Vitamin D-binding protein
Vitamin D-binding protein, also/originally known as gc-globulin (group-specific component), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GC gene.[5][6]
Function
Vitamin D-binding protein belongs to the albumin gene family, together with human serum albumin and alpha-fetoprotein. It is a multifunctional protein found in plasma, ascitic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and on the surface of many cell types. It binds to vitamin D and its plasma metabolites and transports them to target tissues.[6]
As Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor it is a Macrophage Activating Factor (MAF) that has been tested for use as a cancer treatment that would activate macrophages against cancer cells.[7]
Production
It is synthesized by hepatic parenchymal cells and secreted into the [blood] circulation. [8]
Structure
Human GC is a glycosylated alpha-globulin, ~58 kDa in size. Its 458 amino acids are coded for by 1690 nucleotides on chromosome 4 (4q11–q13). The primary structure contains 28 cysteine residues forming multiple disulfide bonds. GC contains 3 domains. Domain 1 is composed of 10 alpha helices, domain 2 of 9, and domain 3 of 4.[9]
Many genetic variants of the GC gene are known and they produce 6 main haplotypes and 3 main protein variants (Gc1S, Gc1F and Gc2).[8] The genetic variations have been found to correlate with the response to vitamin D supplementation.[8]
Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]
- ↑ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "VitaminDSynthesis_WP1531".
References
- 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000145321 - Ensembl, May 2017
- 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035540 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
- ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
- ↑ Mikkelsen M, Jacobsen P, Henningsen K (Jul 1977). "Possible localization of Gc-System on chromosome 4. Loss of long arm 4 material associated with father-child incompatibility within the Gc-System". Hum Hered. 27 (2): 105–7. PMID 558959. doi:10.1159/000152857.
- 1 2 "Entrez Gene: GC group-specific component (vitamin D binding protein)".
- ↑ Yamamoto N, Suyama H, Yamamoto N (2008). "Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer with Gc Protein-Derived Macrophage-Activating Factor, GcMAF" ([PDF]). TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY. 1 (2): 65–72. PMC 2510818
. PMID 18633461. - 1 2 3 Malik, Suneil; Fu, Lei; Juras, David James; Karmali, Mohamed; Wong, Betty Y. L.; Gozdzik, Agnes; Cole, David E. C. (January–February 2013). "Common variants of the vitamin D binding protein gene and adverse health outcomes". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 50 (1): 1–22. PMC 3613945 . PMID 23427793. doi:10.3109/10408363.2012.750262.
- ↑ Verboven C, Rabijns A, De Maeyer M, Van Baelen H, Bouillon R, De Ranter C (February 2002). "A structural basis for the unique binding features of the human vitamin D-binding protein". Nat. Struct. Biol. 9 (2): 131–6. PMID 11799400. doi:10.1038/nsb754.
Further reading
- Svasti J, Kurosky A, Bennett A, Bowman BH (1979). "Molecular basis for the three major forms of human serum vitamin D binding protein (group-specific component).". Biochemistry. 18 (8): 1611–7. PMID 218624. doi:10.1021/bi00575a036.
- Braun A, Bichlmaier R, Cleve H (1992). "Molecular analysis of the gene for the human vitamin-D-binding protein (group-specific component): allelic differences of the common genetic GC types.". Hum. Genet. 89 (4): 401–6. PMID 1352271. doi:10.1007/BF00194311.
- Esteban C, Geuskens M, Ena JM, et al. (1992). "Receptor-mediated uptake and processing of vitamin D-binding protein in human B-lymphoid cells.". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (14): 10177–83. PMID 1374401.
- Szpirer C, Riviere M, Cortese R, et al. (1992). "Chromosomal localization in man and rat of the genes encoding the liver-enriched transcription factors C/EBP, DBP, and HNF1/LFB-1 (CEBP, DBP, and transcription factor 1, TCF1, respectively) and of the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor gene (HGF).". Genomics. 13 (2): 293–300. PMID 1535333. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90245-N.
