Squire

A knight and his squire

A squire holds the warhorse of his knight, detail from monument to Sir Richard Stapledon (d.1326), Exeter Cathedral.^[1]

Starting in the Middle Ages, a squire was the shield- or armour-bearer of a knight.^[2] At times, squires acted as a knight’s errand runner. Use of the term evolved over time. Initially, squires were a knight’s apprentices. Later, a village leader or a lord of the manor might be called a squire, and still later, the term applied to key public figures, such as justices of the peace or members of parliament. In contemporary American usage, squire is the title given to justices of the peace or similar local dignitaries.

Squire is a shortened version of the word esquire, from the Old French escuier (modern French écuyer), itself derived from the Late Latin scutarius (“shield bearer”), in medieval or Old English a scutifer. The Classical Latin equivalent was armiger, “arms bearer”.

Knights in training

The most common definition of squire refers to the Middle Ages. A squire was typically a teenaged boy, training to become a knight. A boy became a squire at the age of 14. Squires were the second step to becoming a knight, after having served as a page. Boys served a knight as an attendant or shield carrier, doing simple but important tasks such as saddling a horse or caring for the knight’s weapons and armour. The squire would sometimes carry the knight’s flag into battle with his master.

A knight typically took his squire into battle and gave him a chance to prove himself. If he proved his loyalty and skill in battle, he would have a “dubbing”, an official ceremony that made him a knight. However, during the Middle Ages, the squire’s rank came to be recognized in its own right; it was no longer assumed that a squire would automatically become a knight. The connection between a squire and any particular knight also ended, as did any shield-carrying duties.

Jobs

The typical jobs of a squire included:

• Carrying the knight’s armour, shield and sword
• Guarding prisoners
• Ensuring an honorable burial for a knight
• Replacing an injured or killed horse
• Dressing the knight in armour
• Carrying the knight’s flag
• Protecting the knight
• Taking care of the horses
• Accompanying the knight to tournaments and the battlefield
• Maintaining the knight's equipment
• Scrubbing armor

In literature

The young King Arthur served as Sir Kay’s squire in the traditional tale of the sword in the stone that appears in literary works, including Le Morte d’Arthur and The Once and Future King. One of the pilgrim-storytellers in The Canterbury Tales is a squire whose father recounts the tale. In Cervantes’s Don Quixote, the babbling Sancho Panza serves as squire of the deluded Don. In the children's book The Castle in the Attic, the protagonist William serves as the squire of Sir Simon, a knight from the Middle Ages who got transported to the present.

Village leader

In English village life from the late 17th century to the early 20th century, there was often one principal family of gentry, owning much of the land and living in the largest house, maybe the manor house. The head of this family was often the lord of the manor and called “the squire”. Lords of the manor held the rank of esquire by prescription.^[3][4]

Squires were gentlemen with a coat of arms and were often related to peers. Many could claim descent from knights and had been settled in their inherited estates for hundreds of years. The squire usually lived at the village manor house and owned an estate, comprising the village, with the villagers being his tenants. If the squire “owned the living” (i.e. "was patron") of the parish church — and he often did — he would choose the rector, a role often filled by a younger son of the squire of that or another village. Some squires also became the local rector themselves and were known as squarsons;^[5] a portmanteau of the words squire and parson. The squire would also have performed a number of important local duties, in particular that of justice of the peace or member of Parliament.

Such was the power of the squires at this time that modern historians have created the term ‘squirearchy’.^[6] Politically, during the 19th century, squires tended to be Tories, whereas the greatest landlords tended to be Whigs.

The position of squire was traditionally associated with occupation of the manor house, which would often itself confer the dignity of squire. It is unclear how widely the village squire may still be said to survive today, but where it does, the role is likely more dependent upon a recognition of good manners, lineage and long family association rather than land, which, while relevant, is nowadays likely to be considerably smaller than in former years due to high post-war death duties and the prohibitive costs associated with maintaining large country houses.

In Scotland, whilst esquire and gentleman are technically correctly used at the Court of the Lord Lyon, the title laird, in place of squire, is more common. Moreover, in Scotland, lairds append their territorial designation to their names as was traditionally done on the mainland of Europe (e.g., Donald Cameron of Lochiel). The territorial designation fell into disuse in England early on, save for peers of the realm.

