Voiced alveolar fricative

The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

Voiced coronal fricatives
Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar
retracted retroflex palato-
alveolar		 alveolo
-palatal
sibilant z̪ z͇ z̠ ʐ ʒ ʑ
non-sibilant ð ð̠/ð͇/ɹ̝ ɻ̝

Voiced alveolar sibilant

Voiced alveolar sibilant
z
IPA number 133
Encoding
Entity (decimal) z
Unicode (hex) U+007A
X-SAMPA z
Kirshenbaum z
Braille ⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)
Listen
source · help
Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant
z̪
z̟
Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant
z̠
Encoding
Entity (decimal) z​̺
Unicode (hex) U+007A U+033A

The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.

In the eastern half of Asia, the Pacific and the Americas, [z] is very rare as a phoneme. Every language that has [z] also has [s].

Features

Occurrence

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Gulf[2] زين [z̪eːn] 'well'
ArmenianEastern[3] զարդ  [z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]  'decoration'
Azerbaijani[4] zoğ [z̪o̞ɣ] 'sprout'
Belarusian[5] база [ˈbäz̪ä] 'base' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian[6] езеро [ˈɛz̪ɛro] 'lake' Contrasts with palatalized form.
Chinese Suzhou dialect[7]
Sichuanese 日 [zɯ] 'sun'
Czech[8] zima [ˈz̪ɪmä] 'winter' See Czech phonology
English Multicultural London[9] zoo [z̪ʏˑy̯] 'zoo' See English phonology
French[10][11] zèbre [z̪ɛbʁ] 'zebra' See French phonology
Hungarian[12] zálog [ˈz̪äːl̪oɡ] 'pledge' See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian[13]
Kazakh[14] заң [z̪ɑŋ] 'law'
Kyrgyz[15] заң [z̪äŋ] 'law'
Latvian[16] zars [z̪ärs̪] 'branch' See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[17] зошто [ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ] 'why' See Macedonian phonology
Mirandese daprendizaige [d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)] 'learning' Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
Polish[1][18] zero  [ˈz̪ɛrɔ]  'zero' See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most Brazilian speakers Estados Unidos [isˈt̪ad̪uz̪‿ʉˈnid͡zʉ(ˢ)] 'United States' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[19] zar [z̪är] 'dice' See Romanian phonology
Russian[20] заезжать/zaezžat'  [z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ]  'to pick up' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[21][22] зима / zima [z̪ǐːmä] 'winter' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak zima [ˈz̪imä] 'winter'
Slovene[23] zima [ˈz̪ìːma] 'winter'
Turkish[10][24] göz [ɟø̞̈z̪] 'eye' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[25] зуб [z̪ub] 'tooth' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[26] koza [ˈkoz̪ä] 'goat' See Upper Sorbian phonology
Uzbek[27]
Vietnamese Hanoi[28] da [z̪äː] 'skin' See Vietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe зы  [ˈzə]  'one'
Albanian zjarr [zjar] 'fire'
Arabic Standard[29] زائِر [ˈzaːʔir]'visitor' See Arabic phonology
Assamese জলকীয়া [zɔlɔkija] 'chili'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܙܓ [ziɡa] 'bell'
Bengali Eastern dialects রাজধানী [razd̪ʱani] 'capital' See Bengali phonology
Breton iliz [iliz] 'church'
Chechen зурма / zurma [zuɾma] 'music'
Dutch[30][31] zaad [z̻aːt̻] 'seed' Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands.[30][31] See Dutch phonology
English zoo [zuː] 'zoo' Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
Esperanto kuzo [ˈkuzo] 'cousin' See Esperanto phonology
Georgian[32] ზარი [ˈzɑɾi] 'bell'
Greek Athens dialect[33] ζάλη/záli [ˈz̻ali] 'dizziness' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew זאב [zeˈʔev] 'wolf' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi ज़मीन [zəmiːn] 'land' See Hindustani phonology
Italian Marked accents of Emilia-Romagna[34] caso [ˈkäːz̺ʲo] 'case' Palatalized apical;[34] may be [ʐ] or [ʒ] instead.[34] See Italian phonology
Japanese[35] 全部/zenbu [zembɯ] 'everything' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian зы  [ˈzə]  'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Ya zilamiz [zilʌmiz] 'go'
Kashmiri ज़ानुन/زانُن [zaːnun] 'to know'
Malay zaman [zaman] 'period'
Maltese żelu [zelu] 'zeal'
Marathi जर [zər] 'if' See Marathi phonology.
Occitan Limousin jòune [ˈzɒwne] 'young' See Occitan phonology
Portuguese[36] casa [ˈkazɐ] 'house' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ[zɪnˈd̪əgi]'life'
Spanish Andalusian comunismo [ko̞muˈnizmo̞] 'Communism' Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to [h ~ ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize /s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before /d/ it is dental [z̪].
Latin American
Mexican zapato [zäˈpät̪o̞] 'shoe' Some northern dialects. Corresponds to /s/ in other Mexican dialects, and to /θ/ in Peninsular Spanish. See Spanish phonology
Swahili lazima [lɑzimɑ] 'must'
Urdu زمین [zəmiːn] 'land' See Hindustani phonology
West Frisian[37] sizze [ˈsɪzə] 'to say' It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
Yi ꍂ/ssy [zɿ˧] 'generation'
Yiddish zien [zin] 'son'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[38] guanaz [ɡʷanaz] '?'

Retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Catalan[39][40] zel [ˈz̺ɛɫ] 'zeal' Apical. See Catalan phonology
Galician mesmo [ˈme̞z̺mo̞] 'same' Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪].
Greek[41] μάζα/máza [ˈmɐz̠ɐ] 'mass' See Modern Greek phonology
Italian Central Italy[42] caso [ˈkäːz̠o] 'case' Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,[42] most of Umbria[42] (save Perugia and the extreme south)[42] and Le Marche south of the Potenza.[42]
Northern Italy[43][44] Apical.[45] Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.[46][47] See Italian phonology
Sicily[42] Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.[42]
Low German[48]
Maldivian zaraafaa [z̺aˈraːfaː] 'giraffe'
Mirandese eisistir [e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ] 'to exist' Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: ⟨ch⟩ /tʃ/, ⟨x⟩ /ʃ/, ⟨g⟩/⟨j⟩ /ʒ/, ⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩ /s̪/, ⟨z⟩ /z̪/, ⟨s⟩/-⟨ss⟩- /s̺/, -⟨s⟩- /z̺/
Occitan Gascon casèrna [kaz̺ɛrno] 'barracks' See Occitan phonology
Languedocien véser [bez̺e] 'to see'
Portuguese Coastal Northern European Merges with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Inland Northern European Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Spanish Andean mismo [ˈmiz̺mo̞] 'same' Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪]. See Spanish phonology
Castilian
Paisa Region

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
German Standard[49] sauber [ˈzäʊ̯bɐ] 'clean' Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[49] See Standard German phonology
Italian Standard[50] caso [ˈkäːzo] 'case' Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[50] See Italian phonology
Ticino[45] Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[51] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[45] See Italian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
ð̠
ð͇
ɹ̝
d̞
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ð​̠
Unicode (hex) U+00F0 U+0320
Listen
source · help

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), it can represent this sound as in a number of ways including ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ð͇⟩ (retracted or alveolarized [ð], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (constricted [ɹ]), or ⟨d̞⟩ (lowered [d]).

