McLaren

United Kingdom McLaren-Honda
Full name McLaren Honda
Base McLaren Technology Centre
Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
51°20′45″N 0°32′52″W / 51.34583°N 0.54778°W / 51.34583; -0.54778Coordinates: 51°20′45″N 0°32′52″W / 51.34583°N 0.54778°W / 51.34583; -0.54778
Team principal(s) Éric Boullier
(Racing Director)
Zak Brown
(Executive Director)
Technical director(s) Tim Goss
Neil Oatley
Peter Prodromou
Founder(s) Bruce McLaren
Website www.mclaren.com/formula1
2017 Formula One season
Race drivers 2. Belgium Stoffel Vandoorne[1]
14. Spain Fernando Alonso[1]
22. United Kingdom Jenson Button[2]
Test drivers United Kingdom Jenson Button[1]
Japan Nobuharu Matsushita[3]
United Kingdom Oliver Turvey[3]
Netherlands Nyck de Vries[3]
Chassis MCL32[4]
Engine Honda RA617H[5]
Tyres Pirelli
Formula One World Championship career
First entry 1966 Monaco Grand Prix
Latest entry 2017 Hungarian Grand Prix
Races entered 816 (812 starts)
Constructors'
Championships		 8 (1974, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1998)
Drivers'
Championships		 12 (1974, 1976, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2008)
Race victories 182
Pole positions 155
Fastest laps 155[nb 1]
2016 position 6th (76 pts)

McLaren Racing Limited, competing as McLaren Honda, is a British Formula One team based at the McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, Surrey, England. McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor but has also competed in and won the Indianapolis 500 and the Canadian-American Challenge Cup (Can-Am). The team is the second oldest active team after Ferrari. They are one of the most successful teams in Formula One history, having won 182 races, 12 drivers' championships and eight constructors' championships. The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of McLaren Technology Group.

Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren, the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix, but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am, where they dominated from 1967 to 1971. Further American triumph followed, with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976. After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970, Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One constructors' championship in 1974, with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the drivers' championship in 1974 and 1976, respectively; 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris' Marlboro cigarette brand.

In 1981, McLaren merged with Ron Dennis' Project Four Racing; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team. This began the team's most successful era: with Porsche and Honda engines, Niki Lauda, Alain Prost, and Ayrton Senna took between them seven drivers' championships and McLaren six constructors' championships. The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant—together they won all but one race in 1988—but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari. Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period, the two winning every constructors' title between 1984 and 1994. However, by the mid-1990s, Honda had withdrawn from Formula One, Senna had moved to Williams, and the team went three seasons without a win. With Mercedes-Benz engines, West sponsorship, and former Williams designer Adrian Newey, further championships came in 1998 and 1999 with driver Mika Häkkinen and during the 2000s the team were consistent front-runners, driver Lewis Hamilton taking their latest title in 2008.

Ron Dennis retired as McLaren team principal in 2009, handing the former role to longtime McLaren employee Martin Whitmarsh. At the end of 2013, after the team's worst season since 2004, Whitmarsh was ousted. McLaren announced in 2013 that they would be using Honda engines from 2015 onwards, replacing Mercedes-Benz. The team raced as McLaren-Honda for the first time since 1992 at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix.

Origins

The McLaren Racing team's founder Bruce McLaren

Bruce McLaren Motor Racing was founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren.[6] Bruce was a works driver for the British Formula One team Cooper with whom he had won three Grands Prix and come second in the 1960 world championship. Wanting to compete in the Australasian Tasman Series, Bruce approached his employers, but when team owner Charles Cooper insisted on using 1.5-litre Formula One-specification engines instead of the 2.5-litre motors permitted by the Tasman rules, Bruce decided to set up his own team to run him and his prospective Formula One team-mate Timmy Mayer with custom-built Cooper cars.[7]

Bruce won the 1964 series, but Mayer was killed in practice for the final race at the Longford Circuit in Tasmania, prompting his brother and manager Teddy Mayer to become involved with the running of the team.[8][9] In 1964 and 1965, McLaren were based in New Malden, then Feltham, before settling on premises in Colnbrook.

During this period, Bruce drove for his team in sports car races in the United Kingdom and North America and also entered the 1965 Tasman Series with Phil Hill, but did not win it.[10] He continued to drive in Grands Prix for Cooper, but judging that team's form to be waning, decided to race his own cars in 1966.[11]

Racing history: Formula One

Early days (1966–1967)

The McLaren M2B the team's first Formula One car
The McLaren M7A of 1968 gave McLaren their first Formula One wins. It is driven here by Bruce McLaren at the Nürburgring in 1969.

Bruce made the team's Grand Prix debut at the 1966 Monaco race (of the current Formula One teams only Ferrari is older[12][nb 2]).[6] His race ended after nine laps due to a terminal oil leak.[14] The 1966 car was the M2B designed by Robin Herd, but the programme was hampered by a poor choice of engines: a 3.0-litre version of Ford's Indianapolis 500 engine and a Serenissima V8 were used, the latter scoring the team's first point in Britain, but both were underpowered and unreliable.[11][14] For 1967 Bruce decided to use a British Racing Motors (BRM) V12 engine, but due to delays with the engine, was forced initially to use a modified Formula Two car called the M4B powered by a 2.1-litre BRM V8, later building a similar but slightly larger car called the M5A for the V12.[14] Neither car brought great success, the best result being a fourth at Monaco.

McLaren's original logo was designed by Michael Turner and featured a kiwi bird, a New Zealand icon.[15][16]

Ford-Cosworth DFV engines (1968–1982)

For 1968, after driving McLaren's sole entry for the previous two years, Bruce was joined by 1967 champion and fellow New Zealander Denny Hulme, who was already racing for McLaren in Can-Am.[17][18] That year's new M7A car, Herd's final design for the team, was powered by Cosworth's new and soon to be ubiquitous DFV engine[19][20] (the DFV would go on to be used by McLaren until 1983) and with it a major upturn in form proceeded. Bruce won the Race of Champions at the Brands Hatch circuit and Hulme won the International Trophy at Silverstone, both non-championship races,[21] before Bruce took the team's first championship win at the Belgian Grand Prix.[22] Hulme also won the Italian and Canadian Grands Prix later in the year, helping the team to second in the constructors' championship. Using an updated 'C' version on the M7,[23] a further three podium finishes followed for Bruce in 1969, but the team's fifth win had to wait until the last race of the 1969 championship when Hulme won the Mexican Grand Prix. That year, McLaren experimented with four-wheel drive in the M9A, but the car had only a single outing driven by Derek Bell at the British Grand Prix; Bruce described driving it as like "trying to write your signature with somebody jogging your elbow".[24]

The year 1970 started with a second place each for Hulme and Bruce in the first two Grands Prix, but in June, Bruce was killed in a crash at Goodwood while testing the new M8D Can-Am car.[23] After his death, Teddy Mayer took over effective control of the team;[9] Hulme continued with Dan Gurney and Peter Gethin partnering him. Gurney won the first two Can-Am events at Mosport and St. Jovite and placed ninth in the third, but left the team mid-season, and Gethin took over from there. While 1971 began promisingly when Hulme led the opening round in South Africa before retiring with broken suspension,[25] ultimately Hulme, Gethin (who left for BRM mid-season,[26]) and Jackie Oliver again failed to score a win. The 1972 season saw improvements though: Hulme won the team's first Grand Prix for two-and-a-half years in South Africa and he and Peter Revson scored ten other podiums, the team finishing third in the constructors' championship. McLaren gave Jody Scheckter his Formula One debut at the final race at Watkins Glen.[26]. All McLaren drivers used the Ford-Cosworth engines, except for Andrea de Adamich and Nanni Galli who used engines from Alfa Romeo in 1970.

