Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
| Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʃ | |||
| IPA number | 134 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ʃ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0283 | ||
| X-SAMPA |
S | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
S | ||
| Braille |
 | ||
| |||
| Listen | |||
|
source · help | |||
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The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant fricative or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in many languages, including English. In English, it is usually spelled ⟨sh⟩, as in ship.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʃ⟩, the letter esh introduced by Isaac Pitman (not to be confused with the integral symbol ⟨∫⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is S.
An alternative symbol is ⟨š⟩, an s with a caron or háček, which is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in the scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with the Czech orthography of Jan Hus and was adopted in Gaj's Latin alphabet and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of many Baltic, Finno-Lappic, North American and African languages.
Features
Features of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | шыд | [ʃəd] | 'donkey' | ||
| Albanian | shtëpi | [ʃtəˈpi] | 'house' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[1] | شمس |  [ʃams] |
'sun' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | շուն | [ʃun] |
'dog' | |
| Asturian | xera | [ʃe.ɾa] | 'work' | ||
| Azerbaijani | şeir | [ʃeiɾ] | 'poem' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [ʃəkla] | 'picture' | |||
| Basque | kaixo | [kajʃ̺o] | 'hello' | ||
| Bengali | সব | [ʃɔb] | 'all' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Berber | Kabyle | ciwer | [ʃiwər] | 'to consult' | |
| Breton | chadenn | [ˈʃa.dɛ̃n] | 'chain' | ||
| Bulgarian | юнашки | [juˈnaʃki] | 'heroically' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Czech | kaše | [ˈkaʃɛ] | 'mash' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[3] | sjabloon | [ʃäˈbloːn] |
'template' | May be [sʲ] or [ɕ] instead. See Dutch phonology | |
| English | a sheep | [ə ˈʃiːp] |
'a sheep' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | ŝelko | [ˈʃelko] | 'suspenders' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Faroese | sjúkrahús | [ʃʉukrahʉus] | 'hospital' | See Faroese phonology | |
| French[4] | cher | [ʃɛʁ] |
'expensive' | See French phonology | |
| Finnish | šekki | [ʃekːi] | 'check' | See Finnish phonology | |
| Galician | viaxe | [ˈbjaʃe] | 'trip' | See Galician phonology | |
| Georgian[5] | შარი | [ˈʃɑɾi] | 'quibbling' | ||
| German | Standard[6] | schön | [ʃʷø̈ːn] | 'beautiful' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[6] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | Cypriot | ασ̌σ̌ήμια | [ɐˈʃːimɲɐ] | 'ugliness' | Contrasts with /ʃ/ and /ʒː/ |
| Hebrew | שְׁלוֹם | [ʃaˈlom] |
'peace' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi | शक | [ʃək] | 'doubt' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | segítség | [ˈʃɛɡiːt͡ʃːeːɡ] | 'help' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Ilocano | siák | [ʃak] | 'I' | ||
| Irish | sí | [ʃiː] | 'she' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian | Marked accents of Emilia-Romagna[7] | sali | [ˈʃäːli] | 'you go up' | Apical non-labialized; may be [s̺ʲ] or [ʂ] instead.[7] It corresponds to [s] in standard Italian. See Italian phonology |
| Standard[8] | fasce | [ˈfäʃːe] | 'bands' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kabardian | шыд | [ʃɛd] | 'donkey' | Contrasts with a labialized form | |
