website	volodymyrrada.gov.ua

Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Ukrainian: Володимир-Волинський, Polish: Włodzimierz Wołyński, Russian: Влади́мир-Волы́нский, Yiddish: לודמיר‎, Latin: Lodomeria) is a small city located in Volyn Oblast, in north-western Ukraine. Serving as the administrative centre of the Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion, the city itself is also designated as a separate municipality within the oblast as the city of regional significance. The city is the historic centre of the region of Volhynia and the historic capital of the Principality of Volhynia. Population: 39,074 (2015 est.)^[1]

The mediaeval Latin name of the town became the namesake of the 19th century Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , of which the town itself was not a part. 5 kilometres (3 miles) south from Volodymyr is Zymne, where the oldest Orthodox Monastery in Volynia is located.

Name

• ????-1569 Володимѣръ (Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia and Grand Duchy of Lithuania)
• 1569-1795 Włodzimierz (Crown of Poland)
• 1795-1922 Влади́мир-Волы́нский (Russian Empire)
• 1922-1939 Włodzimierz (Second Polish Republic)
• 1939-1941 Влади́мир-Волы́нск / Володимир-Волинськ (Ukrainian SSR)
• 1941-1944 Wladimir-Wolynsk (Reichskommissariat Ukraine)
• 1944-1991 Влади́мир-Волы́нский / Володимир-Волинський (Ukrainian SSR)
• 1991–present Володимир-Волинський (Ukraine)

History

The city is one of the oldest towns in Ruthenia. It took its name after Prince Volodymyr the Great (born in the Budyatychi, Ukrainian: Будятичі, near contemporary Volodymyr-Volynsky), who founded a stronghold on the lands taken from the Polish Lendians around 981.^[2] In 988 the city became the capital of Volodymyr Principality and the seat of an Orthodox bishopric, as mentioned in the Primary Chronicle.

In 1160 the building of Sobor of Dormition of The Holy Mother of God was completed.^[3] By the 13th century the city became part of Galicia–Volhynia as one of the most important trading towns in the region. Upon the conquest of Batu Khan in 1240, the city was subordinated to the Mongol Empire together with other Ruthenian principalities. In the 14th century, Metropolitan Theognostus of all Rus' resided in the city for several years before moving to Moscow.^[4]

In 1349 King Casimir the Great captured the city, and subsequently it became part of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1370 it was taken by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and it was not until the Union of Lublin of 1569 that it returned to the Crown of Poland. In the meantime the city was given Magdeburg rights in 1431. From 1566 to 1795 it was part of the Volhynian Voivodeship. It was a royal city of Poland.

On July 17, 1792, the Battle of Włodzimierz took place in the vicinity of the town: a numerically inferior Polish force led by Tadeusz Kościuszko defeated the Russian army. The city remained a part of Poland until the Third Partition of Poland of 1795, when the Russian Empire annexed it. That year the Russian authorities changed the name of several cities in Volhynia including Novohrad-Volynskyi (former Zvyahel). Volodymyr-Volynsky stayed within Russian Partition till 1917.

In 18th and 19th centuries the town started to grow rapidly, mostly thanks to large numbers of Jews settling there. By the second half of the 19th century they made up the majority of local inhabitants. According to the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland,^[5] in the late 19th century the city had 8336 inhabitants, 6122 of them Jews.

Immediately after World War I, the area became disputed by Poland, Bolshevist Russia and the Ukrainian People's Republic, with the Polish 17th Infantry Regiment capturing it overnight on January 23, 1919. In the interbellum the city was a seat of a powiat within the Volhynian Voivodeship and an important garrison was located there.

Following the Nazi-Soviet Pact the city was seized by Soviet forces on 19 September 1939. On 23 June 1941 the city was occupied by Germany. During World War II, a German concentration camp was located near the city. The city was recaptured by the Red Army on 20 July 1944 and annexed to the Ukrainian SSR. A Cold War air base was located north-east of the town at Zhovtnevy.

Since 1991 the city has been part of Ukraine.

