Vietnam People's Air Force

Vietnam People's Air Force
Không Quân Nhân Dân Việt Nam

Vietnam People's Air Force emblem
Active 1959 – present
Country  Vietnam
Allegiance Communist Party of Vietnam[1]
Type Aerial defence force
Size 35,000 personnel (2009)
283 active aircraft
Part of Vietnam People's Army
Colours          Azure, Dark Green
Anniversaries 22 October 1963
Engagements First Indochina War
Vietnam War
Cambodian-Vietnamese War
Sino-Vietnamese War
Decorations
Battle honours Operation Linebacker
Operation Linebacker II
The 1975 Spring Offensive
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief Trần Đại Quang
Commander Lieutenant General Lê Huy Vịnh
Political Commissar Major General Nguyễn Văn Thanh
Chief of Staff Major General Nguyễn Văn Thọ
Insignia
Ensign
Roundel
Wings
Awards
Aircraft flown
Attack Su-22,
Fighter Su-30, Su-27
Helicopter Ka-32, Mi-24, UH-1, Mi-8, Mi-17
Trainer Yak-52, L-39
Transport An-26, CASA C295

The Vietnam People's Air Force (Vietnamese: Không quân Nhân dân Việt Nam) is the air force of Vietnam. It is the successor of the former North Vietnamese Air Force and absorbed the Republic of Vietnam Air Force following the re-unification of Vietnam in 1975. The Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) is one of three main branches in the Vietnam People's Army which is a part of the Ministry of Defence. The main mission of the VPAF is the defence of Vietnamese airspace and the provision of air cover for operations of the Vietnam People's Army.

History

Beginning–1964 (North Vietnam)

The first aircraft in service for the Vietnamese Armed Forces were two trainers, a de Havilland Tiger Moth and a Morane-Saulnier, which were initially the private property of the emperor Bảo Đại.[2] In 1945, Bảo Đại gave the aircraft to the Vietnamese government. Until 1950, even though the Vietnam People's Army (VPA) had acquired credible offensive capabilities on the ground, it was almost powerless against reconnaissance or attacking operations from the French Expeditionary Air Force. On 9 March 1949, General Vo Nguyen Giap was authorised to establish the Air Force Research Committee (Ban Nghiên cứu Không quân) under the General Staff to study ways to deal with the air war. The first Vietnamese service aircraft flight was made by the Tiger Moth on 15 August 1949.[2] A small-scale training was carried out in the following years.

Further development of aviation in North Vietnam began in 1956, when a number of trainees were sent to the USSR and China for pilot training. They were organised into two groups, for pilots and mechanics, respectively; and among others, utilised the Czechoslovak Zlín Z-226 and Aero Ae-45. The first unit of the VPAF was the No. 919 Transport Regiment (Trung đoàn Không quân Vận tải 919), organised on 1 May 1959, with An-2, Li-2, Il-14 aircraft, followed by the No. 910 Training Regiment (Trung đoàn Không quân 910) with Yak-18 trainers.[2] In 1963 the Air Force and Air Defence Force were merged into the Air and Air Defence Force (Quân chủng Phòng không – Không quân).

1964–74 (North Vietnam)

Anti-aircraft systems the North used against US aircraft during Operation Linebacker and Linebacker II

The first North Vietnamese combat plane was a T-28 Trojan trainer, whose pilot defected from the Royal Lao Air Force; it was utilised from early 1964 by the North Vietnamese as a night fighter. The T-28 was the first North Vietnamese aircraft to shoot down a US aircraft, a C-123, on 15 February 1964.[2]

The North Vietnamese Air Force (NVAF) received its first jet fighter aircraft, the MiG-17 in February 1964, but they were initially stationed at air bases on Mainland China, while their pilots were being trained. On 3 February 1964, the first fighter regiment No. 921 (Trung đoàn Không quân Tiêm kích 921), aka "Red Star squadron", was formed, and on 6 August it arrived from China in North Vietnam with its MiG-17s.[2] On 7 September, the No. 923 fighter regiment, aka "Yen The Squadron", led by Lt. Col. Nguyen Phuc Trach, was formed. In May 1965, No. 16 bomber company (Đại đội Không quân Ném bom 16) was formed with Il-28 twin engine bombers. Only one Il-28 sortie was flown in 1972 against Royal Laotian forces.

