Voiced velar stop

Voiced velar stop
ɡ
IPA number	110
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɡ
Unicode (hex)	U+0261
X-SAMPA	g
Kirshenbaum	g
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The voiced velar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɡ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is g. Strictly, the IPA symbol is the so-called single-story G , but the double-story G is considered an acceptable alternative. The Unicode character "LATIN SMALL LETTER G" (U+0067) renders as either a single-storey G or a double-storey G depending on font while the character "Latin small letter script G" (U+0261) is always a single-story G, but it is generally available only in fonts with the IPA Extensions Unicode character block.

Some languages have the voiced pre-velar stop,^[1] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced velar stop, though not as front as the prototypical voiced palatal stop - see that article for more information.

Conversely, some languages have the voiced post-velar stop,^[2] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced velar stop, though not as back as the prototypical voiced uvular stop - see that article for more information.

Features

Features of the voiced velar stop:

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.

• Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Of the six stops that would be expected from the most common pattern worldwide—that is, three places of articulation plus voicing ([p b, t d, k ɡ])—[p] and [ɡ] are the most frequently missing, being absent in about 10% of languages that otherwise have this pattern. Absent stop [p] is an areal feature (see also Voiceless bilabial stop). Missing [ɡ], on the other hand, is widely scattered around the world. (A few languages, such as Modern Standard Arabic, are missing both, although most Modern Arabic dialects have [ɡ] in their native phonemic systems.) It seems that [ɡ] is somewhat more difficult to articulate than the other basic stops. Ian Maddieson speculates that this may be due to a physical difficulty in voicing velars: Voicing requires that air flow into the mouth cavity, and the relatively small space allowed by the position of velar consonants means that it will fill up with air quickly, making voicing difficult to maintain in [ɡ] for as long as it is in [d] or [b]. This could have two effects: [ɡ] and [k] might become confused, and the distinction is lost, or perhaps a [ɡ] never develops when a language first starts making voicing distinctions. With uvulars, where there is even less space between the glottis and tongue for airflow, the imbalance is more extreme: Voiced [ɢ] is much rarer than voiceless [q].^[3]

Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [ɡ].

Examples

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		ажыга	[aˈʐəɡa]	'shovel'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe	Shapsug	гьэгуалъэ	[ɡʲaɡʷaːɬa]	'toy'	Dialectal. Corresponds to [d͡ʒ] in other dialects.
	Temirgoy	чъыгы	[t͡ʂəɡə]	'tree'	Dialectal. Corresponds to [ɣ] in other dialects.
Albanian		gomar	[ˈɡomaɾ]	'donkey'
Arabic[4]	Egyptian	راجل	[ˈɾɑːɡel]	'man'	Standard in Egypt and corresponds to /dʒ/, /ʒ/ or /ɟ/ in other pronunciations. See Arabic phonology
	Gulf	شقردي	[ʃɪˈɡɑrdi]	'reliable (person)'
	Hejazi	قمر	[ɡamar]	'moon'	Corresponds to [q] in Classical, Modern Standard Arabic, and other dialects.
	Maghrebi
	Najdi Arabic
	Gulf Arabic
	rural Jordanian
	Southern Mesopotamian Arabic
	Sa'idi Arabic
	Yemeni	قال	[ɡɑːl]	'(he) said'	Some dialects.
Armenian	Eastern[5]	գանձ	[ɡɑndz]	'treasure'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic		ɡana	[ɡaːna]	'self'	Used predominantly in Iraqi Koine. Corresponds to [dʒ] in Urmia, some Tyari and Jilu dialects.
Azerbaijani		qara	[ɡɑɾɑ]	'black'
Basque		galdu	[ɡaldu]	'lose'
Bengali		গান	[ɡan]	'song'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian		гора	[ɡora]	'wood'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[6]		gros	[ɡɾɔs]	'large'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Southern Min	我	[ɡua]	'I'	Only in colloquial speech.
	Wu	狂	[ɡuɑ̃]	'crazy'
	Xiang	共	[ɡoŋ]	'together'
Chechen		говр	[ɡovr]	'horse'
Czech		gram	[ɡram]	'gram'	See Czech phonology
Dutch	All dialects	zakdoek	[ˈzɑɡduk]	'handkerchief'	Allophone of /k/, occurring only before voiced consonants in native words. See Dutch phonology
	Standard[7]
	Many speakers	goal	[ɡoːɫ]	'goal'	Only in loanwords. Some speakers may realize it as [ɣ] ~ [ʝ] ~ [χ] ~ [x] (like a normal Dutch ⟨g⟩), or as [k].
	Amelands	goëd	[ɡuə̯t]	'good'
English		gaggle	[ˈɡæɡɫ̩]	'gaggle'	See English phonology
Esperanto		bongusta	[bonˈgusta]	'tasty'	See Esperanto phonology
French[8]		gain	[ɡæ̃]	'earnings'	See French phonology
Georgian[9]		გული	[ˈɡuli]	'heart'
German		Lüge	[ˈlyːɡə]	'lie'	See Standard German phonology
Greek		γκάρισμα/gkárisma	[ˈɡɐɾizmɐ]	'donkey's bray'	See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati		ગાવું/gāvu		'to sing'	See Gujarati phonology
Hebrew		גב	[ɡav]	'back'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani		गाना / گانا	[ɡɑːnɑː]	'song'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian		engedély	[ɛŋɡɛdeːj]	'permission'	See Hungarian phonology
Irish		gaineamh	[ˈɡanʲəw]	'sand'	See Irish phonology
Italian[10]		gare	[ˈɡäːre]	'competitions'	See Italian phonology
Japanese[11]		外套/gaitō	[ɡaitoː]	'overcoat'	See Japanese phonology
Kabardian	Baslaney	гьанэ	[ɡʲaːna]	'shirt'	Dialectal. Corresponds to [dʒ] in other dialects.
Kagayanen[12]		kalag	[kað̞aɡ]	'spirit'
Korean		메기/megi	[meɡi]	'catfish'	See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish[13]		agepack	[ˈɑɡəpaːk]		More often voiceless [k].[13] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian		гром	[ɡrɔm]	'thunder'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		guni	[ɡuni]	'sack'
Marathi		गवत	[ɡəʋət]	'grass'	See Marathi phonology
Norwegian		gull	[ɡʉl]	'gold'	See Norwegian phonology
Polish[14]		gmin	[ɡmʲin̪]	'plebs'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese[15]		língua	[ˈɫĩɡwɐ]	'tongue'	See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਗਾਂ	[ɡɑ̃ː]	'cow'
Romanian[16]		gând	[ɡɨnd]	'thought'	See Romanian phonology
Russian[17]		голова	[ɡəlɐˈva]	'head'	See Russian phonology
Slovak		miazga	[mjazɡa]	'lymph'	See Slovak phonology
Somali		gaabi	[ɡaːbi]	'to shorten'	See Somali phonology
Spanish[18]		gato	[ˈɡät̪o̞]	'cat'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish		god	[ɡuːd̪]	'tasty'	May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
Turkish		salgın	[säɫˈɡɯn]	'epidemic'	See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian		ґанок	[ˈɡɑ.n̪ok]	'steps'	See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisian		gasp	[ɡɔsp]	'buckle' (n.)	See West Frisian phonology
Yi		ꈨ/gge	[ɡɤ˧]	'hear'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[19]	gan	[ɡaŋ]	'will be able'	Depending on speaker and carefulness of speech, [ɡ] may be lenited to [ɣ]

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

References

Bibliography