Outline of German expressions in English

The following outline is presented as an overview of and topical guide to German expressions in English:

A German expression in English is a German loanword, term, phrase, or quotation incorporated into the English language. A loanword is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language without translation. It is distinguished from a calque, or loan translation, where a meaning or idiom from another language is translated into existing words or roots of the host language. Some of the expressions are relatively common (e.g. hamburger), but most are comparatively rare. In many cases the loanword has assumed a meaning substantially different from its German forebear.

English and German both are West Germanic languages, though their relationship has been obscured by the lexical influence of Old Norse and Norman French (as a consequence of the Norman conquest of England in 1066) on English as well as the High German consonant shift. In recent years, however, many English words have been borrowed directly from German. Typically, English spellings of German loanwords suppress any umlauts (the superscript, double-dot diacritic in Ä, Ö, Ü, ä, ö and ü) of the original word or replace the umlaut letters with Ae, Oe, Ue, ae, oe, ue, respectively (as is done commonly in German speaking countries when the umlaut is not available; the origin of the umlaut was a superscript E).

German words have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons:

• German cultural artifacts, especially foods, have spread to English-speaking nations and often are identified either by their original German names or by German-sounding English names
• Developments and discoveries in German-speaking nations in science, scholarship, and classical music have led to German words for new concepts, which have been adopted into English: for example the words doppelgänger and angst in psychology.
• Discussion of German history and culture requires some German words.
• Some German words are used in English narrative to identify that the subject expressed is in German, e.g. Frau, Reich.

As languages, English and German descend from the common ancestor language West Germanic and further back to Proto-Germanic; because of this, some English words are essentially identical to their German lexical counterparts, either in spelling (Hand, Sand, Finger) or pronunciation ("fish" = Fisch, "mouse" = Maus), or both (Arm, Ring); these are excluded from this list.

German common nouns fully adopted into English are in general not initially capitalised, and the German letter "ß" is generally changed to "ss".

German terms commonly used in English

Most of these words will be recognized by many English speakers; they are commonly used in English contexts. Some, such as wurst and pumpernickel, retain German connotations, while others, such as lager and hamburger, retain none. Not every word is recognizable outside its relevant context. A number of these expressions are used in American English, under the influence of German immigration, but not in British English.

Food and drink

• Berliner Weisse, sour beer often infused with fruit syrup (German spelling: Berliner Weiße)
• Biergarten, open-air drinking establishment
• Braunschweiger, a liverwurst cold-cut (though in Germany Braunschweiger describes a smoked ground beef sausage)
• Bratwurst (sometimes abbrev. brat), type of frying sausage
• Budweiser, beer, after Budweis, the German name of Budějovice, a city in Southern Bohemia
• Bundt cake, a ring cake (from Bundkuchen – in Germany, a Gug(e)lhupf)
• Delicatessen, speciality food retailer, fine foods (modern German spelling Delikatessen)
• Emmentaler (or Emmental), a yellow, medium-hard Swiss cheese that originated in the area around Emmental, Canton Bern
• Frankfurter, type of sausage, usually called a "Frank" or "Frankfurt" in English use.
• Gummi bear, also found with the Anglicized spelling gummy bear, German spelling: Gummibär
• Hamburger, sandwich with a meat patty and garnishments
• Hasenpfeffer, type of rabbit (or hare) stew
• Hefeweizen, unfiltered wheat beer (containing yeast)
• Kipfel, also kipferl, a horn-shaped type of pastry
• Kinder Surprise, also known as a "Kinder Egg", a chocolate egg containing a small toy, usually requiring assembly (in Germany: Kinder-Überraschung)
• Kirschwasser, spirit drink made from cherries (hard liquor / booze)
• Knackwurst, cooked sausage
• Kohlrabi, type of cabbage (aka "cabbage turnip")
• Lager, beer made with bottom-fermenting yeast and stored for some time before serving (in Germany, an Export).
• Leberwurst, pork-liver sausage
• Maß, a unit of volume used for measuring beer; typically 1 litre (0.22 imp gal; 0.26 US gal), but probably evolved from the old Bavarian unit of measure (Maßeinheit) called Quartl (quart)
• Mozartkugel, literally "Mozart ball", a small, round sugar confection made of pistachio marzipan, and nougat, covered with dark chocolate
• Muesli, breakfast cereal (Swiss German spelling: Müesli, standard German: Müsli)
• Noodle, from German Nudel, a type of food; a string of pasta.
• Pfeffernüsse, peppernuts
• Pilsener (or Pils, Pilsner), pale lager beer named after Pilsen, the German name of Plzeň, a city in Western Bohemia; contains higher amounts of hops than usual Lager (or Export) beer, and therefore is a tad more bitter.
• Pretzel (Standard German spelling: Breze(l)), flour and yeast based pastry
• Pumpernickel, type of sourdough rye bread, strongly flavoured, dense, and dark in colour
• Quark, a type of fresh cheese (curd)
• Radler, a mixture of beer and lemonade
• Rollmops, rolled, pickled herring fillet
• Sauerkraut (sometimes shortened to Kraut, which in German would mean cabbage in general), fermented cabbage
• Schmalz, lard (rendered fat of animal origin), from Old High German smalz ^[1]
• Schnapps (German spelling: Schnaps), distilled alcoholic drink (hard liquor, booze)
• Seltzer, carbonated water, a genericized trademark that derives from the German town Selters, which is renowned for its mineral springs
• Spritzer, chilled drink from white wine and soda water (from spritzen = "to spray"; the term is most commonly used in Vienna and its surroundings; in Germany: "(Wein-)Schorle", rarely "Gespritzter")
• Stein, large drinking mug, usually for beer (from Steingut = "earthenware", referring to the material); proper German word: Steinkrug (earthenware jug).
• Streusel, crumb topping on a cake
• Strudel (e. g. Apfelstrudel, milk-cream strudel), a filled pastry
• Süffig, if a beverage is especially light and sweet or palatable; only the latter meaning is connoted with German süffig
• Wiener, hot dog (from Wiener Würstchen = Viennese sausage)
• Wiener Schnitzel, crumbed veal cutlet
• Wurst, sausage, cold cuts
• Zwieback, a "twice baked" bread; rusk, variants: German hard biscuits; Mennonite double yeast roll

