Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia

Victoria Louise
Duchess of Brunswick
Born	Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia (1892-09-13)13 September 1892 Marble Palace, Potsdam
Died	11 December 1980(1980-12-11) (aged 88) Hanover, West Germany
Burial	20 December 1980 Berggarten Mausoleum, Hanover, West Germany
Spouse	Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick
Issue	Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick Prince George William Frederica, Queen of the Hellenes Prince Christian Oscar Prince Welf Henry
Full name Victoria Louise Adelaide Matilda Charlotte
House	Hohenzollern
Father	Wilhelm II, German Emperor
Mother	Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein

Prussian royalty
House of Hohenzollern
Wilhelm II
Children Crown Prince Wilhelm Prince Eitel Friedrich Prince Adalbert Prince August Wilhelm Prince Oskar Prince Joachim Victoria Louise, Duchess of Brunswick

Victoria Louise of Prussia (Viktoria Luise Adelheid Mathilde Charlotte; 13 September 1892 – 11 December 1980) was the only daughter and the last child of German Emperor Wilhelm II and Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein. She was a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria through her father. Her 1913 marriage to Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover was the largest gathering of reigning monarchs in Germany since German unification in 1871, and one of the last great social events of European royalty before the First World War began fourteen months later.

Shortly after the wedding, she became the Duchess of Brunswick by marriage. Through her daughter Frederica, Princess Victoria Louise was the maternal grandmother of Queen Sophia of Spain (mother of Felipe VI, King of Spain) and the former King Constantine II of Greece.

Early life and education

Victoria Louise, aged 10

Princess Victoria Louise Adelheid Mathilde Charlotte was born on 13 September 1892, the seventh child and only daughter of German Emperor Wilhelm II and Empress Augusta Victoria. "After six sons, God has given us our seventh child, a small but very strong little daughter," the empress wrote in her diary soon after the birth.^[1] The young princess was christened on 22 October,^[2] and was named after her paternal great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, and her paternal great great grandmother, Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.^[3] Known officially as Victoria Louise, she would be nicknamed "Sissy" by her family.^[4]

Historian Justin C. Vovk writes that Victoria Louise was intelligent like her paternal grandmother Empress Frederick, stately and dignified like her mother, but imperious and willful like her father. She enjoyed being the center of attention,^[5] and was her father's favourite.^[6][7] According to her eldest brother Crown Prince Wilhelm, Victoria Louise was "the only one of us who succeeded in her childhood in gaining a snug place" in their father's heart.^[8] In 1902, her English governess, Anne Topham, observed in their first meeting that the nine-year-old princess was friendly, energetic, and always quarreling with her next eldest brother, Prince Joachim.^[9] Anne later noted that the "warlike" emperor "unbends to a considerable extent when in the bosom of his family," and is the "dominating force of his daughter's life. His ideas, his opinions on men and things are persistently quoted by her."^[10]

The family resided at Homburg Castle,^[11] and Victoria Louise and Joachim would often visit their cousins – the children of the Prussian princesses Margaret and Sophia – at nearby Kronberg Castle.^[12] In 1905, the princess studied music with concert pianist Sandra Drouker. For a period of one week in May 1911, Victoria Louise traveled to England aboard the Hohenzollern with her parents, where they visited their cousin King George V for the unveiling of a statue of Queen Victoria in front of Buckingham Palace.^[13] Her confirmation took place at Friedenskirche in Potsdam on 18 October 1909.^[14]

Marriage

In 1912, Ernest Augustus, the wealthy heir to the title of Duke of Cumberland, came to the Berlin court to thank Emperor Wilhelm for having Crown Prince Wilhelm and Prince Eitel Friedrich attend the funeral of his brother, Prince George William. While in Berlin, Ernest Augustus met Victoria Louise, and the two became smitten with each other.^[8] However, any discussions of marriage were prolonged for months due to political concerns;^[15] Ernest Augustus was also the heir to the Kingdom of Hanover, which had been annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia following the 1866 Austro-Prussian War. The Prussian crown prince was displeased with the match and wished that Ernest Augustus abdicate his rights to Hanover; in a compromise, it was decided that in exchange, he would succeed to the smaller duchy of Brunswick, of which his father was the lawful heir. The family had been barred from the succession to Brunswick due to their claims towards the Hanoverian kingdom.^[16] They were engaged in Karlsruhe on 11 February 1913.^[17]

