Victorian Railways Dd class

The D^D class (later reclassified into D¹, D² and D³ subclasses) was a passenger and mixed traffic steam locomotive that ran on Victorian Railways from 1902 to 1974. Originally introduced on mainline express passenger services, they were quickly superseded by the much larger A² class and were relegated to secondary and branch line passenger and goods service, where they gave excellent service for the next fifty years. The D^D design was adapted into a 4-6-2T tank locomotive for suburban passenger use, the (later D⁴) class. They were the most numerous locomotive class on the VR, with a total of 261 D^D and 58 locomotives built.

History

By 1900, Victoria's express passenger locomotive fleet was almost exclusively made up of 4-4-0 designs of the Old A, New A, and the most recent AA class. These locomotives reflected contemporary British locomotive practice (as did the VR's fleet of 0-6-0 goods locomotives), in no small part due to the Victorian Government having appointed, in 1884, a Midland Railway manager, Richard Speight, as its first Chief Railways Commissioner. The Commissioners then asked British locomotive engineer Edward Jeffreys to design five standard types of locos, in partnership with the British locomotive manufacturer (Kitson & Co. of Leeds).^[1]

At the turn of the century, in what marked a major shift in policy, the VR under recently appointed Commissioner Mr. J Mathieson set up a Locomotive Design Section for in-house development of future motive power. The D^D class locomotives were the first product of this exercise.^[2] A 4-6-0 design equipped with 5 ft 1 in driving wheels, saturated steam boiler and Belpaire firebox, the D^D reflected the considerable talent of VR's design team, which included ex-Beyer, Peacock and Company recruit Eugene Siepen, future VR Chief Mechanical Engineer Alfred Smith, and Rolling Stock Branch manager Thomas Woodroffe.^[3]

Production

The D^D class is notable for being the last class of locomotive to be built by Ballarat's Phoenix Foundry, which had been the main supplier of locomotives to the VR for over thirty years, and the first locomotive class to be constructed in large numbers by VR's own newly built Newport Workshops. That was because the conservative Irvine government sought to reduce the costs of locomotive construction, and Newport Workshops was asked to tender for the construction of the D^D class locomotives. A fierce tender war between Newport and Phoenix eventually resulted in a Royal Commission, which found that Newport could produce a locomotive for £3,364, some £497 cheaper than the Phoenix Foundry.^[3] Phoenix produced just seven D^D locomotives and received no further orders, going into voluntary liquidation a year later.^[3] VR's Newport, Ballarat and Bendigo workshops went on to build virtually all subsequent locomotives for the Victorian railway system until the post-war era.

Regular service

D^D class locomotives were initially assigned to hauling the Adelaide Express over the steep gradients between Melbourne and Ballarat, but were soon seen on mainline passenger services on a number of lines.^[4]

The first years of the 20th century saw on the VR (as elsewhere in the world) a considerable increase in both the amount of traffic and the size and weight of rolling stock being hauled. In 1907, the D^D class was supplanted by the much larger and more powerful A² class on principal mainline services.^[5] However, with their light axle load (just 12 t 10 cwt in their original form),^[6] they were quickly reassigned to the VR's branchline network, where they became a fixture for the next fifty years.^[7]

With their light axle load and express passenger speed, the D^D was also an ideal choice as motive power for the Victorian Railways Commissioner's train (used to carry the VR Commissioners on inspection tours to every corner of the VR network). In 1916, Commissioners' locomotive "100" a 2-4-0 built in 1872 was scrapped and an unknown D^D took over. It is possible D^D 718 took over in 1925 after being rebuilt and becoming D¹ 600. There is photographic evidence of D¹ 600 as Commissioners' Engine throughout the 1930s in the K.V. Scott collection. By March 1937 D³ 683 was Commissioners Locomotive being specially fitted with electric headlight (Mort Clark Bulletin Article) and in August 1950 was replaced by D³ 639. 639 herself was withdrawn in July 1956 and replaced with D³ 658, however 639's numbers were transferred to 658. D³ 639 (658) was replaced by new 40 M.P.H, Clyde EMD diesel-electric Y 123 in January 1964. In August 1968 new diesel-electric Y 175 geared for 60 M.P.H. running took over until the Commissioners' Train was discontinued about 1979/80. In 1983 new Chief General Manager Mr. John Hearsch reinstated the Inspection Train with Clyde diesel-electric T 410. The Inspection train was discontinued after Hearsch left for Queensland Rail circa 1991.