Emerson Fittipaldi won the 1974 drivers' championship with McLaren.

The McLaren M23, designed by Gordon Coppuck, was the team's new car for the 1973 Formula One season.[26] Sharing parts of the design of both McLaren's Formula One M19 and Indianapolis M16 cars (itself inspired by Lotus's 72),[27] it was a mainstay for four years.[28] Hulme won with it in Sweden and Revson took the only Grand Prix wins of his career in Britain and Canada. In 1974, Emerson Fittipaldi, world champion with Lotus two years earlier, joined McLaren.[29] Hulme, in his final Formula One campaign,[30] won the Argentinian season-opener; Fittipaldi, with wins in Brazil, Belgium and Canada, took the drivers' championship. It was a close fight for Fittipaldi, who secured the title with a fourth at the season-ending United States Grand Prix, putting him three points ahead of Ferrari's Clay Regazzoni. With Hulme and multiple motorcycle world champion Mike Hailwood, he also sealed McLaren's first constructors' championship. The year 1975 was less successful for the team: Fittipaldi was second in the championship behind Niki Lauda. Hulme's replacement Jochen Mass took his sole GP win in Spain.

At the end of 1975, Fittipaldi left to join his brother's Fittipaldi/Copersucar team.[29] With the top drivers already signed to other teams, Mayer turned to James Hunt, a driver on whom biographer Gerald Donaldson reflected as having "a dubious reputation".[31] In 1976, Lauda was again strong in his Ferrari; at midseason, he led the championship with 56 points whilst Hunt had only 26 despite wins in Spain (a race from which he was initially disqualified[32]) and France. At the German Grand Prix, though, Lauda crashed heavily, was nearly killed, and missed the next two races.[33] Hunt capitalised by winning four more Grands Prix giving him a three-point deficit going into the finale in Japan. Here it rained torentially, Lauda retired because of safety concerns, and Hunt sealed the drivers' championship by finishing third.[32] McLaren, though, lost the constructors' championship to Ferrari.

In 1977, the M23 was gradually replaced with the M26, the M23's final works outing being Gilles Villeneuve's Formula One debut with the team in a one-off appearance at the British Grand Prix.[34][35] Hunt won on three occasions that year, but the Lauda and Ferrari combination proved too strong, Hunt and McLaren managing just fifth and third in the respective championships. From there, results continued to worsen. Lotus and Mario Andretti took the 1978 titles with their 78 and 79 ground-effect cars[36] and neither Hunt nor Mass's replacement Patrick Tambay were able to seriously challenge with the nonground-effect M26.[37] Hunt was dropped at the end of 1978 in favour of Lotus's Ronnie Peterson, but when Peterson was killed by a crash at the Italian Grand Prix, John Watson was signed, instead.[38] No improvement occurred in 1979; Coppuck's M28 design was described by Mayer as "ghastly, a disaster" and "quite diabolical" and the M29 did little to change the situation.[38] Tambay scored no points and Watson only 15 to place the team eighth at the end of the year.

Five years after his first retirement, Lauda won his third title driving a McLaren MP4/2.
Alain Prost, pictured here at the 1985 German Grand Prix, won three drivers' championships with McLaren.
Equipped with Honda engines and the driving strength of Prost and Ayrton Senna for 1988, McLaren dominated the season, winning all but one race. Senna won his first world championship after a season-long battle with Prost.

The 1980s started much as the 1970s had ended: Alain Prost took over from Tambay[39] but Watson and he rarely scored points. Under increasing pressure since the previous year from principal sponsor Philip Morris and their executive John Hogan, Mayer was coerced into merging McLaren with Ron Dennis's Project Four Formula Two team, also sponsored by Philip Morris.[40][41] Dennis had designer John Barnard who, inspired by the carbon-fibre rear wings of the BMW M1 race cars that Project Four was preparing, had ideas for an innovative Formula One chassis constructed from carbon-fibre instead of conventional aluminium alloy.[42] On their own, they lacked the money to build it, but with investment that came with the merger it became the McLaren MP4 (later called MP4/1) of 1981, driven by Watson and Andrea de Cesaris.[43][44] In the MP4, Watson won the British Grand Prix and had three other podium finishes. Soon after the merger, McLaren moved from Colnbrook to a new base in Woking and Dennis and Mayer initially shared the managing directorship of the company; by 1982, Mayer had departed and Tyler Alexander's and his shareholdings had been bought by the new owners.[45][46]

TAG-Porsche and Honda engines (1983–1993)

In the early 1980s, teams like Renault, Ferrari and Brabham were using 1.5-litre turbocharged engines in favour of the 3.0-litre naturally aspirated engines that had been standard since 1966.[20] Seeing the need for a turbo engine of their own, in 1982, Dennis convinced Williams backer Techniques d'Avant Garde (TAG) to fund Porsche-built, TAG-branded turbo engines made to Barnard's specifications; TAG's founder Mansour Ojjeh would later become a McLaren shareholder. In the meantime, they continued with Cosworth engines as old rival Lauda came out of retirement to drive alongside Watson in that year's 1B development of the MP4.[43][47][48] They each won two races, Watson notably from 17th place on the grid in Detroit,[43] and McLaren were second in the constructors' title race. As part of a dispute with FISA, the sport's governing body, they boycotted the San Marino Grand Prix.[49] Although 1983 was not so fruitful, Watson did win again in the United States, this time from 22nd on the grid at Long Beach.[50]

Having been fired by Renault, Prost was once again at McLaren for 1984.[51] Now using the TAG engines, the team dominated, scoring 12 wins and two-and-a-half times as many constructors' points as nearest rival Ferrari. In the drivers' championship, Lauda prevailed over Prost by half a point, the narrowest margin ever.[52] The McLaren-TAGs were again strong in 1985; a third constructors' championship came their way whilst this time Prost won the drivers' championship. In 1986, the Williams team were resurgent with their Honda engine and drivers Nigel Mansell and Nelson Piquet, whilst at McLaren, Lauda's replacement, 1982 champion Keke Rosberg could not gel with the car. Williams took the constructors' championship, but for Prost, wins in San Marino, Monaco, and Austria combined with the fact that the Williams drivers were taking points from each other meant that he retained a chance going into the last race, the Australian Grand Prix. There, a puncture for Mansell and a precautionary pit stop for Piquet gave Prost the race win and his second title, making him the first driver to win back-to-back championships since Jack Brabham in 1959 and 1960.[53] In 1987 Barnard departed for Ferrari to be replaced by Steve Nichols (who himself joined Ferrari in 1989).[54][55][56] In the hands of Prost and Stefan Johansson, though, Nichols's MP4/3 and the TAG engine could not match the Williams-Honda.