Their wedding, an extravagant affair, took place on 24 May 1913 in Berlin. It was hailed in the press as the end of the rift between the House of Hanover and House of Hohenzollern that had existed since the 1866 annexation.^[18] The Times described the union as akin to Romeo and Juliet, albeit with a happier ending.^[19] Despite the press' fixation on the union as a love match, it remains unclear if the match was one of love or politics;^[19] historian Eva Giloi believes that the marriage was more likely the result of Prussia's desire to end the rift,^[20] though in one of Victoria Louise's letters she described it as a "love match".^[19]

In a diplomatic gesture, Emperor Wilhelm invited almost all of his extended family.^[21] Also two imprisoned British spies Captain Stewart and Captain Trench, were pardoned and released by the Kaiser as a present to the United Kingdom.^[22] The wedding became the largest gathering of reigning monarchs in Germany since German unification in 1871, and one of the last great social events of European royalty before World War I began fourteen months later.^[23] Attendees included Wilhelm's cousins King George V and Tsar Nicholas II, accompanied by their respective wives Queen Mary and Tsarina Alexandra.^[23] The wedding feast included 1,200 guests.^[24] Empress Augusta Victoria took the separation from her only daughter badly and wept.^[24]

Children and Pregnancies

The new duke and duchess of Brunswick moved to the capital of Brunswick and began their family with the birth of their eldest son, Prince Ernest Augustus IV, less than a year after their wedding.^[25] They would have four further children: Prince George William (b. 1915), Princess Frederica (b. 1917), Prince Christian Oscar (b. 1919), and Prince Welf Henry (b. 1923).

Victoria Louise, c. 1918

On 8 November 1918, Ernest Augustus II was forced to abdicate his throne along with the other German kings, grand dukes, dukes, and princes, and the duchy of Brunswick was subsequently abolished. The next year, he was deprived of his British titles (including Duke of Cumberland) under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 as a result of his service in the German army during the war, and the younger Ernest Augustus's title as Prince of the United Kingdom was removed under the same Act.^[26]

Thus, when his father died in 1923, Ernest Augustus III did not succeed to his father's British title of Duke of Cumberland. For the next thirty years, Ernest Augustus would remain as head of the House of Hanover, living in retirement on his various estates.

World War II

World War II saw the rise of the Nazi Germany. Several of Victoria Louise's brothers joined the Nazi party, including former Crown Prince Wilhelm and Prince August Wilhelm.^[27] While Ernest Augustus never officially joined the party, he donated funds and was close to several leaders.^[28] As a former British prince, Ernest Augustus as well as Victoria Louise desired a rapprochement between England and Germany. Ostensibly desiring to pursue an alliance with the UK, in the mid-1930s, Adolf Hitler took advantage of their sentiment by asking the couple to arrange a match between their daughter Princess Frederica and the Prince of Wales. The Duke and Duchess of Brunswick refused, believing that the age difference was too great.^[29]

In May 1941, her father fell ill from an intestinal blockage, and Victoria Louise traveled to Doorn to visit him, as did several of her brothers. Wilhelm recovered enough for them to depart, but soon relapsed. Victoria Louise returned in time to be at her father's bedside, along with nephew Louis Ferdinand and stepmother Hermine, when he died on 4 June 1941 of a pulmonary embolism.^[30] By the time of the war's ending in Europe in April 1945, Victoria Louise was living with her husband at Blankenburg Castle.^[31]

After the war, Victoria Louise spent much of her time supporting palace restoration projects, high-society parties, hunting, and the showing of horses. She also spent time helping with philanthropic causes, for instance supporting a holiday estate for low-income children.^[32]

Publications

Approximate translations of the titles into English are given in parentheses.