USAF's F-105 Thunderchief bomber was hit and crashed by VPAF's SA-2 missile

The North Vietnamese Air Force's first jet air-to-air engagement with US aircraft was on 3 April 1965. The NVAF claimed the shooting down of two US Navy F-8 Crusader, which was not confirmed by US sources, although they acknowledged having encountered MiGs.[2] Consequently, 3 April became "North Vietnamese Air Force Day". On 4 April the VPAF (NVAF) scored the first confirmed victories to be acknowledged by both sides. The US fighter community was shocked when relatively slow, post-Korean era MiG-17 fighters shot down advanced F-105 Thunderchief fighters-bombers attacking the Thanh Hóa Bridge. The two downed F-105s were carrying their normal heavy bomb load, and were not able to react to their attackers.[2]

In 1965, the NVAF were supplied with supersonic MiG-21s by the USSR which were used for high speed GCI controlled hit and run intercepts against American air strike groups. The MiG-21 tactics became so effective, that by late 1966, an operation was mounted to especially deal with the MiG-21 threat. Led by Colonel Robin Olds on 2 January 1967, Operation Bolo lured MiG-21s into the air, thinking they were intercepting a F-105 strike group, but instead found a sky full of missile armed F-4 Phantom IIs set for aerial combat. The result was a loss of almost half the inventory of MiG-21 interceptors, at a cost of no US losses. The VPAF (NVAF) stood down for additional training after this setback.

Meanwhile, the disappointing performances of US Air Force and US Navy (USN) airmen, even though flying the contemporary advanced aircraft of those times, combined with a legacy of successes from World War II and the Korean War, resulted in a total revamping of aerial combat training for the USN in 1968 (Top Gun school; established 1969). The designs for an entire generation of aircraft, with engineering for optimised daylight air-to-air combat (dog fighting) against both older, as well as for emerging MiG fighters, were being put to the drawing board. US forces could not consistently track low flying MiGs on radar, and were hampered by restrictive rules of engagement (ROE) which required pilots to visually acquire their targets, nullifying much of the advantage of radar guided missiles, which often proved unreliable when used in combat.

The VPAF (NVAF) was a defensive air arm, with the primary mission of defending North Vietnam, and until the last stages of the war, did not conduct air operations into South Vietnam; nor did the NVAF conduct general offensive actions against enemy naval forces off the coast. However it did conduct limited attacks on the opposing naval vessels, notably damaging the United States destroyer USS Higbee in 1972. In a separate incident, MiG-17s that ventured over water were shot down by surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) fired by US warships. The VPAF also conducted an air attack mission against a USAF radar and navigation installation in Laos.

President Ho Chi Minh congratulates his highest ranking ace, Capt. Nguyen Van Coc, who flew MiG-21s during the war

The VPAF (NVAF) did not engage all US sorties. Most US aircraft were destroyed by SA-2 surface-to-air missiles or anti-aircraft artillery (AAA), and in some cases, even small arms. Typically, VPAF MiGs would not engage unless it was to their advantage. Some of the aerial tactics used were similar to Operation Bolo, which lured the NVAF to the fight.

On 24 March 1967, regiments Nos. 921, 923 and 919 were incorporated into the 371st Air Division "Thăng Long" (Sư đoàn Không quân 371). In 1969, No. 925 fighter regiment was formed, flying the Shenyang J-6 (the Chinese-built MiG-19). In 1972 the fourth fighter regiment, No. 927 "Lam Son", was formed.[2]

VPAF flew their interceptors with superb guidance from ground controllers, who positioned the MiGs in perfect ambush battle stations. The MIGs made fast and devastating attacks against US formations from several directions (usually the MiG-17s performed head-on attacks and the MiG-21s attacked from the rear). After shooting down a few American planes and forcing some of the F-105s to drop their bombs prematurely, the MiGs did not wait for retaliation, but disengaged rapidly. This "guerrilla warfare in the air" proved very successful. In December 1966 the MiG-21 pilots of the 921st FR downed 14 F-105s without any losses.[3]

