Viral phenomenon

Viral phenomena are objects or patterns that are able to replicate themselves or convert other objects into copies of themselves when these objects are exposed to them. They get their name from the way that viruses propagate. This has become a common way to describe how thoughts, information, and trends move into and through a human population. "Viral media" is a common term whose popularity has been fueled by the rapid rise of social network sites alongside declining advertising rates and an extremely fragmented audience for broadcast media.[1]:17 Different from the "spreadable media", "viral media" uses viral metaphors of "infection" and "contamination", which means that audiences play as passive carriers rather than an active role to "spread" contents.[1]:21 Memes are possibly the best-known example of informational viral patterns.

History of terminology

Meme

Richard Dawkins coined the term "meme" in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene. As conceived by Dawkins, a meme is a unit of cultural meaning, such as an idea or a value, that is passed from one generation to another. A meme is the cultural counterpart to the unit of physical heredity, the gene.[2] Dawkins states that the major religions are memes, as they are passed from one generation to another. An Internet meme is a cultural phenomenon that spreads from one person to another through the use of the Internet. Through the spread of memes online, it shows the dispersion of cultural movements, especially when seemingly innocuous or trivial trends spread and die in rapid fashion.[1]:19, 27 Lauren Ancel Meyers, a biology professor at the University of Texas, said that "memes spread through online social networks similarly to the way diseases do through offline populations".

Viral

Douglas Rushkoff coined the term "media virus" or "viral media" and defined it as a type of Trojan horse: "People are duped into passing a hidden agenda while circulating compelling content."[1]:17 In Jean Baudrillard's 1981 treatise Simulacra and Simulation, the philosopher describes An American Family, arguably the first "reality" television series, as a marker of a new age in which the medium of television has a "viral, endemic, chronic, alarming presence".[3]

History of content sharing

Early history

Red Riding Hood, an example of a folktale

Before writing and while most people were illiterate, the dominant means of spreading memes was oral culture like folk tales, folk songs, and oral poetry, which mutated over time as each retelling presented an opportunity for change. The printing press provided an easy way to copy written texts, compared to laborious hand copying of manuscripts. A study of newspapers in the United States in the 1800s found human interest and "news you can use" stories and listicles (though that term had not been invented) circulated nationally as local papers mailed copies to each other and selected content for reprinting.[4] Chain letters spread by postal mail throughout the 1900s.

Urban legends also began as word-of-mouth memes. Like hoaxes, they are examples of falsehoods that people swallow, and, like them, often achieve broad public notoriety. The difference is that urban legends are unintentionally deceptive, whereas hoaxes are intentionally so.[5]

Internet memes

The creation of the Internet enabled users to select and share content with each other electronically, providing new, faster, and more democratically controlled channels for spreading memes. Email forwards are essentially text memes, often including jokes, hoaxes, email scams, written versions of urban legends, political messages, and digital chain letters; if widely forwarded they might be called "viral emails".[6] User-friendly consumer photo editing tools like Photoshop and image-editing websites have facilitated creation of the genre of the image macro, where the same image is overlaid with different humorous text phrases. (This type of image is what many people think of as an "Internet meme".) Video-sharing websites like YouTube made viral videos possible. A video is viral when it has a relatively large number of views, indicating a wide audience. Viral videos are often amateur uploads but some are professionally produced.

It is sometimes difficult to predict which images and videos will "go viral" with widespread sharing; sometimes the creation of an Internet celebrity is a sudden surprise. One of the first documented viral videos is "Numa Numa", the webcam video of then-19-year-old Gary Brolsma singing and dancing to Romanian pop song "Dragostea Din Tei".[7] The sharing of text, images, and videos (or links to images and video on sharing sites) has been greatly facilitated by social media such as Facebook and Twitter. Other mimicry memes carried by Internet media include hashtags, language variations like intentional misspellings, and fads like planking. The popularity and widespread distribution of Internet memes has gotten the attention of advertisers, creating the field of viral marketing. A person, group, or company that wants a lot of fast, cheap publicity might create a hashtag, image, or video designed to go viral; many such attempts are unsuccessful, but the few posts that "go viral" generate a lot of publicity.