Discovery of mass graves from World War II

A series of mass graves were discovered in 1997, with exhumations completed by 2013. Originally thought to be an example of NKVD mass murder, similar to the Katyn massacre and the Vinnytsia massacre, the Volodymyr-Volynskyi murders were shown in 2012 to have been carried out by German forces, most likely the Einsatzgruppen C,^[6]. The primary archeological evidence for German culpability was that most of the bullet shell casings were dated 1941 (and were from a German factory). Testimony by a Jewish survivor of the city, recorded by the USC Shoah Foundation corroborated the view that the perpetrators were German and that the victims were primarily Jewish.^[7][8] Anthropological analysis of the remains led to the conclusion that three quarters of the victims were women and children. The 747 victims were reinterred in local city cemeteries.^[9]

Churches in Volodymyr-Volynsky

The oldest place of worship in the town was the Khram of Volodymyr, erected several kilometres from the modern town's centre and first mentioned in a latopis (chronicle) of 1044. The oldest existing church is the Assumption Cathedral built by Mstyslav Izyaslavovych in 1160. By the late 18th century it fell into disuse and finally collapsed in 1829, but was restored between 1896 and 1900. The third of the old Orthodox churches is an Orthodox Basil the Great's cathedral, was erected probably in 14th or 15th centuries, though local legends attribute its construction to Volodymyr the Great who was to build it some time after 992.

Greek-Catholic Church (formerly Lutheran)

Great Synagogue, was destroyed by Soviet power after World War II

In 1497 duke Alexander Jagiellon erected a Catholic church of Holy Trinity and a Dominican monastery. In 1554 another wooden Catholic church was founded by Princess Anna Zbaraska, which was later replaced by a new St. Joahim's and Anna's church in 1836. In 1755 a Jesuit church was erected there by the starost of Słonim Ignacy Sadowski and in 1780 a Greek Catholic Josaphat's church was added to the list. Following Russian Empire's takeover of the town in the effect of the Partitions of Poland, both latter shrines were confiscated and donated to the authorities of the Orthodox Church, who converted them to an Orthodox monastery and church, respectively, while the Dominican monastery was converted to an administrative building.

Museum

There also exists Volodymyr-Volynsky Historical Museum, an architectural monument of the 19th century.

International relations

Gallery

• 
  A chapel in Volodymyr-Volynskyi
• 
  Soborna street
• 
  A building on Kovelska street
• 
  Bishops' palace
• 
  Church of St. Joachim and St. Anne
• 
  Administrative building
• 
  Volodymyr-Volynskyj castle walls

Twin towns - Sister cities

Volodymyr-Volynsky is twinned with:

• Kętrzyn, Poland
• Hrubieszów, Poland

Famous People

• Josaphat Kuntsevych - archeparch (archbishop) of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church.
• Amtylochius – bishop and saint of Orthodox Church
• Ipatii Potii - bishop, writer and humanist, co-founder and supporter of Union of Brest.
• Wacław Hipsz – protonotary apostolic of Catholic Church, the Prefect of Secondary Education in Volodymyr-Volynsky until 1939.
• Juliusz Bardach – legal historian, professor of the University of Warsaw.
• Teresa Lewtak-Stattler – social activist and meritorious member of Polish Home Army, during World War II she took part in special operations against German Nazi high-ranking officials in German-occupied Poland and was involved in underground humanitary aid to Jews from Warsaw Ghetto; stalag prisoner, Councillor of the Warsaw Capital.
• Józef Han – chairman of society of veterans of 27th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland) in Hrubieszów.
• Jerzy Strojnowski – psychiatrist, philosopher and writer, professor and co-founder of Psychology Institute at John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin.
• Jerzy Antczak – film director.
• Jan Tadeusz Stanisławski – writer, satirist and actor.
• Ahatanhel Krymsky - orientalist and polyglot.
• Hannah Rachel Verbermacher (1805–1888), also known as the Maiden of Ludmir or the "Ludmirer Moyd", was the only independent female Rebbe in the history of the Hasidic movement.

References

• «Jewish Volodymyr. The History and Tragedy of Jewish Community of Volodymyr-Volyns’kyi» by Volodymyr Muzychenko, Lutsk, 2011. 256 p. (in Ukrainian) Володимир Музиченко. “Володимир єврейський. Історія і трагедія єврейської громади м. Володимира-Волинського” ISBN 978-966-361-664-3.

Link

Official Web site of the Volodymyr-Vohlynsky historical museum