Sports and recreation

• Abseil (German spelling: sich abseilen, a reflexive verb, to rope (seil) oneself (sich) down (ab)); the term "abseiling" is used in the UK and Commonwealth countries, "roping (down)" in various English settings, and "rappelling" in the US.
• Blitz, taken from Blitzkrieg (lightning war). It is a team defensive play in American or Canadian football in which the defense sends more players than the offense can block. The term Blitzkrieg was originally used in Nazi Germany during World War 2, describing a dedicated kind of fast and ferocious attack.
• Foosball, probably from the German word for table football, Tischfußball,^[2] although foosball itself is referred to as Kicker or Tischfußball in German. Fußball is the word for soccer in general.
• Karabiner, snaplink, a metal loop with a sprung or screwed gate, used in climbing and mountaineering; modern short form/derivation of the older word 'Karabinerhaken'; translates to 'riflehook'. The German word can also mean a Carbine firearm.
• Kutte (literally "frock" or "cowl"), a type of vest made out of denim or leather and traditionally worn by bikers, metalheads and punks; in German the word also refers to the clothes of monks.^[3]
• Kletterschuh, climbing shoe (mountaineering)
• Mannschaft, German word for a sports team.
• Rucksack (more commonly called a backpack in American English)
• Schuss, literally: shot (ski) down a slope at high speed; German term: Schussfahrt, as Schuss alone typically means "shot'" (schießen = "to shoot")
• Turner, a gymnast
• Turnverein, a gymnastics club or society
• Volksmarsch / Volkssport / Volkswanderung, people's march / popular sports (competitive) / people migrating

Animals

• Dachshund, a dog breed, literally "badger dog" (usually referred to as Dackel in German usage)
• Doberman Pinscher, a dog breed (usually referred to as Dobermann in German)
• Poodle, a dog breed, from German Pudel
• Rottweiler, a dog breed
• Schnauzer, a dog breed (though in German, Schnauzer could also be short for Schnauzbart, meaning "moustache")
• Siskin, several species of birds (from Sisschen, dialect for Zeisig)
• Spitz, a dog breed
• Hamster, a hamster is the furry little creature many people keep as pets

Philosophy and history

• Lebensraum, literally "living space"; conquered territory, now exclusively associated with the Nazi Party in that historical context. In Germany, the word now has a more neutral connotation.
• Nazi, short for Nationalsozialist (National Socialist)
• Neanderthal (modern German spelling: Neandertal), for German Neandertaler, meaning "of, from, or pertaining to the Neandertal ("Neander Valley")", the site near Düsseldorf where early Homo neanderthalensis fossils were found
• Schadenfreude, "joy from pain" (literally "harm joy"); delight at the misfortune of others
• Wanderlust, the yearning to travel
• Zeitgeist, spirit of the time

Society and culture

• Doppelgänger, literally "double-goer", also spelled in English as doppelgaenger; a double or look-alike. However, in English the connotation is that of a ghostly apparition of a duplicate living person.
• Dreck, literally "dirt" or "smut", but now meaning trashy, awful (through Yiddish, OED s.v.)
• Dummkopf, literally "stupid head"; a stupid, ignorant person, similar to "numbskull" in English
• Fest, festival
• Gemütlichkeit, coziness
• Gesundheit, literally health; an exclamation used in place of "bless you!" after someone has sneezed
• Hausfrau, pejorative: frumpy, petty-bourgeois, traditional, pre-emancipation type housewife whose interests centre on the home, or who is even exclusively interested in domestic matters (colloquial, American English only), sometimes humorously used to replace "wife", but with the same mildly derisive connotation. The German word has a neutral connotation.
• Kaffeeklatsch, literally "coffee gossip"; afternoon meeting where people (usually referring to women, particularly Hausfrauen) chitchat while drinking coffee or tea and having cake.
• Kindergarten, literally "children's garden"; day-care centre, playschool, preschool
• Kitsch, cheap, sentimental, gaudy items of popular culture
• Kraut, literally "cabbage"; derogatory term for a German
• Lederhosen (short leather pants for men and boys, often worn with suspenders)
• Meister, "master", also as a suffix: –meister; in German, Meister typically refers to the highest educational rank of a craftsperson, nowadays aligned with the academic master degree.
• Oktoberfest, Bavarian folk festival held annually in Munich during late September and early October
• Poltergeist, literally "noisy ghost"; an alleged paranormal phenomenon where objects appear to move of their own accord
• Spiel, an attempt to present and explain a point in a way that the presenter has done often before, usually to sell something. A voluble line of often extravagant talk, "pitch"
• uber, über, "over"; used to indicate that something or someone is of better or superior magnitude, e.g. Übermensch
• Wiener, used pejoratively, signifying a spineless, weak person. In German, the term Würstchen (the diminutive form of Wurst), Wurst or rarely Wiener Würstchen (Vienna sausage) is used in its place.
• Wunderkind, literally "wonder child"; a child prodigy