Some examples of viral Internet memes include:

Evaluation by commentators

Some social commentators have a negative view of "viral" content, though others are neutral or celebrate the democratization of content as compared to the gatekeepers of older media. The authors of Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture wrote: "Ideas are transmitted, often without critical assessment, across a broad array of minds and this uncoordinated flow of information is associated with "bad ideas" or "ruinous fads and foolish fashions".[1]:307 Science fiction sometimes discusses "viral" content "describing (generally bad) ideas that spread like germs".[1]:17 For example, the 1992 novel Snow Crash explores the implications of an ancient memetic meta-virus and its modern-day computer virus equivalent:

“ We are all susceptible to the pull of viral ideas. Like mass hysteria. Or a tune that gets into your head that you keep on humming all day until you spread it to someone else. Jokes. Urban legends. Crackpot religions. No matter how smart we get, there is always this deep irrational part that makes us potential hosts for self-replicating information. (see wikiquote) ”

The spread of viral phenomena are also regarded as part of the cultural politics of network culture or the virality of the age of networks.[8] Network culture enables the audience to create and spread viral content. "Audiences play an active role in "spreading" content rather than serving as passive carriers of viral media: their choices, investments, agendas, and actions determine what gets valued."[1]:21 Various authors have pointed to the intensification in connectivity brought about by network technologies as a possible trigger for increased chances of infection from wide-ranging social, cultural, political, and economic contagions. For example, the social scientist Jan van Dijk warns of new vulnerabilities that arise when network society encounters "too much connectivity". The proliferation of global transport networks makes this model of society susceptible to the spreading of biological diseases. Digital networks become volatile under the destructive potential of computer viruses and worms. Enhanced by the rapidity and extensiveness of technological networks, the spread of social conformity, political rumor, fads, fashions, gossip, and hype threatens to destabilize established political order.[9]

Viral videos

Viral videos are among the most common type of viral phenomena. A viral video is any clip of animation or film that is spread rapidly through online sharing. Viral videos can receive millions of views as they are shared on social media sites, reposted to blogs, sent in emails and so on. When a video goes viral it has become very popular. Its exposure on the Internet grows exponentially as more and more people discover it and share it with others. An article or an image can also become viral.[10]

The classification is probably assigned more as a result of intensive activity and the rate of growth among users in a relatively short amount of time than of simply how many hits something receives. Most viral videos contain humor and fall into broad categories:

YouTube effect

With the creation of YouTube, a video sharing website, there has been a huge surge in the number of viral videos on the Internet. This is primarily due to the ease of access to these videos and the ease of sharing them via social media websites. The ability to share videos from one person to another with ease means there are many cases of 'overnight' viral videos. "YouTube, which makes it easy to embed its content elsewhere) have the freedom and mobility once ascribed to papyrus, enabling their rapid circulation across a range of social networks."[1]:30 YouTube has overtaken television in terms of the size of audience. As one example, American Idol was the most viewable TV show in 2009 in U.S. while "a video of Scottish woman Susan Boyle auditioning for Britain's Got Talent with her singing was viewed more than 77 million times on YouTube". The capacity to attract an enormous audience on a user-friendly platform is one the leading factor why YouTube generates viral videos. YouTube contribute to viral phenomenon spreadability since the idea of the platform is based on sharing and contribution. "Sites such as YouTube, eBay, Facebook, Flickr, Craigslist, and Wikipedia, only exist and have value because people use and contribute to them, and they are clearly better the more people are using and contributing to them. This is the essence of Web 2.0."[14]

An example of one of the most prolific viral YouTube videos that falls into the promotional viral videos category is Kony 2012. On March 5, 2012, the charity organization Invisible Children Inc. posted a short film about the atrocities committed in Uganda by Joseph Kony and his rebel army. Artists use YouTube as their one of the main branding and communication platform to spread videos and make them viral. For instance, after her time off, Adele released her most-viewed song "Hello". "Hello" crossed 100 million views in just five days, making it the fastest video to reach it in 2015.[15] YouTube viral videos make stars. As an example, Justin Bieber who was discovered since his video on YouTube Chris Brown's song "With You" went viral. Since its launch in 2005, YouTube has become a hub for aspiring singers and musicians. Talent managers look to it to find budding pop stars.[16]

According to Visible Measures, the original "Kony 2012" video documentary, and the hundreds of excerpts and responses uploaded by audiences across the Web, collectively garnered 100 million views in a record six days.[17] This example of how quickly the video spread emphasizes how YouTube acts as a catalyst in the spread of viral media. YouTube is considered as "multiple existing form of participatory culture" and that trend is useful for the sake of business. "The discourse of Web 2.0 its power has been its erasure of this larger history of participatory practices, with companies acting as if they were "bestowing" agency onto audiences, making their creative output meaningful by valuing it within the logics of commodity culture."[1]:71