For 1988, Honda switched their supply to McLaren and, encouraged by Prost, Dennis signed Ayrton Senna to drive.[57] Despite regulations reducing the boost pressure and fuel capacity (and therefore, power) of the turbo cars, Honda persisted with a turbocharged engine.[58] In the MP4/4, Senna and Prost engaged in a season-long battle, winning 15 of the 16 races (at the other race at Monza, Senna had been leading comfortably, but collided with back-marker Jean-Louis Schlesser[59]). At the Portuguese Grand Prix, their relationship soured when Senna squeezed Prost against the pit wall; Prost won, but afterwards said, "It was dangerous. If he wants the world championship that badly he can have it."[60] Prost scored more points that year, but because only the best 11 results counted, Senna took the title at the penultimate race in Japan.[61][62]

The next year, with turbos banned, Honda supplied a new 3.5-L naturally aspirated V10 engine[63] and McLaren again won both titles with the MP4/5. Their drivers' relationship continued to deteriorate, though, especially when, at the San Marino Grand Prix, Prost felt that Senna had reneged on an agreement not to pass each other at the first corner.[64] Believing that Honda and Dennis were favouring Senna, Prost announced mid-season that he would leave to drive at Ferrari the following year.[65] For the second year in succession, the drivers' championship was decided at the Japanese Grand Prix, this time in Prost's favour after Senna and he collided (Senna initially recovered and won the race, but was later disqualified).[66]

By 1993, Honda had withdrawn from F1 and the team used underpowered Ford V8 engines to power the MP4/8. Although Ayrton Senna (pictured at the German GP) won five races, McLaren was not a match for the dominant Williams team. After the 1993 Australian Grand Prix, the team failed to win a race until 1997.
Mika Häkkinen won the 1998 and 1999 drivers' championships with McLaren. He is shown here at the 1999 Canadian Grand Prix, an event which he won.

With former McLaren men Nichols and Prost (Barnard had moved to the Benetton team), Ferrari pushed the British team more closely in 1990. McLaren, in turn, brought in Ferrari's Gerhard Berger, but like the two seasons before, the drivers' championship was led by Prost and Senna and settled at the penultimate race in Japan. Here, Senna collided with Prost at the first corner, forcing both to retire, but this time Senna escaped punishment and took the title;[67] McLaren also won the constructors' championship. The 1991 year was another for McLaren and Senna, with the ascendent Renault-powered Williams team their closest challengers. By 1992, Williams, with their advanced FW14B car,[68] had overtaken McLaren, breaking their four-year run as champions, despite the latter winning four races.

Ford-Cosworth, Lamborghini and Peugeot engines (1993–1994)

Honda withdrew from the sport at end of the year. A deal to secure Renault engines fell through, which saw McLaren switching to customer Ford engines for the 1993 season.[69] Senna—who initially agreed only to a race-by-race contract before later signing for the whole year[70][71]—won five races, including a record-breaking sixth victory at Monaco and a win at the European Grand Prix, where he went from fifth to first on opening lap.[72] His team-mate, 1991 IndyCar champion Michael Andretti, fared much worse: he scored only seven points, and was replaced by test driver Mika Häkkinen for the final three rounds of the season.[73][74] Williams ultimately won both titles and Senna—who had flirted with moving there for 1993—signed with them for the 1994 season.[69][75] During the 1993 season McLaren took part in a seven part BBC Television documentary called A Season With McLaren.[76]

McLaren tested a Lamborghini V12 engine ahead of the 1994 season, as part of a prospective deal with then-Lamborghini owner Chrysler, before eventually deciding to use Peugeot engines. Thus powered, the MP4/9 was driven by Häkkinen and Martin Brundle, but no wins resulted, and Peugeot was dropped after a single year in favour of a Mercedes-Benz-branded, Ilmor-designed engine.[77]

Mercedes-Benz partnership (1995–2014)

The alliance with Mercedes started slowly: 1995's MP4/10 car was not a front-runner and Brundle's replacement, former champion Nigel Mansell, was unable to fit into the car at first and departed after just two races, with Mark Blundell taking his place.[78]

While Williams dominated in 1996, McLaren, now with David Coulthard alongside Häkkinen,[79] went a third successive season without a win. In 1997, however, Coulthard broke this run by winning the season-opening Australian Grand Prix; Häkkinen and he would each win another race before the end of the season, and highly rated designer Adrian Newey joined the team from Williams in August that year.[80] Despite the car's improved pace, unreliability proved costly throughout the season, with retirements at the British and Luxembourg Grands Prix occurring whilst Häkkinen was in the lead.

1998–2006

With Newey able to take advantage of new technical regulations for 1998,[81] and with Williams losing their works Renault engines, McLaren were once again able to challenge for the championship; F1 Racing magazine stated that the only way to increase their championship hopes was to hire Ferrari's double champion Michael Schumacher.[82] Häkkinen and Coulthard won five of the first six races despite the banning of the team's "brake steer" system, which allowed the rear brakes to be operated individually to reduce understeer, after a protest by Ferrari at the second race in Brazil.[83][84][85] Schumacher and Ferrari provided the greatest competition, the former levelled on points with Häkkinen with two races to go, but wins for Häkkinen at the Luxembourg and Japanese Grands Prix gave both him the drivers' championship and McLaren the constructors' championship. Häkkinen won his second drivers' championship the following season, but due to a combination of driver errors and mechanical failures, the team lost the constructors' title to Ferrari.

Mechanics push Kimi Räikkönen's MP4-19 into the garage during qualifying for the US Grand Prix at Indianapolis in 2004.

The year 2000 was not a repeat of recent successes: McLaren won seven races in a close fight with Ferrari, but ultimately Ferrari and Schumacher prevailed in both competitions. This marked the start of a decline in form as Ferrari cemented their position at the head of Formula One. In 2001, Häkkinen was outscored by Coulthard for the first time since 1997 and retired (ending Formula One's longest ever driver partnership), his place taken by Kimi Räikkönen,[86] then in 2002, Coulthard took their solitary win at Monaco while Ferrari repeated McLaren's 1988 feat of 15 wins in a season.

The year 2003 started very promisingly, with one win each for Coulthard and Räikkönen at the first two Grands Prix. However, they were hampered when the MP4-18 car designed for that year suffered crash test and reliability problems, forcing them to use a 'D' development of the year-old MP4-17.[87] Despite this, Räikkönen scored points consistently and challenged for the championship up to the final race, eventually losing by two points. The team began 2004 with the MP4-19, which technical director Adrian Newey described as "a debugged version of [the MP4-18]".[87] It was not a success, though, and was replaced mid-season by the MP4-19B. With this, Räikkönen scored the team's and his only win of the year at the Belgian Grand Prix, as McLaren finished fifth in the constructors' championship, their worst ranking since 1983.

Coulthard left for Red Bull Racing in 2005 to be replaced by former CART champion Juan Pablo Montoya for what was McLaren's most successful season in several years as he and Räikkönen won ten races. However, the unreliability of the MP4-20 cost a number of race victories when Räikkönen had been leading or in contention to win allowing Renault and their driver Fernando Alonso to capitalise and win both titles.

Kimi Räikkönen nearly won the drivers' championship in 2005.