- Dawson SJ, White LA (1992). "Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin.". J. Infect. 24 (3): 317–20. PMID 1602151. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4.
- Yang F, Bergeron JM, Linehan LA, et al. (1990). "Mapping and conservation of the group-specific component gene in mouse.". Genomics. 7 (4): 509–16. PMID 1696927. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90193-X.
- Yang F, Luna VJ, McAnelly RD, et al. (1986). "Evolutionary and structural relationships among the group-specific component, albumin and alpha-fetoprotein.". Nucleic Acids Res. 13 (22): 8007–17. PMC 322106 . PMID 2415926. doi:10.1093/nar/13.22.8007.
- Yang F, Brune JL, Naylor SL, et al. (1986). "Human group-specific component (Gc) is a member of the albumin family.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (23): 7994–8. PMC 391428 . PMID 2415977. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.23.7994.
- Cooke NE, David EV (1986). "Serum vitamin D-binding protein is a third member of the albumin and alpha fetoprotein gene family.". J. Clin. Invest. 76 (6): 2420–4. PMC 424397 . PMID 2416779. doi:10.1172/JCI112256.
- Schoentgen F, Metz-Boutigue MH, Jollès J, et al. (1986). "Complete amino acid sequence of human vitamin D-binding protein (group-specific component): evidence of a three-fold internal homology as in serum albumin and alpha-fetoprotein.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 871 (2): 189–98. PMID 2423133. doi:10.1016/0167-4838(86)90173-1.
- McNearney TA, Odell C, Holers VM, et al. (1987). "Herpes simplex virus glycoproteins gC-1 and gC-2 bind to the third component of complement and provide protection against complement-mediated neutralization of viral infectivity.". J. Exp. Med. 166 (5): 1525–35. PMC 2189652 . PMID 2824652. doi:10.1084/jem.166.5.1525.
- Yang F, Naberhaus KH, Adrian GS, et al. (1987). "The vitamin D-binding protein gene contains conserved nucleotide sequences that respond to heavy metal, adipocyte and mitotic signals.". Gene. 54 (2-3): 285–90. PMID 2958390. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(87)90499-9.
- Cooke NE, Willard HF, David EV, George DL (1986). "Direct regional assignment of the gene for vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin) to human chromosome 4q11-q13 and identification of an associated DNA polymorphism.". Hum. Genet. 73 (3): 225–9. PMID 3015768. doi:10.1007/BF00401232.
- Nestler JE, McLeod JF, Kowalski MA, et al. (1987). "Detection of vitamin D binding protein on the surface of cytotrophoblasts isolated from human placentae.". Endocrinology. 120 (5): 1996–2002. PMID 3552627. doi:10.1210/endo-120-5-1996.
- Pierce EA, Dame MC, Bouillon R, et al. (1986). "Monoclonal antibodies to human vitamin D-binding protein.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (24): 8429–33. PMC 390929 . PMID 3936035. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.24.8429.
- Wooten MW, Nel AE, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, et al. (1985). "Identification of a major endogenous substrate for phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent kinase in pancreatic acini as Gc (vitamin D-binding protein).". FEBS Lett. 191 (1): 97–101. PMID 4054306. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(85)81001-2.
- Constans J, Oksman F, Viau M (1981). "Binding of the apo and holo forms of the serum vitamin D-binding protein to human lymphocyte cytoplasm and membrane by indirect immunofluorescence.". Immunol. Lett. 3 (3): 159–62. PMID 7026425. doi:10.1016/0165-2478(81)90120-6.
- Braun A, Kofler A, Morawietz S, Cleve H (1994). "Sequence and organization of the human vitamin D-binding protein gene.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1216 (3): 385–94. PMID 7505619. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(93)90005-x.
- Swamy N, Roy A, Chang R, et al. (1995). "Affinity purification of human plasma vitamin D-binding protein.". Protein Expr. Purif. 6 (2): 185–8. PMID 7606167. doi:10.1006/prep.1995.1023.
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