Viral marketing

The term "viral marketing" was first popularized in 1995, after Hotmail spreading their service offer "Get your free web-base email at Hotmail"[1]:19 Viral marketing is the phenomena when people actively assess media or content and decide to spread to others such as making a word-of-mouth recommendation, passing content through social media, posting video to YouTube. Viral marketing has become important in the business field in building brand recognition, with companies trying to get their customers and other audiences involved in circulating and sharing their content on social media both in voluntary and involuntary ways. A lot of brands undertake guerrilla marketing or buzz marketing to gain public attention. Some marketing campaigns seek to engage an audience to unwittingly pass along their campaign message.

The use of viral marketing is shifting from the concept that the content drives its own attention to the intended attempt to draw the attention. The companies are worried about making their content 'go viral' and how their customers' communication has the potential to circulate it widely. There has been a lot of discussion about morality in doing viral marketing. Iain Short (2010) points out that many applications on Twitter and Facebook generates automated marketing message and update it on audience personal timeline without users personally pass it along.[18]

Stacy Wood from North Carolina State University has conducted research and found that the value of recommendations from 'everyday people' has potential impact on the brands. Consumers have been bombarded by thousands of message every day which make authenticity and credibility of marketing message been questioned; word of mouth from 'everyday people' therefore becomes an incredibly important source of credible information. If a company sees that the word-of-mouth from "the average person" is crucial for the greater opportunity for influencing others, many questions remain. "What implicit contracts exist between brands and those recommenders? What moral codes and guidelines should brands respect when encouraging, soliciting, or reacting to comments from those audiences they wish to reach? What types of compensation, if any, do audience members deserve for their promotional labor when they provide a testimonial."[1]:75

Financial contagion

In macroeconomics, "financial contagion" is a proposed socially viral phenomenon where disturbances quickly spread across global financial markets.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Jenkins, Henry; Ford, Sam; Green, Joshua (2013). Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4350-8.
  2. ↑ "What is Internet meme? - Definition from WhatIs.com". WhatIs.com. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  3. ↑ Baudrillard, Jean (1 January 1994). Simulacra and Simulation (reprint ed.). University of Michigan Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780472065219 – via Google Books.
  4. ↑ "Hot Content Went Viral In The 1800s, Too".
  5. ↑ "Hoaxipedia: What is a hoax?". hoaxes.org. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  6. ↑ Smith, David. "Viral email rocks the world". the Guardian. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  7. ↑ McCarthy, A. J. (2014-12-05). ""Numa Numa," the Original Viral Video, Turns 10". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  8. ↑ Sampson, Tony D (2012-08-01). "Virality: Contagion Theory in the Age of Contagion (University of Minnesota Press, 2012)". Retrieved 2012-06-07.
  9. ↑ Marzouki, Yousri; Oullier, Olivier. "Revolutionizing Revolutions: Virtual Collective Consciousness and the Arab Spring". The Huffington Post US. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  10. ↑ "What is a Viral Video?". www.bobology.com. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  11. ↑ "What is a Viral Video? - Definition from Techopedia". Techopedia.com. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  12. ↑ Tom Broxton; Yannet Interian; Jon Vaver; Mirjam Wattenhofer (2013). "Catching a viral video, Volume 40, Issue 2, pp 241–259". SpringerLink. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems.
  13. ↑ Lee Rainie; Barry Wellman (2013). Networked: The New Social Operating System. MIT Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-262-52616-6.
  14. ↑ David Gauntlett (2011). "Making is Connecting: The social meaning of creativity, from DIY and knitting to YouTube and Web 2.0" (PDF). makingisconnecting.org. Polity Press. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
  15. ↑ "YouTube Trends: 'Hello' Joins List of Fastest Videos to Reach 100M Views". youtube-trends.blogspot.se. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
  16. ↑ Lee Rainie; Barry Wellman (2013). Networked: The New Social Operating System. The MIT Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-262-52616-6.
  17. ↑ "The 5 Most Successful Viral Videos Ever". LiveScience.com. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  18. ↑ Short, Iain (2010). "Viral Marketing vs. Spreadable Media.".

Further reading

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