Technology

• –bahn as a suffix, e.g. Infobahn, after Autobahn
• Blücher, a half-boot named after Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (1742–1819); also a hand in the British card game Napoleon.
• Ersatz, replacement; usually implying an artificial and inferior substitute or imitation. In German, the word has a neutral connotation, e.g. Ersatzrad simply means "spare wheel" (not an inferior one).
• Flak, Flugabwehrkanone, literally: air-defence cannon, for anti-aircraft artillery or their shells, also used in flak jacket; or in the figurative sense: "drawing flak" = being heavily criticized
• Kraft as in kraft paper the strong paper used to make sacks; Kraft in German just means "strength" or "power".
• Volkswagen, literally "people's car"; brand of automobile
• Zeppelin, type of rigid airship named after its inventor

Other aspects of everyday life

• erlaubt, allowed, granted; opposite of verboten.
• kaput (German spelling: kaputt), out-of-order, broken, dead
• nix, from German nix, dialectal variant of nichts (nothing)
• Scheiße, an expression and euphemism meaning "shit", usually as an interjection when something goes amiss
• Ur– (German prefix), original or prototypical; e.g. Ursprache, Urtext
• verboten, prohibited, forbidden, banned. In both English and German, this word has authoritarian connotations.

German terms common in English academic context

German terms sometimes appear in English academic disciplines, e.g. history, psychology, philosophy, music, and the physical sciences; laypeople in a given field may or may not be familiar with a given German term.

Academia

• Ansatz, basic approach
• Doktorvater, doctoral advisor
• Festschrift, book prepared by colleagues to honor a scholar, often on an important birthday such as the sixtieth.
• Gedenkschrift, memorial publication
• Leitfaden, guideline
• Methodenstreit, disagreement on methodology
• Privatdozent, in German it describes a lecturer without professorship (typically requires German Habilitation degree).
• Professoriat, the entity of all professors of a university

Architecture

• Angstloch, literally "fear hole", a small hole in the floor of a medieval castle or fortress through which a basement room (popularly described as a "dungeon") can be accessed
• Bauhaus, a German style of architecture begun by Walter Gropius in 1918
• Bergfried, a tall tower typical of Central European medieval castles
• Biedermeier, of or relating to a style of furniture developed in Germany in the 19th century; in German, it might also derogatively describe a certain old-fashioned, ultra-conservative interior styling
• Hügelgrab, in archaeology, burial mound
• Jugendstil, art nouveau
• Pfostenschlitzmauer, in archaeology, a method of construction typical of prehistoric Celtic hillforts of the Iron Age
• Plattenbau, building made from prefabricated slabs; a typical building style of the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, particularly associated with East Germany.
• Sondergotik, a Late Gothic architectural style found in Central Europe between 1350 and 1550
• Stolperstein, literally "stumbling stone", metaphorically a "stumbling block" or a stone to "stumble upon", a cobblestone-size (10 by 10 centimetres (3.9 in × 3.9 in)) concrete cube bearing a brass plate inscribed with the name and life dates of victims of Nazi extermination or persecution
• Viereckschanze, in archaeology, a Celtic fortification of the Iron Age

Arts

• Gesamtkunstwerk, "the whole of a work of art", also "total work of art" or "complete artwork"
• Gestalt (lit. "shape, figure"), a collection of entities that creates a unified concept (where "the whole is more than the sum of its parts")

Heraldry

• Seeblatt
• Schwurhand

Music

• Affektenlehre, the doctrine of the affections in Baroque music theory
• Almglocken, tuned cowbells
• Alphorn, a wind instrument
• Augenmusik, eye music
• Ausmultiplikation, a musical technique described by Karlheinz Stockhausen
• Blockwerk, medieval type of church organ featuring only labial pipes
• Crumhorn, from German Krummhorn, a type of woodwind instrument
• Fach, method of classifying singers, primarily opera singers, by the range, weight, and color of their voices
• Fife, from Pfeife, a small transverse flute often used in military and marching bands
• Flatterzunge (literally "flutter tongue"), playing technique for wind instruments
• Flugelhorn (German spelling: Flügelhorn), a type of brass musical instrument
• Glockenspiel, a percussion instrument
• Heldentenor, "heroic tenor"
• Hammerklavier, "hammer-keyboard", an archaic term for piano or the name of a specific kind of piano, the fortepiano; most commonly used in English to refer to Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata
• Hosenrolle, a term for male character, literally "trousers' role"
• Kapellmeister, "music director"
• Katzenjammer, hubbub or uproar; in German, the term Katzenjammer could also mean hangover.
• Katzenklavier, cat organ, a conjectural instrument employing live cats
• Kinderklavier, piano for children
• Klangfarbenmelodie, a term coined by Arnold Schönberg regarding harmonic theory
• Konzertmeister, concert master
• Kuhreihen, song originally used for gathering cows for milking
• Leitmotif (German spelling: Leitmotiv) a musical phrase that associates with a specific person, thing, or idea
• Lied (pronounced "leet"), "song"; specifically in English, "art song"
• Lieder ohne Worte, "songs without words"
• Liederhandschrift, a manuscript containing medieval songs
• Liederkranz, (originally male) singing club
• Liedermacher, Singer-songwriter
• Marktsackpfeife, a type of bagpipes
• Meistersinger, Master-singer
• Mensurstrich, barline that is drawn between staves
• Minnesang, medieval love poetry
• Musikalisches Würfelspiel, a composing technique featuring the use of random number generators, i.e. dice (Würfel)
• Ohrwurm, catchy tune
• Orgelbewegung, a movement of organ building featuring a more baroque sound and organ architecture
• Rauschpfeife, a type of woodwind instrument.
• Rückpositiv (also rendered as Ruckpositiv)
• Sängerfest, a Central European tradition of music festivals that also spread to North America
• Schlager, "a hit" (German schlagen, to hit or beat)
• Schottische, literally "Scottish", a folk dance
• Schuhplattler, a regional dance from Upper Bavaria and Austria
• Singspiel, German musical drama with spoken dialogue
• Sitzprobe, rehearsal of a musical stage work where singers are sitting and without costumes
• Sprechgesang and Sprechstimme, forms of musical delivery between speech and singing
• Strohbass
• Sturm und Drang, "storm and stress", a brief aesthetic movement in German literature, just before Weimar Classicism
• Urtext, "original text" (of the composer)
• Volksmusik, traditional German music
• Walzer (Waltz)
• Zukunftsmusik, music of the future

