Viktor Tsoi

Viktor Tsoi Виктор Цой
Viktor Tsoi in 1986 (photo by Igor Moukhin)
Born	Viktor Robertovich Tsoi (1962-06-21)21 June 1962 Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Died	15 August 1990(1990-08-15) (aged 28) Sloka - Talsi highway, Latvia
Cause of death	Traffic collision
Resting place	Bogoslovskoye Cemetery, Leningrad
Occupation	Musician singer songwriter poet composer actor stoker
Children	Aleksandr Tsoi
Parent(s)	Robert Tsoi Valentina Tsoi
Musical career
Genres	Post-punk new wave gothic rock punk rock
Instruments	Vocals guitar
Labels	AnTrop Melodiya
Associated acts	Kino

Viktor Robertovich Tsoi (Russian: Ви́ктор Ро́бертович Цой; 21 June 1962 – 15 August 1990) was a Soviet singer and songwriter who co-founded Kino, one of the most popular and musically influential bands in the history of Russian music.

Born and raised in Leningrad, Tsoi started writing songs as a teenager. Throughout his career, Tsoi contributed a plethora of musical and artistic works, including ten albums. After Kino appeared and performed in the 1987 film Assa, the band's popularity sparked, triggering a period referred to as "Kinomania", and leading to Tsoi's role as Moro, the protagonist of the 1988 film The Needle. In 1990, after their high-profile concert on Luzhniki Stadium, Tsoi briefly relocated to Latvia with bandmate Yuri Kasparyan to work on the band's next album. Two months after the concert, Viktor Tsoi died in a car collision.^[1][2]

He is regarded as one of the pioneers of Russian rock and is credited with popularizing the genre throughout the Soviet Union. He retains a devoted following in many ex-Soviet countries, such as Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, where he is known as one of the most influential and popular people in the history of Russian music.

Biography

Viktor Robertovich Tsoi was born in Leningrad on 21 June 1962. He was the only child of Valentina Vasilyevna Tsoi (née Guseva) (1939–2009), a Russian schoolteacher, and Robert Maksimovich Tsoi (1937–), a Soviet-Korean engineer.^[3] Tsoi's Korean ancestry can be traced back to Songjin, Hamgyong, Korea (today's Kimchaek, North Korea), where his great-grandfather Choi Yong-nam was born.^[4] Tsoi's parents divorced in 1973, but remarried in 1974.^[5]

From 1974 until 1977, Tsoi attended a middle art school, where he was a member of the band Palata № 6 with the band leader Maksim Pashkov.^[6] From 1977, he attended the Serov Art School, until he was expelled in 1979 for poor performance.^[7] Afterwards, he attended SGPTU-61, where he was studying to become a wood carver.^[8] In his youth, he was a fan of Mikhail Boyarsky and Vladimir Vysotsky, and later Bruce Lee, after whom he started modelling his image.^[9]

Viktor lived with his wife, Marianna Tsoi (née Rodovanskaya, May 5, 1959 - June 27, 2005),^[10] and his son Alexander (born 1985). However, as he loved somebody else during his marriage, he was only married to Marianna because of their son. Tsoi lived a very harsh and poor life, with Marianna saying that they couldn't even afford a proper wedding dress. Most of his albums were illegally passed around and hence not much money actually came to him and the band.^[11] He worked and lived in the boiler room of Kamchatka. He previously also worked in Kyiv, Ukraine, however when the authorities found out he was illegally working, they sent him back to Moscow.^[12]

15 August 1990: Death

On 15 August 1990 in Latvia, Tsoi was driving on the Sloka - Talsi highway, near Tukums and Riga. At 12:28 p.m., Tsoi died in a car collision. According to the official investigation, Tsoi fell asleep behind the wheel while driving at a speed of at least 130km/h, causing his dark blue Moskvitch-2141 to turn onto the oncoming lane and collide with an Ikarus 250 bus. Tsoi died almost instantly. His car was completely destroyed to the point that one of its tires was never found. The investigation concluded that Tsoi had fallen asleep while driving, possibly due to fatigue;^[13] he had not consumed alcohol for at least 48 hours before his death. Tsoi had wanted to take his son Alexander (Sasha) with him on the trip, but Sasha did not go. Tsoi was buried in a closed casket.

On 17 August, Komsomolskaya Pravda, one of the main Soviet newspapers, had the following to say about Tsoi and his meaning to the youth of the nation:

Tsoi means more to the young people of our nation than any politician, celebrity or writer. This is because Tsoi never lied and never sold out. He was and remains himself. It's impossible not to believe him... Tsoi is the only rocker who has no difference between his image and his real life, he lived the way he sang... Tsoi is the last hero of rock.