tank engine

Victorian Railways class
Victorian Railways photograph of 702, circa 1910
Type and origin Power type Steam Builder VR Newport Workshops
Specifications Configuration: ​  • Whyte 4-6-2T Gauge 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) Length 41 ft 10 1⁄2 in (12.76 m) Axle load 14 long tons 10 cwt (32,500 lb or 14.7 t) Adhesive weight 38 long tons 6 cwt (85,800 lb or 38.9 t) Loco weight 69 long tons 0 cwt (154,600 lb or 70.1 t) Fuel type Coal Fuel capacity 2 long tons 15 cwt (6,200 lb or 2.8 t) Water cap 1,700 imp gal (7,700 l; 2,000 US gal)
Career Number in class 58

The expansion of Melbourne's population into new suburbs early in the 20th century and the delay of the suburban electrification project^[8] saw the need for faster and more powerful steam locomotives for the suburban rail network. The basic design of the D^D was in 1908 adapted into a 4-6-2T tank locomotive, classed . They were put to work on longer and hillier suburban routes such as the Dandenong, Frankston, Upper Ferntree Gully, Williamstown, Werribee, Lilydale, Darling and Kew railway lines. A total of 58 were built between 1908 and 1913.^[9]

With electrification of the suburban network already on the drawing board (the first electrified lines opening in 1919), the was designed for easy conversion to D^D tender engines in the event of electrification making them redundant. However, only two were modified in this way.^[9] Ten were scrapped in 1924, followed by another four in 1925 and the sale of 704 to the State Electricity Commission of Victoria.^[10] The remaining locomotives remained in service on non-electrified outer suburban routes or found new roles as suburban goods locomotives or shunters. Some were allotted to Ballarat to work the short branch line to Newlyn.

Design improvements

During the construction of the D^D class, a number of changes were made. The first locomotives built featured low running plates with splashers over the driving wheels and a narrow cab. However, after 26 such examples were built the design was altered^[9] with high running plates mounted above the driving wheels and a more comfortable full-width pressed metal cab of Canadian design, a feature incorporated at the request of Victorian Railways Chief Commissioner and former Canadian Pacific Railway Transportation Manager Thomas Tait.^[4] These became hallmarks of all subsequent VR steam locomotive designs.

Although the Dd was considered to be a successful design, it had a key shortcoming in that its boiler performance was not sufficient for the traffic demands being placed on it. In 1914, an experimental superheater was fitted to D^D 882 and was found to be very successful.^[9] Both D^D and A² designs (both locomotive classes still under construction at the time) were modified with superheated boilers (with all of the existing A² class locomotives eventually fitted with superheated boilers). Superheaters were also fitted to three of the locomotives.^[9] Further D^D locomotives were also built with 19 in. diameter cylinders in place of the original 18 in. cylinders.^[9]

In 1923-4, D^D 1022 was experimentally fitted with Pulverised Brown Coal (PBC) burning equipment.^[11]

Reclassing: D¹, D² and D⁴ class

In 1922 a complex renumbering and reclassing of VR locomotives saw the D^D class split into two subclasses, the D¹ class (comprising all the original saturated steam locomotives with 18 in. cylinders) and the D² class (comprising superheated locomotives with either 18 or 19 in. cylinders).

With the introduction of a further D³ class in 1929, the tank locomotives were reclassified as D⁴ class in 1929.

The D3 class

Despite the success of the superheating the D^D boiler, it was still somewhat limited in steam raising capabilities. In 1922, a new design of 2-8-0 branch line goods locomotive, the K class was introduced, with noticeably superior boiler performance to that of the D^D. In 1929, a D^D class locomotive was rebuilt with a larger boiler derived from the K class design. Based on the success of the rebuild, a further 93 D¹or D² class locomotives were converted between 1929 and 1947.