In 2006, the team failed to build on the previous year's good form as the superior reliability and speed of the Ferraris and Renaults prevented the team from gaining any victories for the first time in a decade. Montoya parted company acrimoniously with the team to race in NASCAR after the United States Grand Prix, where he crashed into Räikkönen at the start; test driver Pedro de la Rosa deputised for the remainder of the season.[88] The team also lost Räikkönen to Ferrari at the end of the year.[89]

Steve Matchett argued that the poor reliability of McLaren in 2006 and recent previous years was due to a lack of team continuity and stability.[90] His cited examples of instability are logistical challenges related to the move to the McLaren Technology Centre, Adrian Newey's aborted move to Jaguar and later move to Red Bull, the subsequent move of Newey's deputy to Red Bull, and personnel changes at Ilmor.[90]

Fernando Alonso had a difficult and controversial year with McLaren in 2007.

2007–2014

The 2007 season had Fernando Alonso, who had been contracted over a year previously,[91] race alongside Formula One debutant and long-time McLaren protege Lewis Hamilton.[92] The pair scored four wins each and led the drivers' championship for much of the year, but tensions arose within the team, some commentators claiming that Alonso was unable to cope with Hamilton's competitiveness.[93] At the Hungarian Grand Prix, Alonso was judged to have deliberately impeded his team-mate during qualifying, so the team were not allowed to score constructors' points at the event.[94] Indeed, an internal agreement within the McLaren team stated that drivers would alternatively have an extra lap for qualifying, that Lewis Hamilton refused to accept for the Hungarian Grand Prix, explaining Alonso's decision. Subsequently, the McLaren team were investigated by the FIA for being in possession of proprietary detailed technical blueprints of Ferrari's car – the so-called "Spygate" controversy. At the first hearing, McLaren management consistently denied all knowledge, blaming a single "rogue engineer". However, in the final hearing, McLaren were found guilty and the team were excluded from the constructors' championship and fined $100M.[95] The drivers were allowed to continue without penalty, and whilst Hamilton led the drivers' championship heading into the final race in Brazil, Räikkönen in the Ferrari won the race and the drivers' championship, a single point ahead of both McLaren drivers. In November, Alonso and McLaren agreed to terminate their contract by mutual consent, Heikki Kovalainen filling the vacant seat alongside Hamilton.[96][97]

Lewis Hamilton won 2008's season-opening race in Australia and went on to win the title.

In 2008, a close fight ensued between Hamilton and the Ferraris of Felipe Massa and Räikkönen; Hamilton won five times and despite also crossing the finish line first at the Belgian Grand Prix, he was deemed to have gained an illegal advantage by cutting a chicane during an overtake and was controversially demoted to third.[98] Going into the final race in Brazil, Hamilton had a seven-point lead over Massa. Massa won there, but Hamilton dramatically clinched his first drivers' championship by moving into the necessary fifth position at the final corner of the final lap of the race. Despite winning his first Grand Prix in Hungary, Kovalainen finished the season only seventh in the overall standings, allowing Ferrari to take the constructors' title.

Before the start of the 2009 season, Dennis retired as team principal, handing responsibility to Martin Whitmarsh,[99] but the year started badly: the MP4-24 car was off the pace and the team was given a three-race suspended ban for misleading stewards at the Australian and Malaysian Grands Prix.[100] Despite these early problems, a late revival had Hamilton win at the Hungarian and Singapore Grands Prix. McLaren signed that year's champion, Jenson Button, to replace Kovalainen alongside Hamilton in 2010.[101]

Button won twice (in Australia and China) and Hamilton three times (in Turkey, Canada, and Belgium), but they and McLaren failed to win their respective championships, that year's MP4-25 largely outpaced by Red Bull's RB6.

Hamilton and Button remained with the team into 2011, with Hamilton winning three races – China, Germany, and Abu Dhabi and Button also winning three races – Canada, Hungary, and Japan. Button finished the driver's championship in second place with 270 points behind 2011 Drivers' Champion Sebastian Vettel of Red Bull Racing, ahead of Hamilton's 227 points. McLaren were second in the Constructors' Championship to Red Bull Racing.

Sergio Pérez driving for McLaren at the 2013 Malaysian Grand Prix

In 2012, McLaren won the first race of the year in Australia with a 1–3 finish for Button and Hamilton, while Hamilton went on to win in Canada, but by the mid-way mark of the season at the team's home race at Silverstone, the McLaren cars managed only eighth place (Hamilton) and 10th place (Button), while the drivers' and constructors' championships were being dominated by Red Bull Racing and Ferrari, whose cars occupied the first four places of the British Grand Prix, this was partially due to pit stop problems and Button's loss of form after not working as well with the new car as Hamilton and the car not adapting to the Pirelli tyres. The car also suffered reliability problems which cost the team and its drivers numerous potential points, most notably in Singapore and Abu Dhabi, where Hamilton had been leading from the front in both races.[102]

Sergio Pérez replaced Hamilton for 2013, after Hamilton decided to leave for Mercedes.[103][104] The team's car for the season, the MP4-28, was launched on 31 January 2013.[105] The car struggled to compete with the other top teams and the season had McLaren fail to produce a podium finish for the first time since 1980.[106]

Kevin Magnussen replaced Pérez for 2014, and Ron Dennis, who had remained at arm's length since stepping down from the team principal role, returned as CEO of the operation.[106] McLaren were the first team to officially launch their 2014 car, the MP4-29, which was revealed on 24 January 2014.[106] They had a largely unsuccessful 2014; their best result was in Australia where – after Daniel Ricciardo's disqualification from second place – Magnussen finished second and Button third. Button subsequently finished fourth in Canada, Britain, and Russia. Their highest grid position was in Britain with Button's third place on the grid.[107]

Return to Honda power (2015–)

Alonso (no.14) and Button (no.22) line astern at the 2015 Malaysian Grand Prix

For 2015, McLaren ended their engine deal with Mercedes and reforged their historical partnership with Honda. After a prolonged period, the team announced both Fernando Alonso and Jenson Button as their race drivers, with Kevin Magnussen demoted to test driver. During pre-season testing at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in February, Alonso suffered a concussion and, as a result, Kevin Magnussen replaced him for the season opening Australian Grand Prix in March. At that inaugural race for the new partnership, Button's Honda-powered car was lapped twice[108] and finished last, that being the McLaren-Honda's longest stint of running to that date. Following considerable unreliability and initial suggestions that the Honda engine was underpowered relative to its competitors, steady performance gains eventually resulted in Button managing to score McLaren-Honda's first (four) points at the 2015 Monaco Grand Prix, the team's sixth race.[109] By contrast, Alonso scored his first point a further three races later at the 2015 British Grand Prix.[110] The 2015 Hungarian Grand Prix, which was Honda's 350th race as an engine supplier, became the first time that the new partnership scored double points (with Alonso and Button finishing fifth and ninth, respectively).[111][112] However, at the Belgian Grand Prix McLaren was given a record 105 grid penalty for changing power unit components.[113] The team finished ninth in the constructors standings marking McLaren's worst points finish since 1980.