The U.S Air Force and the US Navy continued to lay down great expectations on the F4 Phantom, assuming that the massive arms, the perfect on-board radar, the highest speed and acceleration properties, coupled with the new tactics would provide "Phantoms" an advantage over the MiGs. But in encounters with lighter VPAF's MiG-21, F-4 began to suffer defeat. From May to December 1966, the US lost 47 aircraft in air battles, destroying only 12 enemy's fighters. From April 1965 to November 1968, in 268 air battles conducted over North Vietnam, VPAF claimed to have shot down 244 US or ARVN's aircraft, and they lost 85 MiGs (including 27 F-4s and 20 MiG-21s).[4]

In one of their few offensive air attacks by the VPAF during the entire conflict, on 12 January 1968 a four aircraft formation of Antonov An-2 biplanes was reported flying towards a secret USAF TACAN and radar site in Laos guiding American bombers over Northern Vietnam. Two aircraft flew on to the strike, while the other two split off.[5] As the two continuing An-2s flew over, their crews dropped 120 mm mortar shells as bombs through the aircraft's floor and also strafed their targets with 57 mm rockets from the wing pods.[6] However, as the two aircraft flew back and forth attacking the facility, one aircraft was heavily damaged by ground fire from the facility and crashed. Meanwhile, crew at Lima Site 85 managed to call in a nearby Air America helicopter; a crew member aboard the helicopter armed with an assault rifle fired on the last biplane and caused it to crash.[7] The site was eventually overrun by People's Army of Vietnam commando climbers.

In the spring and summer of 1972, to illumine the theatre of war 360 tactical fighters of the US Air Force and 96 Navy fighter, a great number of which were F4 Phantom of recent modifications, opposed only 71 VPAF's aircraft (including 31 MiG-21).[4]

The culmination of the struggle in the air in the spring of 1972 was 10 May, when the VPAF's aircraft completed 64 sorties, engaging in 15 air battles. VPAF claimed 7 F-4s were shot down (U.S confirmed five F-4s were lost[8]). Those, in turn, managed to shoot down two MiG-21s, three MiG-17s and one MiG-19. On 11 May, two MiG-21, which played the role of "bait", brought the four F-4 to two MiG-21s circling at low altitude. MiGs quickly stormed the "Phantoms" and 3 missiles shot down two F-4. On 18 May, Vietnamese aircraft made 26 sorties in eight air engagements, which cost the 4 F-4 Phantom;Vietnamese fighters on that day did not suffer losses. On 13 June, a MiG-21 unit intercepted a group of F-4, the second pair of MiGs made a missile attack and was hit by two F-4 and did not suffer losses.[4]

Over the course of the air war, between 3 April 1965[9] and 8 January 1973, each side would ultimately claim favourable kill ratios. A total of 201 air battles took place between American and Vietnamese planes in 1972 sorties. VPAF lost 54 MiGs (including 36 MiG-21s and one MiG-21US) and they claimed 90 U.S aircraft were shot down (including 73 F-4 fighter and two spy RF-4C)[4]

Pilots walk past MiG-17s on the flight line

US Navy ace Randy Cunningham believed that he shot down a Mig-17 piloted by the mythical "Nguyen Toon" or "Colonel Tomb" while flying his F4 Phantom. However, no research has been able to identify Col. Tomb's existence; Cunningham most likely downed a flight leader of the 923rd Regiment. Legend states Col. Toon had allegedly downed 13 US aircraft during his tenure.[10] Many North Vietnamese pilots were not only skilled but unorthodox, as Cunningham found out after making elementary tactical errors.[11] The resulting dogfight became extended. Cunningham climbed steeply, and the MiG pilot surprised Cunningham by climbing as well. Using his Top Gun training, Cunningham finally forced the MiG out ahead of him and destroyed it. In fact, there wasn't any pilot in VPAF named Nguyễn Toon, he was a fictional character of the American pilots and they often made jokes with the dissertation. An invention of the American pilots, Colonel Toon was a combination of good pilots in Vietnam, like the "solo artist" lonely night bombing in World War II was called Washing Machine Charlie.