The tape which contained the only recording of Tsoi's vocals for the next album was recovered and the surviving members of Kino recorded the music to the album, which was christened Black Album as a sign of mourning for the fallen singer. The album became the band's most popular creation.

The surviving members of his family—Robert Tsoi, his father, and Alexander Tsoi, both live in Saint Petersburg, with Robert having recently beat cancer and Alexander Tsoi (Molchanov), changing his last name and becoming a web designer.^[14]

Marianna Tsoi died on June 27, 2005, after a battle with cancer.^[15]

Career

Tsoi began writing songs at the age of 17. In the 1970s and the 1980s, rock was an underground movement limited mostly to Leningrad; Moscow pop stars ruled the charts and received the most exposure from the media. However, rock music was not popular with the government. Thus rock bands received little or no funding and were not given any exposure by the media. By this time Tsoi had begun to perform the songs he wrote at parties.

Tsoi went to underground concerts of Leningrad rock musicians. After a Boris Grebenshchikov solo concert he returned with Grebenshchikov by commuter train from Petergof to Leningrad and played two of his songs to him.^[16] Grebenshchikov, who had already been a relatively established musician in the Leningrad underground scene, was very impressed by Tsoi's talent and helped him start up his own band. This was the beginning of Tsoi's rock music career.

Beginnings of Kino

Leningrad's Rock Club was one of the few public places where rock bands were allowed to perform. In 1983 at the Leningrad Club "Kafe", he made his stage debut as a bassist, however, in 1982, he already had a band formed called Автоматические Удовлетворители (Avtomaticheskie Udovlyetvorityeli) At the Leningrad Rock Club, he played as a solo artist supported by two members of Aquarium. Tsoi's innovative lyrics and music impressed the crowd.

Before making it big, Tsoi said that the problem with music was that no one wanted to take chances. He wanted to experiment with lyrics and music in order to create something fresh that no one had ever heard before. Tsoi succeeded in his goal. Shortly after the concert he recruited other musicians and they formed Kino, which in Russian means both "cinema" and "film". They recorded a demo tape at Tsoi's apartment. This tape was quickly passed around Leningrad, and then all over the country by rock enthusiasts. Kino began to gain popularity.

First album

In 1982, Kino released their first Samizdat album 45. This album first showed Tsoi's willingness to approach political topics in his music, something few other artists were willing to do. In his song "Commuter Train" (Russian: Электричка) he discussed a man stuck in a train that was taking him where he didn't wish to go; this was clearly a metaphor for life in the Soviet Union, and the band was quickly banned from performing this song live. Regardless, the political message of the song made it popular among the youth of the anti-establishment movement that now began to look to Viktor Tsoi and Kino as their idols.

In 1982, Tsoi met Marianna Rodovanskaya, whom he married in 1985. She was a source of support and family for Tsoi, giving birth to their son Alexander (Sasha) on 5 August 1985. Marianna Tsoy became the owner of rights to her husband's songs after his death. She survived Viktor by 15 years before dying from cancer in 2005.^[17] However, Tsoi separated from his wife a few years before his death. However, the two did not officially divorce due to their son, Aleksandr (Sasha).^[18]

Kino displayed more of their political views at the 2nd Leningrad Rock Club Concert. The band won the competition with Tsoi's anti-war song "I Declare My Home... [a nuclear-free zone]" (Russian: Я объявляю свой дом ... [безъядерной зоной]). The song's popularity was fueled by the ongoing Afghan War which was claiming the lives of thousands of young Soviet citizens. Several sources claim that Viktor Tsoi went to a psychiatric hospital to evade conscription, which is generally regarded as true by his fans, as there are various resources that state that he checked into the hospital for 6 months,^[12] however some still claim that it is a mere myth as doctor-patient confidentiality prevents any reliable source from revealing any relevant information.^{[19][20][21][22]}

Gorbachev era

Russian stamp devoted to Viktor Tsoi, 1999

Kino was still not getting Soviet media attention when Mikhail Gorbachev was appointed General Secretary of CPSU in 1985. The social and economic reforms associated with the latter's name exposed social and economic problems of the Soviet Union allowing open discussion of them in the media. Restrictions on the media were loosened and rock bands became mentioned in the newspapers and shown on TV. In 1986 Tsoi used the open atmosphere and public sentiment to release a song titled "Changes!" (Russian: Перемен!). The song called on the young generation to demand changes within the current system and spread Kino's name all over the nation.

Rise to fame

1987 was a breakthrough year for Kino. The release of their 5th album (or 6th album, depending on whether the experimental album "46" is counted. Most fans consider it a genuine album) Blood Type (Gruppa Krovi) triggered what was then called "Kinomania". The open political climate under glasnost allowed Tsoi to make Blood Type, his most political album, yet it also allowed him to record a sound of music that no one before him had been able to play. Most of the tracks on the album were directed at the youth of the Soviet Union, telling them to take control and make changes within the nation; some of the songs addressed the social problems crippling the nation. The sound and lyrics of the album made Tsoi a hero among Soviet youth and Kino the most popular rock band ever. In the diverse Soviet republics, fans translated his originally Russian lyrics into their native languages as well.