Fernando Alonso during qualifying for the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix
Stoffel Vandoorne in the 2017 McLaren MCL32, showing the new orange livery

McLaren retained their Alonso - Button pair for the 2016 season. The second year of the renewed Honda partnership was much more promising than the first with McLaren being able to challenge for top 10 positions on a more regular basis, while still carrying an underpowered Honda Power Unit. However, the season started with a massive crash at the 2016 Australian Grand Prix in which Fernando Alonso sustained rib fractures and a collapsed lung after colliding with Esteban Gutiérrez and somersaulting into the crash barriers. Alonso, as a result of his injuries was forced to miss the second round of the Championship, the 2016 Bahrain Grand Prix and was replaced by reserve driver Stoffel Vandoorne. Vandoorne produced an impressive performance in his first race to score the team's first point with 10th place. The next points for McLaren came at the 2016 Russian Grand Prix with Alonso and Button finishing sixth and 10th respectively. The rain affected 2016 Monaco Grand Prix was one of best races of the season for the team. Alonso finished fifth, having kept Nico Rosberg's Mercedes behind him for 46 laps, while Button scored two points with ninth. At the 2016 Austrian Grand Prix, Button recorded his best result of the season with sixth place after qualifying third in a wet/dry session. After a disappointing display at their home race, the 2016 British Grand Prix at Silverstone, the team scored points at the next three rounds with six points in Hungary, four in Germany and six points again thanks to an impressive seventh place finish from Alonso at the 2016 Belgian Grand Prix. At the 2016 United States Grand Prix, McLaren matched their Monaco result with 12 points after an attacking race from Alonso saw him claim fifth position while Button once again finished ninth. After a season of significant progress compared to 2015, Alonso and Button finished the championship in 10th and 15th places respectively with the team ending the season in sixth place in the Constructors Championship with 76 points. On 3 September 2016, Jenson Button announced he would take a sabbatical from Formula One for the 2017 season. He then confirmed on 25 November, that he would retire from F1 altogether with Vandoorne being Alonso's new Teammate for 2017.

In February 2017, McLaren signed Lando Norris to their Young Driver Programme.[114]

Racing history: other series

Can-Am

The McLaren M1A sports car of 1964 was the team's first self-designed car. The 'B' version raced in Can-Am in 1966.

McLaren's first sports-racing car was the Group 7 M1 – with a small-block Chevrolet engine in a modified Elva chassis. The car was raced in North America and Europe in 1963 and 1964 in various G7 and United States Road Racing Championship events. For the Can-Am Series, which started in 1966, McLaren created the M3 which Bruce and Chris Amon drove – customer cars also appeared in a number of races in the 1966 season. With the M3, they led two races, but scored no wins, and the inaugural title was taken by John Surtees in a Lola T70. The following year, Robin Herd purpose-designed the Chevrolet V8-powered M6A, delays with the Formula One programme allowing the team to spend extra resources on developing the Can-Am car which was the first to be painted in McLaren orange. With Denny Hulme now partnering Bruce, they won five of six races and Bruce won the championship, setting the pattern for the next four years. In 1968, they used a new car, the M8, to win four races; non-works McLarens took the other two, but this time Hulme was victorious overall. In 1969, McLaren domination became total as they won all 11 races with the M8B; Hulme won five, and Bruce won six and the driver's championship.[18] From 1969 onwards, McLaren M12 – the customer "variant" of the M8 – was driven by a number of entrants, including a version modified by Jim Hall of Chaparral fame. McLaren's success in Can-Am brought with it financial rewards, both prize money and money from selling cars to other teams, that helped to support the team and fund the nascent and relatively poor-paying Formula One programme.[18][115]

Bruce McLaren was killed testing a McLaren M8D at Goodwood in 1970.

When Bruce was killed testing the 1970 season's M8D, he was at first replaced by Dan Gurney, then later by Peter Gethin. They won two and one races, respectively, while Hulme won six on the way to the championship. Private teams competing in the 1970 Can-Am series included older M3Bs as well as the M12 – the customer version of the team's M8B. In 1971, the team held off the challenge of 1969 world champion Jackie Stewart in the Lola T260, winning eight races, with Peter Revson taking the title. Hulme also won three Can-Am races in 1972, but the McLaren M20 was defeated by the Porsche 917/10s of Mark Donohue and George Follmer. Faced by the greater resources of Porsche, McLaren decided to abandon Can-Am at the end of 1972 and focus solely on open-wheel racing.[18] When the original Can-Am series ceased at the end of 1974, McLaren were by far the most successful constructor with 43 wins.[116]

Indianapolis 500

The McLaren M16C was driven by Peter Revson in the 1972 Indianapolis 500

McLaren first contested the United States Auto Club's (USAC) Indianapolis 500 race in 1970, encouraged by their tyre supplier Goodyear, which wanted to break competitor Firestone's stranglehold on the event. With the M15 car, Bruce, Chris Amon, and Denny Hulme entered, but after Amon withdrew and Hulme was severely burned on the hands in an incident in practice, Peter Revson and Carl Williams took their places in the race to retire and finish seventh, respectively. The team also contested some of the more prestigious races in the USAC championship that year, as they would do in subsequent years.[117] For 1971 they had a new car, the M16, which driver Mark Donohue said "...obsoleted every other car on track..." At that year's Indianapolis 500, Revson qualified on pole and finished second, whilst in 1972, Donohue won in privateer Team Penske's M16B.[118] The 1973 event had Johnny Rutherford join the team; he qualified on pole, but finished ninth, Revson crashed out.[119] McLaren won their first Indianapolis 500 in 1974 with Rutherford. The McLaren and Rutherford combination was second in 1975 and won again in 1976.[120] Developments of the M16 had been used throughout this period until the new M24 car was introduced in 1977. The team did not reproduce their recent success at Indianapolis in 1977, 1978, or 1979, and although they continued to win other USAC races, by the end of 1979, they decided to end their involvement.[121] On 12 April 2017, McLaren revealed they will participate in the 2017 Indianapolis 500 with their current Formula 1 driver Fernando Alonso at the wheel of a Honda powered Andretti Autosport IndyCar.[122]

Customer cars

The McLaren F1 GTR, competing during the 1995 BPR Global GT Series season

Besides the cars raced by the works team, a variety of McLaren racing cars have also been used by customer teams. In their formative years, McLaren built Formula Two,[123] hillclimbing,[124] Formula 5000[125] and sports racing cars[126] that were sold to customers. Lacking the capacity to build the desired numbers, Trojan was subcontracted to construct some of them.[123][125][126] In Can-Am, Trojan built customer versions of the M6 and M8 cars and ex-works cars were sold to privateers when new models arrived; half of the field was McLarens at some races. Author Mark Hughes says, "over 220" McLarens were built by Trojan.[18] In USAC competition and Formula One, too, many teams used McLarens during the late 1960s and 1970s.[127] A 1972 M8F was rebuilt as the C8 for use in Group C racing in 1982, but had little success.[128]

In the mid-1990s, McLaren Racing's sister company, McLaren Cars (now McLaren Automotive) built a racing version of their F1 road car, the F1 GTR which won the 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans and the 1995 and 1996 BPR Global GT Series.[129] More recently, a GT3 version of their new MP4-12C road car was announced, and will be entered by CRS Racing in the FIA GT3 European Championship.[130]

Characteristics

Ron Dennis, here pictured at the 2000 Monaco Grand Prix, was team principal from 1980 to 2009 and was chairman of the McLaren Group until 2017.