The D³s were economical and efficient, but also renowned for their superior performance. They could be worked hard and were a favourite with crews.^[12] Although restricted to a maximum permitted speed of 60 mph (96 km/h), the D³s were known to be capable of up to 75 mph (120 km/h).^[4]

With their ability to travel at relatively high speed and their low axle load, the D³ helped to speed up passenger services on many lightly laid branch lines.

Demise

Scrapping of D^D class locomotives commenced as early as 1929, with newer K and N class locomotives taking over branch line goods services and Petrol Electric Rail Motors (and later Diesel Electric Rail Motors) starting to replace mixed trains and locomotive-hauled branch line passenger services.^[13][14] The unrebuilt saturated steam D¹ class locomotives were the first to go, and by 1951 no fewer than 120 had been scrapped.^[4]

By 1951, the remaining D¹ locomotives were shunters, the D² locomotives providing suburban goods and branch line goods and passenger service, and the D³ performing both branch line and mainline service. However, with the massive postwar upgrading of the VR locomotive fleet as part of 'Operation Phoenix' came the introduction of J class 2-8-0 branch line steam locomotives^[7] and T class (EMD G8) diesel electric locomotives to replace the various remaining D^D locomotives.^[15]

The first D³ locomotive to be scrapped was none other than Commissioner's locomotive D³ 639 in July 1956. However, this locomotive had attained sufficient prestige that its brass fittings and number plates were transferred to another locomotive, D³ 658, which took over its role as Commissioner's locomotive and its identity as "D³ 639".^[4]

Withdrawals and scrappings continued throughout the 1950s and 60s. The last D^D in VR service was the Commissioner's locomotive D³ 639 (formerly D³ 658), which was replaced in this role by a Y class (EMD G6B) diesel electric locomotive, Y 123 from January 1964 until August 1968 when specially regeared for 60 mph (97 km/h) operation (Y 175) in 1968.^[16] However, D³ 639 had since October 1964 taken on a new role providing motive power for the ARHS 'Vintage Train' as the first 'Special Trains Vintage Engine',^[17] and continued in this popular role until deteriorated boiler condition saw it finally withdrawn from service in 1974.

Preservation

D³ 658, hauling a rake of historic goods carriages, Newport Worshops, Victoria, Australia, 12 March 2007

Operational

D³ 639 was restored to operating condition in 1984 and was recommissioned into service by the Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke on 17 November 1984.^[17] Since this date, it has continued in service hauling various rail enthusiast special trains. It has also been used in a number of films, and could be seen hauling passenger trains beneath an inoperable overhead catenary in the 2000 remake of the post-apocalyptic film On the Beach. ,^[18] A rebuild of a 1903 D^D locomotive, it made a special long-distance journey to Mildura, Victoria in 2002 as that line approached its centenary, and celebrated its own 100th anniversary in 2003 with a journey to Swan Hill.^[19] As of 2007, it has reverted to its earlier D³ 658 numbering. As of 2009 the loco has again reverted to the 639 number.

Static

A single example of each of the D² and D⁴ locomotives were retained for preservation. D² 604 and D⁴ 268 are today on display at the Australian Railway Historical Society North Williamstown Railway Museum, as well as a further example of the D³ class, D³ 635.

13 other D³ class locomotives remain, either preserved in static display or stored awaiting restoration or as a supply of parts.

No original D¹ class locomotives have survived into preservation.

Model Railways

HO Scale

Broad Gauge Models has in the past released brass kits for the D³ series of locomotives, while Prescision Scale Models has produced complete, painted models of the engine both in typical Victorian Railways condition, and D³ 639 as preserved circa 1988.

In 2017 Trainbuilder announced an intent to produce complete, ready-to-run, DCC-ready models of D³ 639 in three variants, 620, 658, 676, 683 and 698 in black, and 619 with shunters' steps along the sides of the driving wheels.^[20]

O Scale

Veteran Models has an etched brass kit for the D³ (VM11) with a choice of a riveted (VM31) or welded (VM10) tender.

References

750 with the first set of Tait suburban passenger carriages, 1913. From 1918 onwards these carriages were converted into Electric Multiple Unit trains, superseding the locomotives.

• Dee; et al. (1981). Power Parade. Melbourne: VicRail Public Relations Division. ISBN 0-7241-3323-2. 

External links

• Locomotives - Beyer, Peacock & Co p . 43