Genres

• Kosmische Musik: a Krautrock-associated genre of electronic music pioneered by Popol Vuh
• Krautrock: German-like English name for a variety of German rock
• Neue Deutsche Härte (NDH): "New German Hardness"; a genre of German rock that mixes traditional hard rock with dance-like keyboard parts. Recently it has begun to appear in English.
• Neue Deutsche Todeskunst: "New German Death Art": a movement within the darkwave and gothic rock scenes
• Neue Deutsche Welle (NDW): "New German Wave". A genre of German music originally derived from punk rock and new wave music.
• Neue Slowenische Kunst: "New Slovenian Art". An art collective dating back to the 1980s, when Slovenia was part of Yugoslavia. Most prominently associated with the band Laibach, named after the German name for Slovenia's capital city, Ljubljana.
• Romantische Oper: genre of early nineteenth-century German opera
• Schranz: a type of techno

Selected works in classical music

• Johann Sebastian Bach's Das wohltemperierte Klavier (The Well-Tempered Clavier); Jesus bleibet meine Freude (Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring)
• Brahms's Schicksalslied Song of Destiny)
• Kreisler's Liebesleid {Pain of Love), Liebesfreud (Joy of Love")
• Liszt's Liebesträume (Dreams of Love)
• Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Serenade); Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute)
• Gustav Mahler's Kindertotenlieder (Songs on Dead Children)
• Schubert's Winterreise (Winter Journey)
• Schumann's Dichterliebe (The Poet's Love)
• Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier (Cavalier of the Rose); Also sprach Zarathustra (Thus Spoke Zarathustra); "Vier letzte Lieder" (Four last songs)
• Johann Strauss II's Die Fledermaus (The Bat); An der schönen blauen Donau (On The Beautiful Blue Danube)
• Richard Wagner's Die Walküre (The Valkyrie); Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods); both from his opera cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen" (The Ring of the Nibelung)

Carols

• Stille Nacht: "Silent Night"
• O Tannenbaum: "O Christmas Tree"

Modern songs

• 99 Luftballons: "99 Balloons" (English title: "99 Red Balloons") by Nena
• Schrei nach Liebe: "Scream for Love" by Die Ärzte
• Feuer frei!: "Open fire" (literally, "fire freely!") by Rammstein
• Der Kommissar "The Commissioner" by Falco

Theatre

• Verfremdungseffekt, effect of disassociation or alienation

Typography

• Fraktur, a style of blackletter typeface
• Schwabacher, a style of blackletter typeface, from the Franconian town of Schwabach

Biology

• Ahnenreihe, line of ancestors
• Ahnenschwund, pedigree collapse
• Ahnentafel, line of ancestors
• Anlage in genetics; also used in the sense of primordium in embryology and temperament in psychology; literal meaning "disposition" or "rudiment"
• Aufwuchs, growth
• Aurochs (Modern German: Auerochse), urus
• Bauplan, body plan of animals
• Bereitschaftspotential, readiness potential
• Edelweiss, German spelling Edelweiß, Leontopodium alpinum
• Einkorn, Triticum boeoticum or Triticum monococcum, a type of wheat
• Krummholz, crooked or bent wood due to growth conditions of trees and bushes
• Lagerstätte, repository; sedimentary deposit rich in fossils
• Lammergeier or lammergeyer (German: Lämmergeier, also Bartgeier), the bearded vulture
• Molosser, a type of dog, literally "Molossian", from Molossus, the name of an ancient dog breed which the modern molossers descend from
• Oberhäutchen (often written oberhautchen in newer literature), the outermost layer of reptile skin; literally "small top skin" (Häutchen is the diminutive of Haut, the German word for "skin")
• Schreckstoff (lit. "scream stuff"), a chemical alarm signal emitted by fish
• Spitzenkörper, structure important in hyphal growth
• Spreite, laminae found in trace fossils, going back to animal burrows
• Unkenreflex, a defensive posture adopted by several branches of the amphibian class
• Waldsterben, forest dieback
• Zeitgeber (chronobiology), external clue that helps to synchronize the internal body clock
• Zugunruhe (ornithology), pre-migration anxiety in birds and other migratory animals

Chess

• Allumwandlung
• Blitz chess, from German Blitzschach, literally "lightning chess", also known as Fast chess
• Fingerfehler: slip of the finger
• Kibitz, from German Kiebitz (see de:Kiebitz (Spielbeobachter)), a spectator making comments on the game that can be heard by the players
• Luft
• Patzer
• Sitzfleisch: patience during slow play
• Zeitnot
• Zugzwang
• Zwischenschach
• Zwischenzug