McLaren Racing is part of the McLaren Group which includes five other associated companies;[131] in 2009 the Group was said to have "more than 1300" employees.[132] Since 2004 the team has been based at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking, United Kingdom.[133] Facilities there include a wind tunnel and a driving simulator which is said to be the most sophisticated in the sport.[134] The Mercedes engines were built by the car-maker's Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains subsidiary (formerly Mercedes-Ilmor) in Brixworth, Northamptonshire.[135] Honda replaced Mercedes as McLaren's engine supplier from the 2015 season.[136]

Ownership and management

Ron Dennis is chairman of the Group—a role from which he resigned in 2009 before retaking it a year later[137]—and has also been chief executive officer since January 2014. Dennis removed the position of team principal;[138] Martin Whitmarsh held the role of team principal from 2009 to 2013.[139] Éric Boullier was named racing director in January 2014, becoming responsible for the F1 team.[140]

McLaren Racing Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of McLaren Group. In 2000, Mercedes's parent company Daimler (then DaimlerChrysler) bought a 40% share of McLaren Group, which they maintained until 2009 when they bought out the championship-winning Brawn team and began to sell back their McLaren stake.[141][142]

As of January 2014, the Bahrain royal family's Mumtalakat investment company owns 50% of McLaren Group and Ron Dennis owns 25%. His business partner Mansour Ojjeh owns the remaining 25%.[139]

Politics

McLaren has had an uneasy relationship with the Formula One's governing body, the FIA, and its predecessor FISA, as well as with the commercial rights holder of the sport. In the early 1980s, McLaren were involved, along with the other teams of the Formula One Constructors Association, in a dispute over control of the sport with FISA and the teams of car manufacturers Alfa Romeo, Renault, and Ferrari. This was known as the FISA-FOCA war and had a breakaway series threatened, FISA refusing to sanction one race, and another race boycotted by FOCA. It was eventually resolved by a revenue-sharing deal called the Concorde Agreement.[143][144][145] Subsequent Concorde Agreements were signed in 1987 and 1992, but in 1996, McLaren were again one of the teams pitched into dispute over the terms of a new agreement, this time with former FOCA president Bernie Ecclestone's Formula One Promotions and Administration organisation. McLaren rejected the Concorde Agreement of 1997 before signing a new 10-year agreement in 1998.[146] Arguments over the commercial structure and regulations in the sport restarted in the mid-2000s with McLaren and their part-owner Mercedes again amongst teams threatening to start a rival series until 2009 when another Concorde Agreement, effective until the end of 2012, was settled upon.[147] In 2007, McLaren were involved in an espionage controversy after their chief designer Mike Coughlan obtained confidential technical information from Ferrari. McLaren was excluded from the constructors' championship and fined US$100 million.[95][148]

Sponsorship, naming, and livery

McLaren's Formula One team was sponsored for 23 years by Philip Morris's Marlboro cigarette brand.

McLaren's Formula One team was originally called Bruce McLaren Motor Racing, and for their first season ran white-and-green coloured cars, which came about as a result of a deal with the makers of the film Grand Prix.[149]

Between 1968 and 1971, the team used an orange design, which was also applied to cars competing in the Indianapolis 500 and Can-Am series, and was used as an interim testing livery in later years.[149][150][151]

In 1968, the Royal Automobile Club and the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile relaxed the rules regarding commercial sponsorship of Formula One cars,[152][153] and in 1972, the Yardley of London cosmetics company became McLaren's first title sponsor,[154] and the livery was changed to a predominantly white one to reflect the sponsor's colours.[155] This changed in 1974, when Philip Morris joined as title sponsor through their Marlboro cigarette brand, whilst one car continued to run—ostensibly by a separate team—with Yardley livery for the year.[154] Marlboro's red-and-white branding lasted until 1996, during which time the team went by various names incorporating the word "Marlboro", making it the then longest-running Formula One sponsorship at the time (this has since been surpassed by Hugo Boss sponsorship of the team, which ran from 1981 to 2014).[156][157][158][159]

In 1997, Philip Morris parted ways with McLaren, moving to Ferrari, instead. The Malboro sponsorship was replaced by Reemtsma's West cigarette branding, with the team entering under the name "West McLaren Mercedes",[160] and adopting a silver and black livery.

By mid-2005, a European Union directive banned tobacco advertising in sport, which forced McLaren to end its association with West.[161] In 2006, the team competed without a title sponsor, entering under the name "Team McLaren Mercedes". McLaren altered their livery to introduce red into the design, and changed the silver to chrome.

In 2007, McLaren signed a seven-year contract with telecommunications company Vodafone, and became known as "Vodafone McLaren Mercedes".[162] The arrangement was due to last until 2014, although the team announced at the 2013 Australian Grand Prix that their partnership would conclude at the end of the 2013 season.[163] Despite explaining the decision to conclude the sponsorship as being a result of Vodafone's desire to reconsider its commercial opportunities, it was later reported that the decision to run the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix in spite of an ongoing civil uprising and protests against the race, and Vodafone's inability to remove their logos from the McLaren cars during the race as being a key factor in the decision to terminate the sponsorship.[164] Diageo-owned whisky brand Johnnie Walker, an associate sponsor since 2005, offered to take over as title sponsor at the end of 2013, but their offer of £43m was turned down by McLaren chairman Ron Dennis, who believed it to be "too small."[165]

At the end of 2015, it was announced that McLaren were due to lose sponsor TAG Heuer to Red Bull Racing. McLaren chief Ron Dennis later admitted to falling out with TAG Heuer CEO Jean-Claude Biver.

In 2015 McLaren were without a title sponsor, and set to lose a further £20m in sponsorship in 2016.[165]

McLaren's early cars were named simply with the letter M followed by a number and sometimes a letter denoting the model.[166] From the 1981 merger with Project Four, the cars were called "MP4/x", or since 2001 "MP4-x",[167] where x is the generation of the chassis (e.g. MP4/1, MP4-22). "MP4" stood initially for "Marlboro Project 4",[168] so that the full title of the cars (McLaren MP4/x) reflected not only the historical name of the team, but also the names of the team's major sponsor and its new component part. Since the change of title sponsor in 1997, "MP4" was said to stand for "McLaren Project 4".[169] From 2017, the naming scheme of the cars changed to "MCL" followed by a number, and the colour scheme is also changed to orange to reflect on McLaren's coporate colours, following Ron Dennis' departure from the team.[4]

McLaren Young Driver Programme

As of 22 February 2017, the following drivers are a part of the McLaren Young Driver Programme:[170]

Driver Years Current Series Titles
Netherlands Nyck de Vries 2010-17 FIA Formula 2 Championship Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0
Formula Renault 2.0 Alps
Japan Nobuharu Matsushita 2016-17 FIA Formula 2 Championship Formula Challenge Japan
All-Japan Formula Three Championship
United Kingdom Lando Norris 2017 FIA European Formula 3 Championship MSA Formula
Toyota Racing Series
Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0
Formula Renault 2.0 NEC

Formula One World Championship results

Drivers' champions

Seven drivers have won a total of twelve drivers' championships with McLaren:[171]

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Individual driver numbers were not allocated at the time, as numbers differed by event.