There were several times during the war that the US bombing restrictions of North Vietnamese Airfields were lifted. Many VPAF (NVAF) aircraft were destroyed on the ground, and those that were not, were withdrawn to a sanctuary in the north west of the country or in China. In December 1972, the North Vietnamese air defences nearly exhausted their supply of surface-to-air missiles trying to down the high-flying B-52 raids over the North. The North Vietnamese Air Defence Network was degraded by electronic countermeasures (ECM) and other suppression of Enemy Air Defences (SEAD) measures. Though the North Vietnamese forces claim over 81 US aircraft as shot down during Operation Linebacker II, (including 34 B-52s, two attributed to the VPAF),[12], U.S sources acknowledge only 27 aircraft lost by the Americans (including 15 B-52s).[13]

Within 12 days of the operation "Linebacker-2" (18–29 December), during the eight air battles seven US aircraft (including four F4 Phantom) and three Vietnamese MiG-21 were shot down.[4]

After the negotiated end of American involvement in early 1973, the No. 919 transport air group (Lữ đoàn Không quân vận tải 919), was formed; and equipped with fixed-wing aircraft, as well as helicopters (rotor-wing) in November.

During the 1975 Spring Offensive, the bombing of Tan Son Nhut Air Base, the only airstrike conducted by the VPAF, occurred on 28 April 1975, just two days before the Fall of Saigon. The operation was carried out by the VPAF's Quyet Thang Squadron, using captured A-37 aircraft flown by VPAF pilots and RVNAF defectors led by Nguyen Thanh Trung who had bombed the Presidential Palace in Saigon, less than one month earlier before defecting to the north.

A MiG-21 flown during the War sits on display

During the Vietnam War, NVAF used the MiG-17F, PF (J-5); MiG-19 (J-6), MiG-21F-13, PF, PFM and MF fighters.[2] They claimed to have shot down 266 US aircraft, and US claimed to have shot down or destroyed 204 MiG aircraft and at least six An-2s, of which 196 were confirmed with solid evidence (100 MiG-17s, 10 MiG-19s and 86 MiG-21s). However, VPAF admits only 154 MiGs were lost through all causes, including 131 in air combat (63 MiG-17s, 8 MiG-19s and 60 MiG-21s)[14]). Using those figures, total kill ratio would be 1:1.3 to 1:2.[15][16] With the number of losses to MiGs confirmed by US (121 aircraft shot down and 7 damaged[15][16]), the kill ratio turns 1.6:1 against the MiGs, or 1.1:1 even accepting the VPAF's figure of only 131 in air combat. However, this ratio does not include the number of ARVN's aircraft shot down by VPAF (One source claims 72 ARVN's aircraft were shot down by VPAF[17])

1975–present (reunified Vietnam)

The VPAF did not play a major role during the Ho Chi Minh Campaign in 1975. The only sorties flown were conducted by five captured VNAF A-37s. SA-2s were transported into South Vietnam to counter possible US military air strikes. The US could not bring back their air power during the 1975 offensive, which had proven decisive in 1972, and the VNAF did not have the capability to strike targets in the north nor to defend against the onslaught in the south.

After the end of the Vietnam War (called the American War in Vietnam) in May 1975, more regiments were formed. No. 935 fighter regiment "Đồng Nai" and no. 937 fighter-bomber regiment "Hậu Giang", followed by no. 918 transport regiment "Hong Ha" and no. 917 mixed transport regiment "Đồng Tháp" were created in July 1975. In September 1975, the four newly created regiments were formed into the 370nd Air Division "Lê Lợi" and the 372nd Air Division "Hai Van" was formed, including among others the 925th fighter regiment.[2]

On 31 May 1977, the Vietnam People's Air Force (Không quân Nhân dân Việt Nam) was separated from the Air Defence Force (Quân chủng Phòng không).[2]

When South Vietnam was overrun by PAVN forces on 30 April 1975, approximately 877 aircraft were captured by PAVN. Of that number, 41 were F-5s and 95 were A-37s.[18] When Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1979, former VNAF A-37s flew most of the ground support missions. These aircraft were more suited to the role than the MiGs. Former VNAF F-5Es, C-123s, C-130s, and UH-1s were used by the VPAF for many years after the end of the War.