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Czech[52] čtyři [ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ] 'four' May be a trill fricative[52] or a tap fricative instead.[53] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology
Dahalo[54] [káð̠i] 'work' Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be an approximant [ð̠˕] or simply a plosive [d] instead.[55]
Danish[56] Few speakers[57] ved [ʋe̝ð̠] 'at' Laminal.[56] Allophone of /d/ in the syllable coda; much more often realized as an approximant.[57] See Danish phonology
Dutch[58] voor [vöːɹ̝] 'for' One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
English Scouse[59] maid [meɪð̠] 'maid' Allophone of /d/. See English phonology
South African[60][61] round [ɹ̝æʊ̯nd] 'round' Apical,[61] present in some urban dialects.[60] See English phonology
Icelandic[62][63] bróðir [ˈprou̯ð̠ir] 'brother' Usually apical,[62][63] may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology
Italian Bologna[45] caso [ˈkäːð̠o] 'case' Laminal; a hypercorrective variant of /z/ for some young speakers. Either non-sibilant, or "not sibilant enough".[45] See Italian phonology
Sicily[64] terra [ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä] 'earth' Apical; corresponds to /rr/ in standard Italian.[64] See Italian phonology
Manx mooar [muːɹ̝] 'big' Common word-final realization of /r/.
Swedish Central Standard[65][66] vandrare [ˈvän̪ːˈd̪ɹ̝äɹə] 'wanderer' Allophone of /r/ around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  2. ↑ Qafisheh (1977), pp. 2, 9-10.
  3. ↑ Kozintseva (1995), p. 7.
  4. ↑ Axundov (1983), pp. 115, 136, 139-142.
  5. ↑ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  6. ↑ Klagstad Jr. (1958), p. 46.
  7. ↑ Lin (2001), p. 22.
  8. ↑ Palková (1994), p. 228.
  9. ↑ "english speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE". Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  10. 1 2 Adams (1975), p. 288.
  11. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1999), p. 79.
  12. ↑ Szende (1999), p. 104.
  13. ↑ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
  14. ↑ Kara (2002), p. 10.
  15. ↑ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  16. ↑ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  17. ↑ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  18. ↑ Rocławski (1976), pp. 149.
  19. ↑ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  20. ↑ Chew (2003), p. 67.
  21. ↑ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  22. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  23. ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
  24. ↑ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
  25. ↑ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". arXiv:0802.4198 Freely accessible.
  26. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38, 39.
  27. ↑ Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
  28. ↑ Thompson (1987), pp. 5 and 7.
  29. ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  30. 1 2 Gussenhoven (1999), p. 75.
  31. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
  32. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  33. ↑ Adams (1975), p. 283.
  34. 1 2 3 Canepari (1992), p. 73.
  35. ↑ Okada (1991), p. 94.
  36. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  37. ↑ Sipma (1913), p. 16.
  38. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  39. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  40. ↑ Torreblanca (1988), p. 347.
  41. ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 12.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Adams (1975), p. 286.
  43. ↑ Adams (1975), pp. 285-286.
  44. ↑ Canepari (1992), p. 71-72.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 Canepari (1992), p. 72.
  46. ↑ Canepari (1992), p. 71.
  47. ↑ Adams (1975), p. 285.
  48. ↑ Adams (1975), p. 289.
  49. 1 2 Mangold (2005), p. 50.
  50. 1 2 Canepari (1992), p. 68.
  51. ↑ Canepari (1992), pp. 68 and 72.
  52. 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228-230 and 233.
  53. ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226.
  54. ↑ Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
  55. ↑ Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
  56. 1 2 Jespersen & 1897-1899:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:144)
  57. 1 2 Bauer et al. (1980:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:144): "Only in a very distinct Danish - as from the stage of the Royal Theater - do we get a fricative."
  58. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:199). Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
  59. ↑ Watson (2007), pp. 352-353.
  60. 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
  61. 1 2 Ogden (2009), p. 92.
  62. 1 2 Pétursson (1971:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
  63. 1 2 Grønnum (2005:139)
  64. 1 2 Canepari (1992), pp. 64-65.
  65. ↑ Engstrand (1999), pp. 141.
  66. ↑ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.

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