• Ein Leben als Tochter des Kaisers ("Life as Daughter of the Emperor")
• Im Strom der Zeit ("In the Stream of Time")
• Bilder der Kaiserzeit ("Pictures from the Imperial Period")
• Vor 100 Jahren ("100 Years Ago")
• Die Kronprinzessin ("The Crown Princess")
• Deutschlands letzte Kaiserin ("Germany's Last Empress")

Namesakes

Two ships of the Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) were named for the Princess:

• SMS Victoria Louise, protected cruiser launched March 29, 1897, scrapped in 1923.
• Prinzessin Victoria Luise, launched June 29, 1900; wrecked off Jamaica, December 16, 1906.
• Viktoria Luise, launched January 10, 1900, as the Deutschland; refitted and renamed Viktoria Luise, 1910; renamed Hansa 1921; sold for scrap, 1925.
• The Zeppelin LZ 11 of the Verkehrsluftschiff der Deutschen Luftschifffahrts Aktiengesellschaft (DELAG) was named Viktoria Luise.

Titles, styles, honours, and regimental commissions

Victoria Louise in military dress, c. 1911

Titles and styles

• 13 September 1892 – 24 May 1913: Her Royal Highness Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia
• 24 May – 1 November 1913: Her Royal Highness Princess Ernest Augustus of Hanover

• In United Kingdom: Her Royal Highness Princess Ernest Augustus of Cumberland

• 1 November 1913 – 30 January 1953: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Brunswick
• 20 January 1953 – 11 December 1980: Her Royal Highness The Dowager Duchess of Brunswick

As the wife of a prince of the House of Hanover, Viktoria Louise also bore the titles Princess of Hanover, Princess of Great Britain and Ireland and Duchess of Brunswick and Lüneburg.

National honours

• Germany/Prussia: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Black Eagle
• Germany/Prussia: Dame of the Order of Louise^[33]
•  Kingdom of Hanover: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St. George

Foreign honours

• Greece: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia
•  Spain: 1,036th Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa
•  Ottoman Empire: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Medjidie, 1'st Class

Regimental commissions

• Regimentschefin (Regimental Chief) and Oberst à la suite (Honorary Colonel), 2. Leib-Husaren Regiment Königin Victoria von Preußen Nr. 2, ca. 1909^[34]

Issue

Gallery

Ancestry

References

Works cited

• Black, Jeremy (2004). The Hanoverians: The History of a Dynasty. New York: Hambledon and London. ISBN 1852854464. 
• Cecil, Lamar (1996). Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900-1941, Volume 2. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 
• Emmerson, Charles (2013). 1913: The World before the Great War (2013 ed.). Random House. ISBN 9781448137329.  - Total pages: 544
• Giloi, Eva (2011). Monarchy, Myth, and Material Culture in Germany 1750-1950. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76198-7. 
• Clay, Catrine (2007). King, Kaiser, Tsar: Three Royal Cousins Who Led the World to War. Walker & Company. ISBN 978-0802716231. 
• MacDonogh, Giles (2000). The Last Kaiser: The Life of Wilhelm II. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-30557-5. 
• MacDonogh, Giles (2007). After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465003389. 
• Pakula, Hannah (1997). An Uncommon Woman: The Empress Frederick, Daughter of Queen Victoria, Wife of the Crown Prince of Prussia, Mother of Kaiser Wilhelm. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. ISBN 0684842165. 
• Petropoulos, Jonathan (2006). Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195339274. 
• Riotte, Torsten (2008). "The House of Hanover, Queen Victoria and the Gelph dynasty". In Urbach, Karina. Royal Kinship. Anglo-German Family Networks 1815-1918. Munich: K.G. Saur Verlag. ISBN 978-3-598-23003-5. 
• Riotte, Torsten (2011). "Hanoverian Exile and Prussian Governance: King George V of Hanover and His Successor in Austria, 1866-1913". In Mansel, Philip; Riotte, Torsten. Monarchy and Exile: The Politics of Legitimacy from Marie de Médicis to Wilhelm II. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-24905-9. 
• Schench, G. (1907). Handbuch über den Königlich Preuβischen Hof und Staat fur das Jahr 1908 [Manual of the Royal Prussian Court and State for the year 1908] (in German). Berlin. 
• Topham, Anne (1915). Memories of the Kaiser's Court. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. 
• Viktoria Luise (Herzogin zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg) (1977). The Kaiser's Daughter: Memoirs of H. R. H. Viktoria Luise, Duchess of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Princess of Prussia. Prenticse-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-514653-8. 
• Vovk, Justin C. (2012). Imperial Requiem: Four Royal Women and the Fall of the Age of Empires. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4759-1749-9. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia.

• Historical footage of the marriage of Victoria Louise in May 1913, filmportal.de