In the years between 1953 and 1991, approximately 700 warplanes, 120 helicopters, and 158 missile complexes have been supplied to North Vietnam by the USSR and PR China (primarily the MiG-19 (J-6 series). Even today, three-quarters of Vietnamese weaponry has been made in post-Cold-War Russia.[19]

Today the VPAF is in the midst of modernisation. It still operates late model MiG-21s, Su-22s, aircraft of the Cold War era.[20][21] However, it has recently been modernising its air force with models of the Su-27-SK air superiority fighter following closer military ties, and an array of arms deals with Russia. To date, Vietnam has ordered and received 12 of these aircraft. In 2004, it also acquired 4 modified variants of the Su-30 MK2V, newer models of the Su-27. In May 2009, they inked a deal to procure additional 12 aircraft from the Russians to bolster their ageing fleet. The Vietnamese air force has also acquired new advanced air defence systems, including two S-300 PMU1 (NATO designation: SA-20) short-to-high altitude SAM batteries in a deal worth $300 million with Russia.[19]

Aerial aces

In the Vietnam War, many Vietnamese pilots had notable achievements, and were honoured in as "aces".[22]

Nguyen Van Bay's MiG-17 number 2047 which was used to bomb USS Oklahoma City 19 April 1972
The MiG-21 number 5121 was flown by Pham Tuan 26 December 1972, during Operation Linebacker II and shot down B-52 Stratofortress
Name Victories VPAF Aircraft Regiment Service
Nguyễn Văn Cốc 11 (nine aircraft and two UAV) MiG-21 921st Fighter Regiment 1967–69
Mai Văn Cường 8 MiG-21 921st Fighter Regiment 1966–68
Nguyễn Hồng Nhị 8 MiG-21 921st/927th Fighter Regiment 1966–72
Phạm Thanh Ngân 8 MiG-21 921st Fighter Regiment 1967–69
Đặng Ngọc Ngự 7 MiG-21 921st Fighter Regiment 1966–72
Nguyễn Văn Bảy 7 MiG-17 923rd Fighter Regiment 1966–72
Lê Hải 6 MiG-17 923rd Fighter Regiment 1967–72
Lê Thanh Đạo 6 MiG-21 927th Fighter Regiment 1971–72
Lưu Huy Chao 6 MiG-17 923rd Fighter Regiment 1966–68
Nguyễn Đăng Kỉnh 6 MiG-21 921st Fighter Regiment 1967–68
Nguyễn Đức Soát 6 MiG-21 921st/927th Fighter Regiment 1969–72
Nguyễn Ngọc Độ 6 MiG-21 921st Fighter Regiment 1967–68
Nguyễn Nhật Chiêu 6 MiG-17/MiG-21 921st Fighter Regiment 1965–67
Nguyễn Tiến Sâm 6 MiG-21 921st/927th Fighter Regiment 1968–72
Vũ Ngọc Đỉnh 6 MiG-21 921st Fighter Regiment 1966–70
Nguyễn Văn Nghĩa 5 MiG-21 927th Fighter Regiment 1972

Organisational structure

Air Force and Air Defence Divisions

The organisational levels of Vietnam People's Air Force, from highest to lowest are:

Air Division and Regimental Names of the VPAF[23] Recent base information is from the Vietnamese Wikipedia VPAF article.