Economics

• Dollar (German Thaler, Czech: tolar), from Joachimsthal (Czech: Jáchymov), name for the silver coin mined in Bohemia in the 16th century in Joachimsthal (through Dutch (Rijks)daalder)
• Energiewende, stands for Energy transition
• Freigeld
• Freiwirtschaft
• Heller (German also Häller), from Hall am Kocher, name for the coin
• K: In economics, the letter K, from the German word Kapital, is used to denote Capital^[4][5][6][7]
• Lumpenproletariat
• Mittelstand
• Takt
• Wirtschaftswunder

Geography

• Hinterland
• Inselberg
• Knickpoint (German Knickpunkt, from knicken "to bend sharply, fold, kink"), a point where the slope of a river changes suddenly
• Massenerhebung effect
• Mitteleuropa
• Mittelgebirge
• Schlatt (also Flatt; from Low German)
• Thalweg (written "Talweg" in modern German)

Geology

• Aufeis, sheets of layered ice formed from groundwater discharge or upwelling of river water behind ice dams during freezing temperatures
• Bergschrund
• Dreikanter
• Fenster, also known as a window, a geologic structure formed by erosion or normal faulting on a thrust system
• Firn
• Flysch
• Gneiss (German Gneis)
• Graben
• Horst
• Karst
• Loess (German: Löss)
• Randkluft, gap between the rock face and the side of the glacier
• Sturzstrom
• Urstrom, a large glacial age river in Northern Europe
• Urstromtal

Minerals including:

• Feldspar (German Feldspat)
• Hornblende
• Meerschaum
• Moldavite (German Moldavit), from Moldau (Czech: Vltava)
• Quartz (German Quarz)
• Zinnwaldite (German Zinnwaldit), from Zinnwald (Czech: Cínovec)

History

(Some terms are listed in multiple categories if they are important to each.)

The Third Reich

Other historical periods

• Alltagsgeschichte, literally "everyday history" a type of microhistory
• Aufklarung, in German: Aufklärung, "enlightenment", short for Zeitalter der Aufklärung, "age of enlightenment"
• Biedermeier, era in early 19th century Germany
• Chaoskampf (mythology)
• Diktat
• Gründerzeit, the period in German history of great artistic and economic developments
• Junker
• Kaiser, "emperor" (derived from the title "Caesar")
• Kleinstaaterei, the territorial fragmentation of Germany in the early modern period
• Kulturgeschichte
• Kulturkampf, literally the 'struggle for culture'; Otto von Bismarck's campaign for secularity which mostly went against Catholics in the newly-formed German state, ostensibly a result of Bismarck's suspicion of Catholic loyalty
• Kulturkreis, a theory in anthropology and ethnology
• Kulturkugel, literally "culture bullet" or "cultural bullet", a neologism coined by archaeologist J. P. Mallory for his model of cultural diffusion
• Landflucht
• Landnahme
• Nordpolitik
• Ostflucht
• Ostpolitik
• Ostalgie (nostalgia for the former Eastern Bloc, specifically for the GDR)
• Perserschutt, "Persian rubble", sculptures that were damaged by the invading Persian army on the Acropolis of Athens in 480 BC
• Quellenforschung, "research of sources", the study of the sources of, or influences upon, a literary work
• Regenbogenschüsselchen, a type of prehistoric gold coin of the Celtic Iron Age
• Realpolitik (political science: "real politics"); usually implies the way politics really works, i.e. via the influence of power and money, rather than a principled approach that the public might expect to be aligned with a party's or nation's values, or rather than a political party's given interpretation.
• Reichstag (Imperial Diet; see Reichstag building, Imperial Diet, Reichstag, and the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic)
• Sammlungspolitik
• Sippe, an ancient Germanic clan
• Urmonotheismus
• Urreligion
• Völkerschlacht – the "Battle of the Nations" (that is, the Battle of Leipzig, 1813)
• Völkerwanderung – the migration (and invasions) of the Germanic peoples in the 4th century
• Weltpolitik – the politics of global domination; contemporarily, "the current climate in global politics".

Military terms

• Blitzkrieg (literally "lightning war")
• Fingerspitzengefühl (literally "finger-tip feeling", in German used to mean "empathy", "sensitivity" or "tact"): The ability of certain military commanders to understand and master a situation in detail thanks to intuition and a capability that allows having all relevant tactical information available in the mind, presumably in the form of a mental map.
• Flak (Flugabwehrkanone), anti-aircraft gun (for derived meanings see under Other aspects of everyday life)
• Fliegerhorst, another word for a military airport (Horst = predator bird's nest)
• Karabiner, a carbine. For the climbing hardware, see carabiner above
• Kriegsspiel, in English also written Kriegspiel, war game (different meanings)
• Luftwaffe, air force (since WW II, with East Germany and the earlier German Empire using the term Luftstreitkräfte instead for their air services)
• Panzer refers to tanks and other armored military vehicles, or formations of such vehicles
• Panzerfaust, "tank fist": anti-tank weapon, a small one-man launcher and projectile.
• Strafe, punishment, extracted from the slogan Gott strafe England (May God punish England)
• U-Boot (abbreviated form of Unterseeboot – submarine, but commonly called U-Boot in Germany as well)
• Vernichtungsgedanke (thought of annihilation)

