Victorian Railways L class

Victorian Railways L class

L 1162 At Newport Workshops in March 2014 alongside L 1160
Type and origin
Power type Electric
Builder English Electric, United Kingdom
Build date 1953-1954
Total produced 25
Specifications
Configuration:
  UIC Co-Co
Gauge 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm)
Wheel diameter 3 ft 4 in (1,016 mm)
Length 59 ft (17.98 m)
Loco weight 97 long tons 1 cwt (217,400 lb or 98.6 t)
Electric system/s 1.5 kV Direct Current Catenary
Current pickup(s) Pantograph
Traction motors 6x 402 hp (300 kW) English Electric Model 519
Performance figures
Maximum speed 75 mph (121 km/h)
Power output 2,400 hp (1,790 kW)
Tractive effort 47,000 lbf (209.1 kN) starting
25,200 lbf (112.1 kN) continuous
Career
Operators Victorian Railways
Number in class 25
Numbers L 1150-L 1174
First run 21 April 1953
Preserved L 1150, L 1160, L 1162, L 1169
Disposition 4 preserved, 21 scrapped

The Victorian Railways L class was a class of mainline electric locomotive that ran on Australia's Victorian Railways and its successor V/Line from 1953 until 1987. Introduced in conjunction with the electrification of the Gippsland line, these locomotives hauled both passenger and freight services between Traralgon and Melbourne until the overhead electrification was decommissioned in favour of diesel electric traction.

History

Australia was a relatively early adopter of electric traction and Electric Multiple Unit trains, with a General Electric advertisement in Railway Age magazine of 1924 claiming that Melbourne had the largest suburban electrification scheme in the world at 346 miles (557 km).[1] However, electrification in Victoria had until the 1950s been restricted to the Melbourne suburban network. Apart from the EMU fleet the only electric locomotives operated by the VR were a fleet of 12 small 620 hp (460 kW) E class electric locomotives, built at VR's Newport Workshops for suburban goods service,[2] using the same General Electric traction motors and electrical equipment employed on Melbourne's EMU fleet.

During the early 1950s, Victorian Railways embarked on an £80 million program dubbed ‘Operation Phoenix’ to rebuild a network badly run down by years of Depression-era underinvestment and wartime overutilisation.[3] This included a substantial upgrade (regrading, rerouting and electrification) of the Gippsland line servicing Victoria's substantial brown coal fields in the Latrobe Valley to allow for greatly increased traffic in briquettes for industrial use. A suitably powerful electric locomotive was sought for both express passenger and heavy freight use on the upgraded, electrified line.

Production

In-house locomotive production by Victorian Railways had virtually ceased with the last of the N class locomotives in 1951, and an order was placed with English Electric in the United Kingdom for 25 locomotives. Classleader L 1150 entered service on 21 April 1953, and the final locomotive L 1174 entered service on 3 August 1954. Because the electrification scheme was not completed until 1956, 12 were stored at Newport Workshops.[4]

Design features

The L class design reflected a compromise between a requirement to haul freight loads of up to 1,400 tons up a 1 in 110 gradient, and a requirement for a low axle load in consideration of VR's typically lightly laid line infrastructure. Although English Electric recommended a heavier locomotive, VR engineers argued against anything above a 97 ton maximum.[5]

In order to achieve the required weight reductions, a series of novel weight-saving measures were taken. The original round-ended nose design (which was to have resembled the EMD F7 nose used on the B class Diesel)[6] was shortened and squared off to allow the frame to be reduced in size and weight, reducing the depth of the cabs and requiring the driver to enter the cab via the engine room. Masonite was used in place of sheet metal to line the cab interior, and acrylic sheet was used in place of glass on some of the cab windows.[5]

The L class locomotive was also fitted with what was believed to be the most powerful dynamic brake in the world at the time, with L 1150 able to maintain a steady 32 mph (51 km/h) leading a 1,100 ton test train on a 1 in 50 down-grade without use of the air brake.[7]

L class locomotives were capable of multiple unit operation, but only with other L class locomotives.