Command Division Regiment Name Equipment Base
High Command of Air Defence and Air Force 371st Air Force Division
(Thăng Long Air Wing)		 931st Fighter Yên Bái Squadron Su-22M4/UM3K Yên Bái Air Base
921st Fighter Red Star Squadron Su-22M4/UM3K Phúc Yên Air Base (Noi Bai International Airport)
923rd Fighter-bomber Yen The Squadron Su-30MK2 Tho Xuan Airport
927th Fighter Lam Son Squadron Su-30MK2 Kép Air Base
916th Helicopter Ba Vi Squadron Mi-6, Mi-8, Mi-24D, Mi-171 Hòa Lạc Air Base
918th Air Transport Hong Ha Squadron An-2, An-26, An-30, M-28, C-295M Gia Lam Airport
372nd Air Force Division
(Hải Vân Air Wing)		 929th Fighter-Bomber Son Tra Squadron Su-22M4 Da Nang International Airport
930th Helicopter Mi-8, Mi-171 Da Nang International Airport
940th Fighter/Air Training Tây Sơn Squadron Su-27SKM/UBK/PU Phu Cat Airport
370th Air Force Division
(Biên Hòa Air Wing)		 937th Fighter-Bomber Hậu Giang Squadron Su-22M4/UM3K Thanh Son Air Base
935th Fighter Đồng Nai Squadron Su-30MK2 Bien Hoa Air Base
917th Mixed Air Transport Đồng Tháp Squadron UH-1H, Mi-8, Mi-171 Tan Son Nhat International Airport
Air Force Officer School 910th Air Training L-39C Dong Tac Airport
920nd Air Training Yak-52 Nha Trang Air Base
361st Air Defence Division
(Ha Noi Air Defence Division)		 218th SA Artillery Hoa Lư Regiment ZSU-23-4, SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa, SA-9 Gaskin, SA-13 Gopher, SA-17 Grizzly, SA-20 Gargoyle, SA-22 Greyhound Ha Noi
280th SA Artillery Hong Linh Regiment
236th SA Missile Song Da Regiment
250th SA Missile Thăng Long Regiment
257th SA Missile Red Flag Regiment
64th SA Missile
363rd Air Defence Division
(Hai Phong Air Defence Division)		 240th AA Artillery ZSU-23-4, SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa, SA-9 Gaskin, SA-13 Gopher Hai Phong
213th SA Missile
238th SA Missile Hạ Long Regiment
285th SA Missile Nam Trieu Regiment
365th Air Defence Division
(Bac Thai Air Defence Division)		 228th SA Artillery Ham Rong Regiment ZSU-23-4, SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa, SA-9 Gaskin, SA-13 Gopher, SA-6 Gainful Bắc Giang
267th SA Missile Dien Bien Regiment
284th SA Missile Song La Regiment
375th Air Defence Division
(Da Nang Air Defence Division)		 224th SA Artillery To Vinh Dien Regiment SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa, SA-6 Gainful Da Nang
275th SA Missile Soc Son Regiment
282nd SA Missile Tam Giang Regiment
377th Air Defence Division
(Khanh Hoa Air Defence Division)		 591st SA Artillery Truong Son Regiment SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa, SA-6 Gainful, SA-17 Grizzly, SA-22 Greyhound Cam Ranh
274th SA Missile Hung Vuong Regiment
367th Air Defence Division
(HCMC Air Defence Division)		 230th SA Artillery Thong Nhat Regiment SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa, SA-6 Gainful, SA-20 Gargoyle Ho Chi Minh city
261st SA Missile Thanh Loa Regiment
263th SA Missile Quang Trung Regiment
276th SA Missile
93rd SA Missile

Bases

Vietnam Fighter Regiments

Some airbases in the south were built by the French, Japanese* (World War II), United States Air Force or United States Navy for South Vietnam. The northern bases were likely built with assistance and/or use by the French, China or Soviet Union during the Vietnam War.

Air Force Museum

There are two Air Force museums in Vietnam: Vietnam People's Air Force Museum, Hanoi and Vietnam People's Air Force Museum, Ho Chi Minh City.

Service branches

Aircraft Air Defence Missiles Air Defence Artillery Paratroops Radar Surveillance

Ranks

Flag OfficersField Grade Officers Company Grade Officers
Thượng tướngTrung tướngThiếu tướngĐại táThượng tá Trung táThiếu táĐại úyThượng úy Trung úy Thiếu úy
Colonel General Lieutenant GeneralMajor General Senior ColonelColonelLieutenant Colonel MajorCaptainLieutenant Sub-lieutenantEnsign
Officer cadet NCOs Airmen
Học viên Sĩ quanThượng sĩTrung sĩHạ sĩ Binh nhất Binh nhì
Officer Cadet Sergeant Major Sergeant Corporal Airman First Class Airman

Aircraft

A VPAF MiG-21
A Mi-24 fly over
An Antonov An-26 lands at Tan Son Nhat Int’l

Most of the aircraft were supplied by the Soviet Union, but hundreds were left over by the United States via the Republic of Vietnam, most which are no longer in service.