Linguistics

• Ablaut
• Abstandsprache
• Aktionsart
• Ausbausprache
• Dachsprache
• Dreimorengesetz, "three-mora law", the rule for placing stress in Latin
• Gleichsetzung or Gleichung, "equation" (of cognates, in etymology)
• Grammatischer Wechsel, "grammatical alternation", a pattern of consonant alternations found in Germanic strong verbs and also in Germanic nouns
• Grenzsignal, "boundary signal"
• Gruppenflexion, "group inflection", the attachment of an affix to an entire phrase instead of individual words
• Junggrammatiker, literally "Young Grammarians", a formative German school of linguists in the late 19th century
• Loanword (ironically not a loanword but rather a calque from German Lehnwort)
• Mischsprache, mixed language
• Nebenüberlieferung or "secondary transmission", linguistic material such as names (place-names, personal names etc.), loanwords or glosses from a particular language found in texts composed in other languages (e. g., Hesychius' glossary)
• Primärberührung, "primary contact", the development of certain consonant clusters (stop consonant + /t/) in Proto-Germanic
• Rückumlaut, "reverse umlaut", a regular pattern of vowel alternation (of independent origin from usual ablaut patterns) in a small number of Germanic weak verbs
• Sitz im Leben (Biblical linguistics mainly; the study of pragmatics has a similar approach)
• Sprachbund, "language union", a group of languages that have become similar because of geographical proximity
• Sprachgefühl, the intuitive sense of what is appropriate in a language
• Sprachraum
• sprachwirklich (said of words and structures: actually attested as opposed to, e. g., merely postulated on theoretical grounds, or as opposed to artificial coinages and inventions by ancient grammarians that were never used in reality)
• Sprechbund, "speech bond", a term from sociolinguistics
• Stammbaumtheorie, also Stammbaum alone, for a phylogenetical tree of languages
• Suffixaufnahme
• Trümmersprache, fragmentarily attested language
• Umlaut
• Urheimat, "original homeland", the area originally inhabited by speakers of a (reconstructed) proto-language
• Ursprache, "proto-language"
• Verschärfung, "sharpening", several analogous phonetic changes in Gothic, North Germanic and modern Faroese
• Wanderwort, "migratory term/word", a word which spreads from its original language into several others
• Winkelhaken, a basic element in the ancient cuneiform script

Literature

• Bildungsroman
• Knittelvers
• Künstlerroman
• Leitmotiv, a recurring theme
• Leitwortstil
• Nihilartikel, a fake entry in a reference work
• Quellenkritik, source criticism
• Sturm und Drang, an 18th-century literary movement; "storm and stress" in English, although the literal translation is closer to "storm and urge".
• Urtext, "original text"
• Vorlage, original or mastercopy of a text on which derivates are based
• Wahlverwandtschaft (pronounced with a [v]) (from Goethe's Die Wahlverwandtschaften)
• Q, abbreviation for Quelle ("source"), a postulated lost document in Biblical criticism

Mathematics and formal logic

• Ansatz (lit. "set down", roughly equivalent to "approach" or "where to begin", a starting assumption) – one of the most-used German loan words in the English-speaking world of science.
• "Eigen-" in composita such as eigenfunction, eigenvector, eigenvalue, eigenform; in English "self-" or "own-". They are related concepts in the fields of linear algebra and functional analysis.
• Entscheidungsproblem
• Grossencharakter (German spelling: Größencharakter)
• Hauptmodul (the generator of a modular curve of genus 0)
• Hauptvermutung
• Hilbert's Nullstellensatz (without apostrophe in German)
• Ideal (originally ideale Zahlen, defined by Ernst Kummer)
• Krull's Hauptidealsatz (without apostrophe in German)
• Möbius band (German: Möbiusband)
• Positivstellensatz
• quadratfrei
• Stützgerade
• Vierergruppe (also known as Klein four-group)
• "Neben-" in composita such as Nebentype
• from (ganze) Zahlen ((whole) numbers), the integers
• from Körper ("field"), used for one of the two basic fields or not specifying which one

Medicine

• Anwesenheit
• Diener, autopsy assistant
• Entgleisen
• Gedankenlautwerden
• Gegenhalten
• Kernicterus (German spelling: Kernikterus)
• Kleeblattschädel
• Mitgehen
• Mitmachen
• Mittelschmerz ("middle pain", used to refer to ovulation pain)
• Pfropfschizophrenie
• Rinderpest
• Schnauzkrampf
• Sensitiver Beziehungswahn
• Spinnbarkeit
• Verstimmung
• Vorbeigehen
• Vorbeireden
• Wahneinfall
• Witzelsucht
• Wurgstimme

Philosophy

• An sich, "in itself"
• Dasein
• Ding an sich, "thing in itself" from Kant
• Geist, mind, spirit or ghost
• Gott ist tot!, a popular phrase from Nietzsche; more commonly rendered "God is dead!" in English.
• Übermensch, also from Nietzsche; the ideal of a Superhuman or Overman.
• Weltanschauung, calqued into English as "world view"; a comprehensive view or personal philosophy of human life and the universe
• Welträtsel, "world riddle", a term associated with Nietzsche and biologist Ernst Haeckel concerning the nature of the universe and the meaning of life
• Wertfreiheit, Max Weber's postulate: statements of science should be kept separate from value judgments (value neutrality)
• Wille zur Macht, "the will to power", central concept of Nietzsche's philosophy