| Kashubian[9] | |||||
| Latvian | šalle | [ˈʃalːe] | 'scarf' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[10] | sjat | [ʃɑ̽t] | 'darling' | Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.[11] |
| Lingala | shakú | [ʃakú] | 'African grey parrot' | ||
| Lithuanian | šarvas | [ˈʃɐrˑvɐs] | 'armor' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Macedonian | што | [ʃtɔ] | 'what' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | syarikat | [ʃarikat] | 'company' | ||
| Maltese | x'jismek | [ʃismek] | 'what is your name' | ||
| Marathi | शब्द | [ˈʃəbˈd̪ə] | 'word' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Mopan | kax | [kɑːʃ] | 'chicken' | ||
| Mutsun | raṭmašte | [ɾɑʈmɑʃtɛ] | 'having acne' | ||
| Neapolitan | scugnizzo | [ʃkuˈɲːitt͡sə] | 'urchin' | ||
| Occitan | Auvergnat | maissant | [meˈʃɔ̃] | 'bad' | See Occitan phonology |
| Gascon | maishant | [maˈʃan] | |||
| Limousin | son | [ʃũ] | 'his' | ||
| Persian | شاه | [ʃɒːh] | 'king' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | siano | [ˈʃän̪ɔ] | 'hay' | /ʂ/ and /ɕ/ merge into [ʃ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex sibilant |
| Lubawa dialect[12] | |||||
| Malbork dialect[12] | |||||
| Ostróda dialect[12] | |||||
| Warmia dialect[12] | |||||
| Portuguese[13][14] | xamã | [ʃɐˈmɐ̃] | 'shaman' | Also described as alveolo-palatal [ɕ].[15][16][17] See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਸ਼ੇਰ | [ʃeːɾ] | 'lion' | ||
| Romani | Vlax | deš | [deʃ] | 'ten' | |
| Romanian | șefi | [ʃefʲ] | 'bosses' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Sahaptin | šíš | [ʃiʃ] | 'mush' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | seinn | [ʃeiɲ] | 'sing' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | шума šuma | [ʃûmä] | 'forest' | May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[18] | These dialects merge /ʂ/ and /ɕ/ into [ʃ] | |||
| Jablunkov[18] | |||||
| Slovene | šola | [ˈʃóːlä] | 'school' | See Slovene phonology | |
| Somali | shan | [ʃan] | 'five' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish | Chilean | echador | [e̞ʃäˈðo̞ɾ] |
'boastful' | Corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in other dialects. See Spanish phonology |
| New Mexican | |||||
| Northern Mexico[19] | |||||
| Panamanian | |||||
| Southern Andalusia | |||||
| Rioplatense | ayer | [äˈʃe̞ɾ] | 'yesterday' | May be voiced [ʒ] instead. See Spanish phonology and yeísmo | |
| Swahili | kushoto | [kuʃoto] | 'trees' | ||
| Tagalog | siya | [ʃa] | 'he/she' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Toda[20] | [pɔʃ] | 'language' | |||
| Tunica | šíhkali | [ˈʃihkali] | 'stone' | ||
| Turkish | güneş | [ɟyˈne̞ʃ] | 'sun' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | шахи | ['ʃɑxɪ] | 'chess' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | شکریہ | [ʃʊkˈriːaː] | 'thank you' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Uyghur | شەھەر | [ʃæhær] | 'city' | ||
| Walloon | texhou | [tɛʃu] | 'knit fabric' | ||
| Welsh | Standard | siarad | [ˈʃɑːrad] | 'speak' | See Welsh phonology |
| Southern dialects | mis | [miːʃ] | 'month' | ||
| West Frisian | sjippe | [ˈʃɪpǝ] | 'soap' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Western Lombard | Canzés | fescia | [feʃa] | 'nuisance' | |
| Yiddish | וויסנשאַפֿטלעכע | [vɪsn̩ʃaftləxə] | 'scientific' | See Yiddish phonology | |
| Yorùbá | ṣi | [ʃi] | 'open' | ||
| Zapotec languages | Tilquiapan[21] | xana | [ʃana] | 'how?' | |
In various languages, including English and French, it may have simultaneous labialization, i.e. [ʃʷ], although this is usually not transcribed.