Current inventory

Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
Sukhoi Su-22 Soviet Union fighter-bomber 36[24]
Sukhoi Su-30 Russia multirole Su-30MMK 40[24] 6 on order[24]
Maritime Patrol
PZL M28 Poland maritime patrol 1[24]
Transport
CASA C-295 Spain transport 3[24]
Antonov An-26 Ukraine transport 30[24]
Helicopters
Mil Mi-8 Russia utility Mi-8/17 87[24]
Mil Mi-24 Russia attack 25[24]
Bell UH-1 United States utility UH-1H 15[24] retained from the South Vietnamese Air Force
Kamov Ka-27 Russia utility Ka-32 2[24]
Trainer Aircraft
Aero L-39 Czech Republic jet trainer 25[24]

Retired

Some notable combat aircraft that were operated by the air force consisted of the MiG-15UTI, MiG-17F, MiG-23, the American F-5 Tiger II, and the A-37B Dragonfly. Transport aircraft were the C-47 Dakota, C-130 Hercules , An-2 Colt, and the Beriev Be-12 amphibious aircraft. Helicopters consisted of the Ka-25 Hormone, Mil Mi-6, Mil Mi-4, and the CH-47A Chinook[25] Most of these aircraft have now been sold off or scrapped, due to loss of parts. Vietnam's rapid economic development is opening the country to foreign investment and has resulted in Hanoi’s new acquisition of more modern equipment. The air force is deemed efficient but financial problems mean

Armament

A Kh-59 (AS-13) Anti-ship missile on display at MAKS 2009
Name Origin Type Notes
Air-to-air missile
AA-11[26] Russia air-to-air missile 375 short range missiles[26]
AA-2 Soviet Union air-to-air missile 2,300 missiles of which 750 were the AA-2C’s[26]
AA-8 Soviet Union air-to-air missile 400 missiles[26]
RVV-AE Russia air-to-air missile unknown number [27]
Anti-ship missile
AS-13 Russia anti-surface missile 200 missiles[26]
AS-17 Russia anti-surface missile 100 missiles[26]
AS-14 Russia anti-surface missile 100 missiles[26]
The VPAF use the S-125 Pechora like this one
A S-300 anti-aircraft missile system

Air Defence

Name Origin Type In service Notes
SAM
S-300 Russia SAM system 12 launchers[28]
S-125 Pechora 2TM Russia SAM system 40[26]
S-75 Dvina Soviet Union SAM system 65[26] received 30 updated S-75M Volga
2K12 Kub Soviet Union SAM system 10[26] tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system
9K35 Strela-10 Soviet Union SAM system 20[26] tracked short-range surface-to-air missile system
SA-7 Russia MANPADS 80[26]
SA-16/18 Russia MANPADS 400 (SA-16) 50 (SA-18)[26]
Air Defence Artillery
ZSU-23-4 Soviet Union Mobile anti-aircraft 100[26]
ZSU-57-2 Soviet Union Mobile anti-aircraft 100[26]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vietnam People's Air Force.