In literature

A squire helps his knight, a contemporary historical reenactment

The later form of squire as a gentleman appears in much of English literature, for example in the form of Squire Trelawney in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island. William Makepeace Thackeray depicted a squire in Vanity Fair as a lecherous, ill-educated, badly mannered relic of an earlier age. However, he clearly shows their control of the life of the parish. Others include Squire Hamley in Elizabeth Gaskell's Wives and Daughters and Squire Allworthy (based on Ralph Allen) in the novel Tom Jones by Henry Fielding, who was himself a squire and magistrate. There is also a notable squire in Cormac McCarthy's Outer Dark and Charles Reade's 1856 novel It is Never Too Late to Mend, where the squire uses his authority to abuse the postal and judicial services. In the Aubrey-Maturin series of novels by Patrick O'Brian, Jack Aubrey’s father, General Aubrey and later Jack himself, are typical squires. Mary Ann Evans, alias George Eliot, includes Squire Cass as a character in her novel Silas Marner. Sherlock Holmes' ancestors are mentioned to be country squires in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories.^[7]

National variations

England

The “Royal Esquires” of the late-medieval English Court (upon which most of the other European courts modeled themselves ), were not young men studying for knighthood. Far more frequently, and certainly from Edward III to Henry VIII, they tended to be men of a similar age to the monarch; having his complete trust.

In the 15th century Black Book of the Household—a set of ordinances composed for Edward IV for the “Governance and Regulation of the Royal Household”—the king had only four “Esquires for the Bodie”; these were the most senior servants in the royal household, with total access to the royal person at all hours. They were the senior staff of the privy chamber, and the closest of the king’s “Affinity” (i.e., his most intimate daily companions), and were the only servants in the household who were required—not just allowed—to bear arms in the king’s presence, as one of their duties was to act as bodyguards “of last resort” in the event of an immediate threat to the royal person.

In times of war when their royal master was “under arms” himself, they would also fight at his side. They oversaw his pages and the other lesser servants of the privy chamber and acted as his valet, and stood guard while he was shaved, washed or bathed. One stood behind his chair when he dined. Squires accompanied him at play, including wagering with him on the results of games (see wagers lost and won recorded in the account books of Henry VII, each page signed by the king, National Archives at Kew) and delivered confidential messages of all kinds.

Edward IV and Richard III only appointed four esquires each. Henry VII appointed four of his closest "companions of Our late Exile" within days of his victory at Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485,^[8] and an extra five esquires by the end of his reign in 1509.^[9] His son Henry VIII retained his father's esquires of the body while dismissing others of his father's senior officers and even executing some (for example, Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley), but he vastly increased the number of that select group, as he enlarged the rest of the royal household as set down in the "Statutes of Eltham". The position was highly regarded, for the value of its close access to the king. At least two notable late-medieval gentles are recorded contemporaneously as refusing knighthood, declaring that to be an "Esquire of the Body" was a far-greater honour.

In the post-medieval world, the title of esquire came to belong to all men of the higher landed gentry; an esquire ranked socially above a gentleman but below a knight. In the modern world, the term has correspondingly often been extended (albeit only in very formal writing) to all men without any higher title. It is used post-nominally, usually in abbreviated form: "John Smith, Esq.", for example.

As an informal term

• The term squire is sometimes used, particularly in London and its environs, by men when addressing another man. In this context, it is interchangeable with other informal terms such as mate, pal or chum, though often with a humorous intent.^[10] This usage crops up frequently in comedy sketches by Monty Python, such as: "What can I do for you, squire?".^[11]
• The German term for squire, Knappe, sometimes also is a name for journeyman and similar occupations (originally probably as "esquires" to the master as their "knight"). Among others this gave rise to the alternative term Bergknappe ("mountain squire") for a miner; form which again the a nickname for the team of the soccer club FC Schalke 04, Die Knappen in plural form.

United States

In the United States, this style is most common among attorneys, borrowing from the English tradition whereby all barristers were styled "esquires". (Solicitors were entitled only to the style "Mr".) In earlier years in the U.S., the title squire was given to a justice of the peace, for example Squire Jones. It was also used to mean justice of the peace as in the example, "He was taken before the squire." The connection to attorneys appears to have evolved from a time when squires meeting to negotiate a duel would instead resolve the dispute.

References