Sydney Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton

The Right Honourable
The Earl Buxton
GCMG PC
Postmaster General
In office
1905–1910
Monarch Edward VII
Preceded by The Lord Stanley
Succeeded by Herbert Samuel
President of the Board of Trade
In office
14 February 1910  11 February 1914
Monarch Edward VII
George V
Prime Minister H.H. Asquith
Preceded by Winston Churchill
Succeeded by John Burns
2nd Governor-General of the Union of South Africa
In office
1914–1920
Monarch George V
Prime Minister

South African:
Louis Botha
Jan Christiaan Smuts

British:
Herbert Henry Asquith
David Lloyd George
Preceded by The Viscount Gladstone
Succeeded by HRH Prince Arthur of Connaught
Personal details
Born (1853-10-25)25 October 1853
London, England, UK
Died 15 October 1934(1934-10-15) (aged 80)
Newtimber, West Sussex, England, UK
Nationality British
Political party Liberal
Spouse(s) Constance Mary Lubbock (1882–1892; her death); 3 children
Mildred Anne Smith (1896–1934; his death); 3 children
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
Profession Member of Parliament
Sydney Buxton circa 1895
Sydney Charles Buxton by Leslie Ward, 1907

Sydney Charles Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton GCMG PC (25 October 1853 – 15 October 1934) was a radical British Liberal politician of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[1][2]

Background and education

Buxton was the son of Charles Buxton and grandson of social reformer Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1st Baronet. His mother was Emily Mary, daughter of the physician and traveller Sir Henry Holland, 1st Baronet. He was born in London and educated at Clifton College and Trinity College, Cambridge,[3] and was a member of the London School Board from 1876 to 1882.

Political career

In 1880, Buxton became prominent in political circles by the publication of his Handbook to the Political Questions of the Day, a work which eventually went through 11 editions. That same year, he ran for Parliament for Boston, but lost. However, he became an MP in 1883 by winning a by-election in Peterborough. He was defeated in the 1885 general election, but returned to Parliament the very next year, representing Poplar. He would represent this constituency in Parliament until 1914.[1]

From 1892-95, Buxton served as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. In 1905, he earned his first Cabinet post, that of Postmaster-General. In this capacity he introduced such services as penny postage to the United States, the Canadian magazine post, and cheap postage for the blind. In 1910, Buxton was named President of the Board of Trade; in this position he oversaw the passage or amendment of many trade and commerce laws. Upon the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, he asked Lord Loreburn, the Lord Chancellor, to appoint a commission of inquiry into the disaster. This commission eventually came to be headed by Lord Mersey.[1]

In February 1914, Buxton was appointed Governor-General of South Africa, and in May of that year he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Buxton, of Newtimber in the County of Sussex. A revolt by the South African populace on the outbreak of the First World War temporarily threatened his safety, but the country's Prime Minister, General Louis Botha, immediately attached South Africa to Britain. Thereafter, Buxton and Botha formed an effective partnership, planning and executing South African actions in the war, including the invasion of the neighbouring German colony of South West Africa. Buxton travelled widely throughout South Africa, and endeared himself to the people. Upon his retirement in 1920, the people demonstrated their affection for him. He continued his interest in South African affairs after returning to England, serving as president of the African Society from 1920-33.

He was created Earl Buxton in 1920, and continued to be a member of the Liberal Party, often supporting his close friend and colleague Sir Edward Grey. In his later years, he had to undergo amputation of his leg due to a knee injury sustained earlier in his life.

He died at Newtimber on 15 October 1934.[1]

Marriages

Buxton was twice married, firstly in 1882 to Hon. Constance Mary Lubbock (died 1892), second daughter of Lord Avebury, and secondly in 1896 to Mildred Anne Smith, elder daughter of Hugh Colin Smith, Governor of the Bank of England, of Mount Clare, Roehampton, a sister of the banker Vivian Smith and of Aubrey Smith, RN, who later became an admiral.[1]

By his first wife, he had two sons and one daughter, of whom the sons both died in his lifetime. By his second wife, he had one son and two daughters, of whom the son and the elder daughter died in his lifetime.[1]

Issue

By his first wife Hon. Constance Mary Lubbock (d. 3 November 1892):

By his second wife Mildred Anne Smith (d. 7 December 1955):

Since both his surviving sons died unmarried in his lifetime, his titles became extinct at his death. Earl Buxton was survived by his second wife Mildred (died 1955) and his youngest daughter Lady Althea Eliot (died 2004), and by eight grandchildren including the future Duke of Grafton (1919–2011).

References

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Hampden Whalley
Hon. John Wentworth-FitzWilliam
Member of Parliament for Peterborough
1883–1885
With: Hon. John Wentworth-FitzWilliam
Succeeded by
John Wentworth-FitzWilliam
Preceded by
Henry Green
Member of Parliament for Poplar
18861914
Succeeded by
Alfred William Yeo
Political offices
Preceded by
Baron Henry de Worms
Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies
1892–1895
Succeeded by
The Earl of Selborne
Preceded by
Lord Stanley
Postmaster General
1905–1910
Succeeded by
Herbert Samuel
Preceded by
Winston Churchill
President of the Board of Trade
1910–1914
Succeeded by
John Burns
Preceded by
The Viscount Gladstone
Governor-General of South Africa
1914–1920
Succeeded by
HRH Prince Arthur of Connaught
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Earl Buxton
1920–1934
Extinct
New creation Viscount Buxton
1914–1934
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