Physical sciences

• Ansatz, an assumption for a function that is not based on an underlying theory
• Antiblockiersystem
• Aufbau principle (physical chemistry) (German spelling: Aufbauprinzip)
• Bremsstrahlung literally, "brake radiation", electromagnetic radiation emitted from charge particles stopping suddenly
• Durchmusterung, the search for celestial objects, especially a survey of stars
• Entgegen and its opposite zusammen (organic chemistry)
• Farbzentrum (Solid-state physics)
• Foehn wind, also "foehn" (German spelling Föhn), a warm wind which sometimes appears on the northern side of the Alps in south Germany and Austria
• Fusel alcohol (German: Fuselalkohol), from German Fusel, which refers to low-quality liquor
• Gedanken experiment (German spelling: Gedankenexperiment); more commonly referred to as a "thought experiment" in English
• Gegenschein, a faint brightening of the night sky in the region of the antisolar point
• Gemisch (chemistry: a randomized mixture of components)
• Gerade and its opposite ungerade (quantum mechanics)
• Graupel, a form of precipitation
• Heiligenschein (lit. "heavenly shine")
• Hohlraum, a radiation cavity used in thermonuclear weapons design
• Kirchweger-Kondensationseinrichtung
• Kugelblitz (the German term for ball lightning), in theoretical physics: a concentration of light so intense that it forms an event horizon and becomes self-trapped
• Kugelrohr, distillation apparatus
• Mischmetall (lit. "mixed metal"), alloy
• Rocks and minerals like Quartz (German spelling: Quarz), Gneiss and Feldspar (originally Gneis and Feldspat respectively), Meerschaum
• Reststrahlen (lit. "residual rays")
• Schiefspiegler, special type of telescope
• Schlieren, inhomogeneities in transparent material
• Sollbruchstelle, predetermined breaking point
• Spiegeleisen
• Trommel
• Umklapp process (German spelling: Umklappprozess)
• Umpolung (organic chemistry)
• Vierbein, and variations such as vielbein
• Zitterbewegung
• Zwitterion

Politics

• Befehl ist Befehl
• Berufsverbot
• Kritik, a type of argument in policy debates
• Lumpenproletariat
• Machtpolitik, power politics
• Putsch, overthrow of those in power by a small group, coup d'état. (Although commonly understood and used in contemporary High German, too, the word putsch originates from Swiss German and is etymologically related to English "push".)
• Realpolitik, "politics of reality": foreign politics based on practical concerns rather than ideology or ethics.
• Rechtsstaat, concept of a state based on law and human rights
• Siegerjustiz
• Überfremdung
• Vergangenheitsbewältigung

Psychology

• Aha-Erlebnis (lit. "aha experience"), a sudden insight or epiphany, compare eureka
• Angst, feeling of fear, but more deeply and without concrete object
• Eigengrau (lit. "intrinsic grey") or also Eigenlicht (lit. "intrinsic light"), the colour seen by the eye in perfect darkness
• Einstellung effect, from Einstellung, which means "attitude" here
• Erlebnis, from erleben for "experience", meaning a lived through conscious experience
• Ganzfeld effect, from German Ganzfeld (lit. "complete field"), a phenomenon of visual perception
• Gestalt psychology (German spelling: Gestaltpsychologie), holistic psychology
• Gestaltzerfall (lit. "shape decomposition"), a kind of visual agnosia where a complex, holistic shape (Gestalt) dissolves into its parts for the perceiver
• Haltlose personality disorder, from haltlos (lit. "not stopping"), aimless
• Merkwelt, "way of viewing the world", "peculiar individual consciousness"
• Schadenfreude, gloating, a malicious satisfaction obtained from the misfortunes of others
• Sorge, a state of worry, but (like Angst) in a less concrete, more general sense, worry about the world, one's future, etc.
• Umwelt, environment, literally: "surrounding world"; in semiotics, "self-centred world"
• Weltschmerz (lit. "world-pain"), kind of feeling experienced by someone who understands that physical reality can never satisfy the demands of the mind
• Wunderkind (lit. "wonder child"), child prodigy
• Zeitgeber (lit. "time-giver"), something that resets the circadian clock found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Sociology

• Gemeinschaft, community
• Gesellschaft, society
• Herrschaft, reign
• Männerbund, elite male society
• Verstehen, understanding
• Zeitgeist, spirit of the times or age

Theology

• Gattung, genre ^{[8][9][10][11]}
• Heilsgeschichte (salvation history, God's positive saving actions throughout history)
• Kunstprosa, artistic prose^{[12][13][14][15]}
• Sitz im Leben (setting in life, context)

German terms mostly used for literary effect

There are a few terms which are recognised by many English speakers but are usually only used to deliberately evoke a German context:

• Autobahn – particularly common in British English and American English referring specifically to German motorways.
• Achtung – lit. "attention"
• Frau and Fräulein – woman and young woman or girl, respectively, in English. Indicating marital state, with Frau – Mrs. and Fräulein – Miss; in Germany, however, the diminutive Fräulein lapsed from common usage in the late 1960s. Regardless of marital status, a woman is now commonly referred to as Frau, because from 1972 the term Fräulein has been officially phased out for being politically incorrect and should only be used if expressly authorized by the woman concerned.
• Führer (umlaut is usually dropped in English) – always used in English to denote Hitler or to connote a fascistic leader – never used, as is possible in German, simply and unironically to denote a (non-fascist) leader or guide (e.g. Bergführer: mountain guide, Stadtführer: city guide [book], Führerschein: driving licence, Geschäftsführer: managing director, Flugzeugführer: Pilot in command)
• Gott mit uns – meaning "God be with us", the motto of the Prussian king was used as a morale slogan amongst soldiers in both World Wars. It was bastardized as "Got mittens" by American and British soldiers, and is usually used nowadays, because of the German defeat in both wars, derisively to mean that wars are not won on religious grounds.
• Hände hoch – "hands up"
• Herr – in modern German either the equivalent of Mr. (Mister), to address an adult man, or "master" over something or someone (e.g. Sein eigener Herr sein: to be his own master). Derived from the adjective hehr, meaning "honourable" or "senior", it was historically a nobleman's title, equivalent to "Lord". (Herr der Fliegen is the German title of Lord of the Flies.) In a religious context it refers to God.
• Ich bin ein Berliner – famous quotation by John F. Kennedy
• Leitmotif (German spelling: Leitmotiv) – any sort of recurring theme, whether in music, literature, or the life of a fictional character or a real person.
• Meister – used as a suffix to mean expert (Maurermeister) or master; in Germany it means also champion in sports (Weltmeister, Europameister, Landesmeister)
• Nein – no
• Raus – meaning Out! – shortened (colloquial) (depending on where the speaker is, if on the inside "get out!" = hinaus, if on the outside "come out!" = heraus). It is the imperative form of the German verb herauskommen (coming out (of a room/house/etc.) as in the imperative "komm raus"!).^[16]
• Reich – from the Middle High German rich, as a noun it means "empire" or "realm", cf. the English word bishopric. In titles as part of a compound noun, for example Deutsche Reichsbahn, it is equivalent to the English word "national" (German National Railway), or Reichspost (National Postal Service). To some English speakers, Reich strongly connotes Nazism and is sometimes used to suggest fascism or authoritarianism, e.g. "Herr Reichsminister" used as a title for a disliked politician.
• Ja – yes
• Jawohl – a German term that connotes an emphatic yes – "Yes, Indeed!" in English. It is often equated to "yes sir" in Anglo-American military films, since it is also a term typically used as an acknowledgement for military commands in the German military.
• Schnell! – "Quick!" or "Quickly!"
• Kommandant – commander (in the sense of person in command or Commanding officer, regardless of military rank), used often in the military in general (Standortkommandant: Base commander), on battleships and U-Boats (Schiffskommandant or U-Boot-Kommandant), sometimes used on civilian ships and aircraft.
• Schweinhund (German spelling: Schweinehund) – literally: Schwein "pig" and Hund "dog", vulgarism like in der verdammte Schweinehund ("the damned pig-dog"). But also used to describe the lack of motivation (for example to quit a bad habit): den inneren Schweinehund bekämpfen ("to battle the inner pig-dog").
• Verschlimmbessern – to make something worse in an honest but failed attempt to improve it
• Weltschmerz – world-weariness, world-pain, angst, despair with the world (often used ironically in German)
• Wunderbar – wonderful

Terms rarely used in English

• Ampelmännchen
• Besserwisser – someone who always "knows better"
• Bockmist, lit. "billy goat's dung", meaning "nonsense" or "rubbish"
• Eierlegende Wollmilchsau – literally "egg-laying wool-milk-sow", a hypothetical solution, object or person fulfilling unrealistically many different demands; also referring sometimes to a (really existing) object, concept or person like this, for example a multi-tool or exceptionally versatile person (jack of all trades)
• Fahrvergnügen – "driving pleasure"; introduced in a Volkswagen advertising campaign
• Gastarbeiter – "guest worker", foreign-born worker
• Geisterfahrer – "ghost driver", a wrong-way driver; one who drives in the direction opposite to that prescribed for the given lane.
• Götterdämmerung – "Twilight of the Gods", a disastrous conclusion of events
• Kobold – small mischievous fairy creature, traditionally translated as "goblin", "hobgoblin" or "imp"
• Ordnung muss sein – "There must be order." This proverbial phrase illustrates the importance that German culture places upon order.
• Schmutz – smut, dirt, filth
• ... über alles – "above all", originally from "Deutschland über alles", the first line of Hoffmann von Fallersleben's poem "Das Lied der Deutschen" (The Song of the Germans); see also Über Alles (disambiguation).
• Vorsprung durch Technik – "competitive edge through technology", used in an advertising campaign by Audi
• Zweihänder – two-handed sword

German quotations used in English

Some famous English quotations are translations from German. On rare occasions an author will quote the original German as a sign of erudition.

• Muss es sein? Es muss sein!: "Must it be? It must be!" – Beethoven
• Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln: "War is politics by other means" (literally: "War is a mere continuation of politics by other means") – Clausewitz
• Ein Gespenst geht um in Europa – das Gespenst des Kommunismus: "A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism" – The Communist Manifesto
• Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt euch!: "Workers of the world, unite!" – The Communist Manifesto
• Gott würfelt nicht: "God does not play dice" – Einstein
• Raffiniert ist der Herrgott, aber boshaft ist er nicht: "Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not" – Einstein
• Wir müssen wissen, wir werden wissen: "We must know, we will know" – David Hilbert
• Was kann ich wissen? Was soll ich tun? Was darf ich hoffen? Was ist der Mensch?: "What can I know? What shall I do? What may I hope? What is Man?" – Kant
• Die ganzen Zahlen hat der liebe Gott gemacht, alles andere ist Menschenwerk: "God made the integers, all the rest is the work of man" – Leopold Kronecker
• Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen!: "Here I stand, I cannot do differently. God help me. Amen!" – attributed to Martin Luther
• Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen: "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent" – Wittgenstein
• Einmal ist keinmal: "What happens once might as well never have happened." literally "once is never" – theme of The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Milan Kundera
• Es lebe die Freiheit: "Long live freedom" – Hans Scholl

See also

• List of pseudo-German words adapted to English
• List of English words of Dutch origin
• List of English words of Yiddish origin
• Denglisch
• Yinglish
• Anglish

References

Further reading

• J. Alan Pfeffer, Garland Cannon, German Loanwords in English: An Historical Dictionary, Cambridge University Press. 1994.

External links

• Dictionary of Germanisms
• User-generated collection of Germanisms, including images of spottings.
• Mathematical Words: Origins and Sources (John Aldrich, University of Southampton) See Section on Contribution of German.

• High German loanwords in English