Notes

    References

    1. ↑ "Oath of Honor". 1970. Retrieved 31 October 2015. To sacrifice himself undeservedly for the fatherland, fight for the cause of national independence and socialism, under the leadership of the Vietnam Workers Party...
    2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ivanov, S.V. (2000). "Boyevoye primenenye MiG-17 i MiG-19 vo Vietnamye (Боевое применение МиГ-17 и МиГ-19 во Вьетнаме)". Voyna v vozdukhye (16).
    3. ↑ "Vietnamese Aces – MiG-17 and MiG-21 pilots". Acepilots.com. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Mig-21 against the Phantom".
    5. ↑ Chauhan, p. 25
    6. ↑ Hamilton-Merritt, p.180
    7. ↑ Hamilton-Merritt, p. 181
    8. ↑ "Vietnamese Air-to-Air Victories, Part 2". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
    9. ↑ Anderton 1987, pp. 70–71.
    10. ↑ Sherman, Stephen (October 2002). "Randy Cunningham". Acepilots.com.
    11. ↑ Hall, George (1987). Top Gun: The Navy's Fighter Weapons School. Presido Press.
    12. ↑ "Vạch nhiễu tìm thù hạ "ngáo ộp" B52". Tin nhanh Việt Nam ra thế giới (World News Vietnam) – Vietbao.vn. 23 December 2007.
    13. ↑ See "Published Government Documents" and "Secondary Sources" below.
    14. ↑ Migs over North Vietnam: The Vietnam People's Air Force in Combat, 1965–75, Stackpole Military History
    15. 1 2 ACIG Team (16 September 2003). "Vietnamese Air-to-Air Victories, Part 1". Indochina Database. Air Combat Information Group.
    16. 1 2 ACIG Team (16 September 2003). "Vietnamese Air-to-Air Victories, Part 2". Indochina Database. Air Combat Information Group.
    17. ↑ Aviaciya PVO Rossii i nauchno-technicheskii progress. Boevie kompleksi i sistemi vchera, segodnya, zavtra", E.A.Fedosova, Drofa, 2004
    18. ↑ Toperczer (29) p. 80, 81
    19. 1 2 Blagov, Sergei (5 September 2003). "Russian missiles to guard skies over Vietnam". Asia Times Online. Moscow.
    20. ↑ "Su-17,-20,-22 FITTER (SUKHOI)". GlobalSecurity.org.
    21. ↑ "MiG-21 FISHBED". GlobalSecurity.org.
    22. ↑ Bowers, Al; Lednicer, David (17 May 1999). "Fighter Pilot Aces List". The Air University.
    23. ↑ MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War by István Toperczer
    24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "World Air Forces 2017". Flightglobal Insight. 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
    25. ↑ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 105". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
    26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Trade Registers. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 29 May 2015
    27. ↑ "Vietnam equipped RVV-AE to Su-30MK2". soha.vn.
    28. ↑ "Russian missiles to guard skies over Vietnam". atimes.com. Retrieved 4 May 2015.

    Published Government Documents

    • Boyne, Walter J. (May 1997). "Linebacker II". Air Force Magazine. 80 (11). 
    • Gilster, Herman L. The Air War in Southeast Asia: Case Studies of Selected Campaigns. Maxwell Air Force Base AL: Air University Press, 1993.
    • Head, William P. War from Above the Clouds: B-52 Operations During the Second Indochina War and the Effects of the Air War on Theory and Doctrine. Maxwell AFB AL: Air University Press, 2002.
    • McCarthy, Brig. Gen. James R. and LtCol. George B. Allison, Linebacker II: A View from the Rock. Maxwell Air Force Base AL: Air University Press, 1979.
    • Nalty, Bernard C. Air War Over South Vietnam: 1969–1975. Washington, D.C.: Center of Air Force History, 1995.
    • Schlight, John, A War Too Long. Washington, D.C.: Center of Air Force History, 1993.
    • Tilford, Earl H. Setup: What the Air Force Did in Vietnam and Why. Maxwell Air Force Base AL: Air University Press, 1991.
    • Thompson, Wayne, To Hanoi and Back: The US Air Force and North Vietnam, 1966–1973. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002.

    Secondary Sources

    • Asselin, Pierre, A Bitter Peace: Washington, Hanoi and the Making of the Paris Agreement, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
    • Ambrose, Stephen E., The Christmas Bombing in Robert Cowley, ed. The Cold War: A Military History, New York: Random House, 2005.
    • Casey, Michael, Clark Dougan, Samuel Lipsman, Jack Sweetman, Stephen Weiss, et al., Flags Into Battle. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1987.
    • Dorr, Robert. Boeing's Cold War Warrior: B-52 Stratofortress. Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 978-1-84176-097-1
    • Drendel, Lou, Air War over Southeast Asia: Vol. 3, 1971–1975. Carrollton TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1984.
    • Hobson, Chris, "Vietnam Air Losses USAF/NAVY/MARINE, Fixed-wing aircraft losses Southeast Asia 1961–1973. 2001. ISBN 978-1-85780-115-6
    • Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Books, 1983.
    • Lipsman, Samuel, Stephen Weiss, et al., The False Peace: 1972–74. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985.
    • Littauer, Raphael and Norman Uphoff, The Air War in Indochina. Boston: Beacon Press, 1972.
    • McCarthy, Donald J. Jr. MiG Killers: A Chronology of US Air Victories in Vietnam 1965–1973. North Branch, Minnesota: Speciality Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-58007-136-9.
    • Morocco, John, Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985.
    • Pribbenow, Merle L.(trans) Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam. University Press of Kansas, 2002. ISBN 0-7006-1175-4
    • Zaloga, Steven J. Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile. Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84603-062-8
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