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Includes John Surtees' fastest lap in the 1970 South African Grand Prix in a non-works McLaren.
  2. ↑ Current team Mercedes first competed in 1954–1955, but did not race again until 2010.[13]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 "Jenson Button, Ron Dennis, Stoffel Vandoorne on McLaren's 2017 plans". Sky Sports. 3 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  2. ↑ "Jenson Button to race at Monaco for McLaren-Honda". McLaren. 14 April 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 "Reserve, Test & Development Drivers". McLaren. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  4. 1 2 "McLaren announce new car name". Formula1.com. Formula One World Championship Ltd. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  5. ↑ "McLaren-Honda MCL32 Technical Specification". McLaren. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  6. 1 2 "McLAREN IN FORMULA 1". mclaren.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
  7. ↑ Nye 1988, p. 65
  8. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 15
  9. 1 2 Henry, Alan (6 February 2009). "Obituary: Teddy Mayer". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
  10. ↑ Nye 1988, pp. 72–85
  11. 1 2 Henry 1999, p. 18
  12. ↑ "Formula One Teams". Formula One. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
  13. ↑ "Mercedes Grand Prix team profile". BBC Sport. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  14. 1 2 3 "Formula One – hard and unforgiving". Bruce McLaren Trust. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  15. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 14
  16. ↑ "The World Factbook – New Zealand". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  17. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 22
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Hughes, Mark. "Clockwork Orange – McLaren Domination". Bruce McLaren Trust. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
  19. ↑ Nye 1988, p. 54
  20. 1 2 Tremayne & Hughes 1998, pp. 223–228
  21. ↑ "M7A: McLaren's lucky number". Motor Sport. Stratfield. 84 (8). August 2008.
  22. ↑ "McLaren Team Profile". Formula 1 – The Official F1 Website. Formula One. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
  23. 1 2 Henry 1999, p. 24
  24. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 23–24
  25. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 25
  26. 1 2 3 Henry 1999, p. 26
  27. ↑ Nye 1988, p. 174
  28. ↑ Henry 1999, Appendix 1
  29. 1 2 Donaldson, Gerald. "Emerson Fittipaldi". Formula 1 – The Official F1 Website. Formula One. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  30. ↑ Donaldson, Gerald. "Denny Hulme". Formula 1 – The Official F1 Website. Formula One. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  31. ↑ Donaldson, Gerald (1995). James Hunt: The Biography. CollinsWillow. p. 158. ISBN 0-00-218493-1.
  32. 1 2 Henry 1999, p. 32
  33. ↑ Donaldson, Gerald. "Niki Lauda". Formula 1 – The Official F1 Website. Formula One. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  34. ↑ Donaldson, Gerald (2003). Villeneuve: The Life of the Legendary Racing Driver (1st paperback ed.). Virgin Books. p. 80. ISBN 0-7535-0747-1.
  35. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 34
  36. ↑ Jones, Bruce, ed. (1997). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Formula One. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 43. ISBN 0-340-70783-6.
  37. ↑ Nye 1988, pp. 211–213
  38. 1 2 Henry 1999, p. 33
  39. ↑ Donaldson, Gerald. "Alain Prost". Formula 1 – The Official F1 Website. Formula One. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  40. ↑ Henry, Alan (25 February 2003). "Motor Racing: Jaguar land Crocodile's brother". The Guardian. UK. p. 31. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
  41. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 37
  42. ↑ Henry 1999, pp. 37–40
  43. 1 2 3 Widdows, Rob (May 2007). "Carbon natural". Motor Sport. Stratfield. 83 (5).
  44. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 41
  45. ↑ Nye 1988, pp. 42–43
  46. ↑ Nye 1988, pp. 48–49
  47. ↑ Henry 1999, pp. 42–44
  48. ↑ Blundsden, John (7 July 1988). "Dennis confronts the difficulties of his own success". The Times. UK.
  49. ↑ Nye 1988, p. 235
  50. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 45
  51. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 46
  52. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 53
  53. ↑ Henry 1999, pp. 57–63
  54. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 63
  55. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 78
  56. ↑ Tremayne & Hughes 1998, pp. 198–199
  57. ↑ Roebuck, Nigel (October 2008). "The best of enemies". Motor Sport. Stratfield. 84 (10).
  58. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 65
  59. ↑ Rubython 2006, p. 170
  60. ↑ Rubython 2006, p. 171
  61. ↑ "1988 FIA Formula One World Championship". Formula 1 – The Official F1 Website. Formula One. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  62. ↑ Henry 1999, pp. 70–71
  63. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 71
  64. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 73
  65. ↑ "Ayrton Senna by Alain Prost". prostfan.com. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  66. ↑ Henry 1999, pp. 76–77
  67. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 80
  68. ↑ "The changing face of F1". BBC Sport. 28 February 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  69. 1 2 Henry 1999, pp. 87–88
  70. ↑ Rubython 2006, p. 282
  71. ↑ Rubython 2006, pp. 288–289
  72. ↑ Henry 1999, pp. 89–91
  73. ↑ Rubython 2006, p. 290
  74. ↑ "Andretti in Indy 500 return". BBC Sport. 27 March 2001. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  75. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 95
  76. ↑ "The TEAM – A SEASON WITH MCLAREN". British Film Institute Film & TV Database. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
  77. ↑ Henry 1999, pp. 95–101
  78. ↑ Allsop, Derick (24 May 1995). "Mansell faces retirement after McLaren exit". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
  79. ↑ Henry 1999, p. 104
  80. ↑ "Newey's magic touch". BBC Sport. 2 June 2001. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  81. ↑ Wright, Peter (8 March 1998). "The 1998 Formula 1 cars". grandprix.com. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  82. ↑ F1 Racing. December 1997. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  83. ↑ Bishop, Matt. "Pedal to Metal". The Best of F1 Racing 1996–2006. p. 66.
  84. ↑ Tremayne, David (29 March 1998). "Motor Racing: No brake in McLaren routine". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  85. ↑ Tremayne & Hughes 1998, p. 232
  86. ↑ "Hakkinen announces retirement". BBC Sport. 26 July 2002. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  87. 1 2 Benson, Andrew (23 December 2003). "Bold new dawn for McLaren". BBC Sport. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  88. ↑ "McLaren agree to release Montoya". BBC Sport. 11 July 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  89. ↑ "Ferrari reveal Raikkonen signing". BBC Sport. 10 September 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  90. 1 2 Matchett, Steve (June 2007). "No-catch 22". F1 Racing. Haymarket Publishing. pp. 58–63.
  91. ↑ Moffitt, Alastair (20 December 2005). "Alonso to make shock switch from Renault to McLaren". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
  92. ↑ "Hamilton gets 2007 McLaren drive". BBC. 24 November 2006. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
  93. ↑ "How Hamilton drove Alonso to the edge". BBC Sport. 16 September 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
  94. ↑ "Hungarian Grand Prix 2007". BBC. 5 August 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
  95. 1 2 "McLaren hit with constructors' ban". BBC Sport. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  96. ↑ Benson, Andrew (2 November 2007). "Alonso secures exit from McLaren". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