Regular service

In terms of power, the L class outclassed most of the Victorian Railways fleet when introduced in 1953, surpassed only by steam locomotive H220. L 1150 was able to better the performance of the famed S class in hauling a 600-ton load up the 1 in 50 gradient of Glenroy Bank.[8] The L was also able to haul an 1,100 ton load between Dandenong and Oakleigh stations in around half the time taken by VR's most powerful freight locomotive, the X class, allowing heavy freight trains from Gippsland to avoid delaying suburban passenger services sharing the same route.[8]

From introduction the class were maintained at the Jolimont Workshops in central Melbourne, along with the suburban multiple unit fleet and the E class suburban freight locomotives, as steam locomotives were housed at the North Melbourne Locomotive Depot. They were not moved to the new South Dynon Locomotive Depot until 1964.[9]

The L class proved to be a fine locomotive for express passenger service where their high power output was put to good use hauling The Gippslander and other services at the line speed limit of 70 mph (112 km/h). However, in heavy freight service they were somewhat less successful, as their relatively light weight and low factor of adhesion caused them to slip on heavy loads.[10] Despite this, they were regularly used to haul heavy briquette trains of over 1,000 tons from the Latrobe Valley to Melbourne.[11] They could also be seen on some suburban freight services.

L class locomotives were equipped with two pantographs. The VR issued instructions for both pantographs to be raised in winter months, with the first pantograph serving to knock ice off the overhead catenary and ensure good contact for the second pantograph.[10]

Accidents

The L class locomotives became known as "The Whispering Death" during their early years due to accidents attributed to their quietness of operation in comparison to the various Diesel locomotives operated by the VR at the time. A number of track workers were killed or seriously injured by L class locomotives whose rapid approach they were unable to hear until it was too late.[5]

In early 1984, L 1164 failed at Hernes Oak and was struck by the relief locomotive and withdrawn.[10] In 1985, L 1163 was involved in a derailment near Drouin after hitting a broken rail at 70 mph. The locomotive dug into the ballast and rotated through 180 degrees before rolling down an embankment. Remarkably, the crew climbed from the wreckage without serious injury and the derailed passenger carriages remained upright on the embankment, avoiding loss of life and serious injury among the passengers.[12]

Demise

Because only one major line (the Gippsland line) had been electrified, the economic advantages of electric traction were not fully realised due to the need to change locomotives for trains that extended beyond the range of the electrified network, which added to the overall cost per mile. Furthermore, the additional expense associated with maintaining the 1,500 V DC overhead catenary system saw V/Line move to withdraw the L class from service and dewire the Gippsland line beyond Pakenham.[13] The L class fleet were withdrawn from service by 1987.[10]

Preservation

Four L class locomotives have survived into preservation, all based at Newport Workshops:[14][15]

References

  1. "Electrification in Australia". Retrieved 2007-04-26.
  2. E Class Electric (1500V DC) Vicsig
  3. "ARHS Railway Museum: History 1950 - 2000". Retrieved 2006-12-31.
  4. Oberg, Leon (1984). Locomotives of Australia 1850s - 1980s. Frenchs Forest: Reed Books. p. 210. ISBN 0 730100 05 7.
  5. 1 2 3 Potts, Don (June–September 1998). "Welcome Back L 1162". Stack Talk. 9 (2): 5–7. Australia Post Print Post Approved PP 32767870032.
  6. "Image Search, Victorian Railways, Museum Victoria, Australia - Drawing of L-class electric locomotive". museum.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
  7. "L 1150 makes the grade". The Victorian Railways Newsletter. May 1953.
  8. 1 2 "Power and Speed". The Victorian Railways Newsletter: 3. July 1953. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
  9. SE Dornan and RG Henderson (1979). Electric Railways of Victoria. Australian Electric Traction Society. p. 42. ISBN 0-909459-06-1.
  10. 1 2 3 4 L class electric locomotives Mark Bau's VR website
  11. "Victorian Railways, Museum Victoria, Australia: L Class Electric locos". museum.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  12. "1985 L Class Derailment at Drouin". railpage.org.au. 2006-09-19. 641457. Retrieved 2007-06-02.(note reference to West Gippsland Trader and Warragul Gazette news article from 7 February 1985)
  13. VR History Mark Bau's VR website
  14. L Class Railpage
  15. L Class Vicsig
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