Over the next few years, Tsoi appeared in several successful movies and also traveled to the United States to promote his films at film festivals. Several more albums were released, their themes were once again mostly political, further fueling the band's popularity. Even though Tsoi was a huge star, he still lived a relatively ordinary life. He kept his old job in the boiler room of an apartment building, called Kamchatka, which he would later go on to buy, and currently, it is designed as a museum/club dedicated to the singer. The fact that he worked at a boiler plant surprised many people. Tsoi said that he enjoyed the work and he also needed the money to support the band, as they still received no government support and their albums were copied and passed around the nation via samizdat free of charge. This made Tsoi even more popular among the people because it showed that he was down to earth and they could relate to him. He also went on tour in 1988–1989 to Italy, France, and Denmark. Kino's finest hour came in 1990 with a concert at Moscow's Luzhniki Stadium. 62,000 fans filled the stands to celebrate the triumph of the USSR's most successful rock group. It also was one of the four times the Luzhniki Olympic Fire was ever lit.

Film appearances

In 1987, the band Kino, along with other Russian rock bands, appeared as themselves in Assa (Асса), a film by Sergei Solovyov. However, the film as a whole has nothing to do with Rock, and Kino simply appears as a cameo in the end.

In 1988, Viktor Tsoi starred as the protagonist in The Needle (Russian: Игла, Igla), directed by Rashid Nugmanov and written by Aleksandr Baranov and Bakhyt Kilibayev. The plot is centered around the character Moro, who returns to Almaty, Kazakhstan, to collect money owed to him. While waiting out an unexpected delay, he visits his former girlfriend Dina and discovers she has become a morphine addict. He decides to help her kick the habit and fight the local drug mafia responsible for her condition. But Moro finds a deadly opponent in "the doctor," the mafia kingpin who is exploiting Dina.^[23] Viktor was nominated for an award for his role in the film.^[12]

The film's soundtrack, including original music by Tsoi's band Kino, contributes to the overall feeling of the movie, in addition to the film's use of post-modern twists and surreal scenes.

The movie was officially released in February 1989 in the Soviet Union.

Cultural impact

One of the most popular graffiti slogans in Russia and within ex-USSR nations says "Tsoi is alive and always will be in our hearts" ("Цой жив и всегда будет жить в наших сердцах!") or the common short version "Tsoi is alive" ("Цой жив").

The Tsoi Wall in the Arbat District of Moscow.

Kino's impact on Soviet music and society was huge. The group introduced a sound and lyrics that no other Soviet artist before them was able or willing to produce. Kino opened the doors for modern Russian rock bands. It is displayed today in many places around Russia, from graffiti on the fences of St. Petersburg to an entire wall dedicated to Viktor Tsoi in a bylane of the famous Arbat street in Moscow, where fans still gather to remember their hero. Other Tsoi Walls can also be found in Minsk, Belarus and in some regions of Kazakhstan. In 2000 some of the nation's top rock bands came together and released their interpretations of Kino's best songs as a tribute to Viktor Tsoi on what would have been his 38th birthday.

Most recently, Viktor Tsoi's "Gruppa krovi" is played through Grand Theft Auto IV's fictional radio station Vladivostok FM.

South Korean rock band YB covered the song "Gruppa krovi".

On June 21, 2012, Google commemorated Tsoi's 50th birthday with a Google Doodle reminiscent of the Tsoi Wall.^[24][25]

Viktor Ahn, a South Korean-born Russian short track speed skater chose his Russian name "Viktor" in honor of Tsoi.^[26]

In 2012, on his 50th birthday, the members of Kino gathered to record the song Ataman (Атаман), with his vocals that were recovered from his car crash but never used because of its poor quality. The drummer Georgiy Guryanov died shortly after, making Ataman the last song recorded by Kino and its members.

See also

• Koryo-saram, regarding the history and culture of Koreans in Post-Soviet states

References

Further reading

• (in Russian) "Виктор Цой, Звезда по Имени Солнце: Стихи, Песни, Воспоминания", Eksmo, 2001.
• Tsoi, Marianna; Aleksandr Zhitinsky (1991). Viktor Tsoi: stikhi, dokumenty, vospominaniya (in Russian). St. Peterburg: Novy Gelikon. ISBN 5-85395-018-5. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viktor Tsoi.

• Viktor Tsoi on IMDb
• Viktor Tsoi's 50th Birthday Google Doodle