  97. ↑ "Kovalainen to partner Hamilton at McLaren for 2008". Formula One. 14 December 2007. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
  98. ↑ Smith, Ben (8 September 2008). "World media bemused by Lewis Hamilton decision". The Times. UK. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
  99. ↑ Eason, Kevin (16 January 2009). "Ron Dennis leaves McLaren in safe hands". The Times. UK. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  100. ↑ "McLaren given suspended race ban". BBC Sport. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
  101. ↑ Benson, Andrew (18 November 2009). "Button joins Hamilton at McLaren". BBC Sport. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  102. ↑ "Abu Dhabi GP: Lewis Hamilton says McLaren not good enough". BBC Sport. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  103. ↑ Benson, Andrew (28 September 2012). "Lewis Hamilton to leave McLaren after signing Mercedes contract". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  104. ↑ "Lewis Hamilton: Sergio Perez joins McLaren from Sauber". BBC Sport. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  105. ↑ "McLaren set to launch MP4-28 on January 31". ESPN F1. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  106. 1 2 3 Benson, Andrew. "BBC Sport – McLaren unveil MP4-29 car for 2014 Formula 1 season". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  107. ↑ "Data Search Results". chicanef1.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  108. ↑ "2015 Results - Sunday Tab". grandprix.com.au. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.
  109. ↑ "Jenson Button proud of first McLaren 2015 F1 points in Monaco GP". Autosport. 25 May 2015.
  110. ↑ "Race Notes > Sunday - British GP > F1 2015". Grandprix.com.
  111. ↑ "Hungarian Grand Prix 2015 - live". 26 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  112. ↑ Ramsey, Jonathon (31 July 2015). "Race Recap: 2015 Hungarian Grand Prix is Magyar for 'What a race!'". AutoBlog. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  113. ↑ Benson, Andrew (22 August 2015). "Belgian Grand Prix: McLaren given 105-place grid penalty". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  114. ↑ Benson, Andrew (22 February 2017). "Lando Norris: McLaren sign British teenager to young driver programme". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  115. ↑ Nye 1988, p. 36
  116. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 301
  117. ↑ Nye 1988, pp. 125–128
  118. ↑ Nye 1988, pp. 136–137
  119. ↑ Nye 1988, p. 143
  120. ↑ Nye 1988, p. 144
  121. ↑ Nye 1988, pp. 146–148
  122. ↑ Noble, Jonathan; Straw, Edd (12 April 2017). "Fernando Alonso to race in 2017 Indianapolis 500". autosport.com. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  123. 1 2 Nye 1988, p. 92
  124. ↑ Nye 1988, p. 86
  125. 1 2 Nye 1988, Appendix 2
  126. 1 2 Nye 1988, p. 76
  127. ↑ Nye 1988, pp. 128–213
  128. ↑ "McLaren C8". Tutto McLaren. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  129. ↑ "McLAREN F1 GTR RACE CAR – INTRODUCTION". mclarenautomotive.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  130. ↑ "New McLaren MP4-12C GT3 breaks cover". McLaren GT. McLaren Group. 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  131. ↑ "McLaren Group". mclaren.com. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  132. ↑ "Exclusive Ron Dennis interview – the F1 love affair continues". Formula 1 – The Official F1 Website. Formula One. 29 January 2009. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  133. ↑ "Highlights". mclaren.com. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  134. ↑ Allen, James (30 December 2009). "F1 in the Future – Simulation and Gaming". James Allen on F1. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  135. ↑ "Who we are". Mercedes-Benz. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  136. ↑ Benson, Andrew (16 May 2013). "Honda to return in 2015 as McLaren engine supplier". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  137. ↑ Bryant, Tom (16 April 2009). "Ron Dennis steps down from formula one team McLaren". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  138. ↑ Benson, Andrew (6 March 2014). "McLaren: Ron Dennis believes team will win races this year". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  139. 1 2 "Ron Dennis replaces Martin Whitmarsh as CEO in coup". BBC Sport. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  140. ↑ Benson, Andrew (29 January 2014). "Eric Boullier appointed racing director at McLaren after Lotus exit". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  141. ↑ "Hitching a ride". The Guardian. 4 February 2000. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  142. ↑ Benson, Andrew (16 November 2009). "Mercedes takes over Brawn F1 team". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
  143. ↑ Tremayne & Hughes 1998, p. 114
  144. ↑ Collings 2004, pp. 116–117
  145. ↑ Collings 2004, pp. 145–148
  146. ↑ Collings 2004, pp. 217–224
  147. ↑ "New deal ends F1 breakaway fears". BBC Sport. 1 August 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  148. ↑ "World Motor Sport Council: Decision" (PDF). Marcas de coches. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  149. 1 2 "The Colours of McLaren". The Bruce McLaren Movie Official Website. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  150. ↑ von Wegner, Alexander (1999). "Grand Prix Motor Racing". Speed and Power. Parragon. p. 77. ISBN 0-7525-3144-1.
  151. ↑ "Orange livery for interim McLaren". Formula 1 – The Official F1 Website. Formula One. 9 January 2006. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  152. ↑ Tremayne & Hughes 1998, pp. 238–239
  153. ↑ Tremayne & Hughes 1998, p. 248
  154. 1 2 Tremayne & Hughes 1998, p. 246
  155. ↑ Taylor 2009, pp. 98–101
  156. ↑ "Hugo Boss". mclaren.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  157. ↑ Tremayne & Hughes 1998, p. 250
  158. ↑ "Hugo Boss switches from McLaren to Mercedes". GPUpdate.net. JHED Media BV. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  159. ↑ "McLaren Seasons". Grand Prix Archive. Crash Media Group. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  160. ↑ "Hill linked again with McLaren". The Independent. 28 August 1996. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  161. ↑ Tremayne, David (1 August 2005). "Minority stall as tobacco ban starts". The Independent. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  162. ↑ "McLaren seal deal with Vodafone". BBC Sport. 14 December 2005. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
  163. ↑ Collantine, Keith (14 March 2013). "McLaren to lose Vodafone title sponsorship". F1 Fanatic. Keith Collantine. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  164. ↑ Fildes, Nic (14 March 2013). "Bahrain violence convinces Vodafone to end its F1 deal". The Times. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  165. 1 2 "McLaren set to lose £20m in sponsorship next year". Telegraph.co.uk. 4 September 2015.
  166. ↑ Nye 1988, Appendix 1
  167. ↑ "History of McLaren – Timeline – The 2000s". mclaren.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  168. ↑ Schlegelmilch, Rainer W.; Lehbrink, Hartmut (1999). McLaren Formula 1. Könemann. p. 98. ISBN 3-8290-0945-3.
  169. ↑ "Formula One Teams Profile: McLaren". espnstar.com. ESPN. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
  170. ↑ "2017 McLaren-Honda Young Driver Programme members revealed". 22 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  171. ↑ "Hall of Fame - the World Champions". Formula One Management. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

Bibliography

Sporting positions
Preceded by
Lotus		 Formula One Constructors' Champion
1974 		Succeeded by
Ferrari
Preceded by
Ferrari		 Formula One Constructors' Champion
1984–1985 		Succeeded by
Williams
Preceded by
Williams		 Formula One Constructors' Champion
1988–1989–1990–1991 		Succeeded by
Williams
Preceded by
Williams		 Formula One Constructors' Champion
1998 		Succeeded by
Ferrari
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.