Classical Latin did not have [ʃ], though it does occur in most Romance languages. For example, ⟨ch⟩ in French chanteur "singer" is pronounced /ʃ/. Chanteur is descended from Latin cantare, where ⟨c⟩ was pronounced /k/. The ⟨sc⟩ in Latin scientia "science" was pronounced /sk/, but has shifted to /ʃ/ in Italian scienza.
Similarly, Proto-Germanic had neither [ʃ] nor [ʂ], yet many of its descendants do. In most cases, this [ʃ] or [ʂ] descends from a Proto-Germanic /sk/. For instance, Proto-Germanic *skipą ("hollow object, water-borne vessel larger than a boat") was pronounced /ˈski.pɑ̃/. The English word "ship" /ʃɪp/ has been pronounced without the /sk/ the longest, the word being descended from Old English "scip" /ʃip/, which already also had the [ʃ], though the Old English spelling etymologically indicated that the old /sk/ had once been present.
This change took longer to catch on in West Germanic languages other than Old English, though it eventually did. The second West Germanic language to undergo this sound shift was Old High German. In fact, it has been argued that Old High German's /sk/ was actually already [s̠k], because a single [s] had already shifted to [s̠]. Furthermore, by Middle High German, that /s̠k/ had shifted to [ʃ]. After High German, the shift most likely then occurred in Low Saxon. After Low Saxon, Middle Dutch began the shift, but it stopped shifting once it reached /sx/, and has kept that pronunciation since. Then, most likely through influence from German and Low Saxon, North Frisian experienced the shift.
Then, Swedish quite swiftly underwent the shift, which resulted in the very uncommon [ɧ] phoneme, which, aside from Swedish, is only used in Colognian, a variety of High German, though not as a replacement for the standard High German /ʃ/ but a coronalized /ç/. However, the exact realization of Swedish /ɧ/ varies considerably among dialects; for instance, in Northern dialects it tends to be realized as [ʂ]. See sj-sound for more details. Finally, the last to undergo the shift was Norwegian, in which the result of the shift was [ʃ].
The sound in Russian denoted by ⟨ш⟩ is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
| Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɹ̠̊˔ | |
| IPA number | 151 414 402A 429 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA |
r\_-_0_r |
The voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨ɹ̠̊˔⟩ (retracted constricted voiceless [ɹ]). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_0_r.
Features
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Hiberno-English[22] | tree | [tɹ̠̊˔iː] | 'tree' | Allophone of /r/ after an aspirated /t/.[22] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[23] | crew | [kɹ̠̊˔uː] | 'crew' | Partially devoiced;[24] it's an allophone of /r/ after aspirated consonants.[24] See English phonology | |
See also
References
- ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 18.
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- 1 2 Mangold (2005:51)
- 1 2 Canepari (1992), p. 73.
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ↑ Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.
- ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
- ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:156). The authors state that /ʃ/ is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
- 1 2 3 4 Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995), p. 62.
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ↑ Medina (2010).
- ↑ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000).
- ↑ Silva (2003), p. 32.
- ↑ Guimarães (2004).
- 1 2 Dąbrowska (2004:?)
- ↑ Cotton & Sharp (2001:15)
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005:168)
- ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- 1 2 "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). Uni Stuttgart. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ↑ Roach (2004), pp. 240–41.
- 1 2 Roach (2004), p. 240.
Bibliography
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
- Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
- Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Guimarães, Daniela (2004), Seqüências de (Sibilante + Africada Alveopalatal) no Português Falado em Belo Horizonte (PDF), Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- ———; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Medina, Flávio (2010), Análise Acústica de Sequências de Fricativas Seguidas de [i] Produzidas por Japoneses Aprendizes de Português Brasileiro (PDF), Anais do IX Encontro do CELSUL Palhoça, SC, Palhoça: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–14, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–45, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–21, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–64, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Silva, Thaïs Cristófaro (2003), Fonética e Fonologia do Português: Roteiro de Estudos e Guia de Exercícios (7th ed.), São Paulo: Contexto, ISBN 85-7244-102-6
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
