Venad

Vēnāṭu
12th century–1729
Capital Kollam (Quilon)
Languages Malayalam
Tamil
Religion Hinduism, Saint Thomas Christianity and other religions
Government Feudalism
History
 •  Disintegration of Later Chera Kingdom 12th century
 •  Formation of Travancore 1729
Preceded by 		Succeeded by
Chera dynasty
Ay kingdom
Pandyan Dynasty
Travancore

Venad (Malayalam: Vēnāṭu) or the Kingdom of Quilon was one of the three prominent late medieval Hindu feudal kingdoms on the Malabar Coast, South India, along with the Kingdom of Calicut and Kolathunadu.[1]

The rulers of Quilon, the Venattadi Kulasekharas, traced their relations back to the Ay kingdom and the Later Cheras. The last Chera ruler, Rama Varma Kulashekhara, was the first ruler of an independent state of Quilon. In the early 14th century, King Ravi Varma established short-lived supremacy over South India. After his death, Quilon only included most of modern-day Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts of Kerala and Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. Marco Polo claimed to have visited his capital at Quilon, a centre of commerce and trade with China and the Levant. Europeans were attracted to the region during the late fifteenth century, primarily in pursuit of the then rare commodity, black pepper. The Thiruvithamkur and Kolathiri families are the only direct descendants of the Venad (Ay) Dynasty.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

A new calendar was established by Quilon rulers, the Kollam era. The calendar started in 825 with the renovation of the family temple Thirupalkadal Sreekrishnaswamy Temple.[12]

Etymology

The name Venad is believed to be derived from Ay vel (Ay=shepherd, Vel=king), referring to the ancient rulers of Velnad. Sangam literature mentions three sets of seven Vallals (philanthropists). Out of the last set (the Kadaiyezhu Vallals, circa 100 AD), three lived in present-day Kollam and one in the Trivandrum area. Sangam literature also mentions the murder of Pari, ruler of Quilon. Kapila, a poet friend of Pari, married the slain Ay vel's daughters off to the Thirukovilur (Kollam) prince and built a temple for Pari at Parippalli. The places Ayur (Ay), Oyur (Oy) and Kariavattam (Kari) were also named after Ay vels.

The earliest use of the term "Venad" is found in the Tharisapalli plates of 849 AD, which record the gifting of lands to the Assyrian Metropolitan, Mar Sabor, by the Venad king Iyenadikal Thiruvadikal. There are also many manuscripts which support the conclusion that the land was ruled by Vels. Another theory regarding the origin of the name is that, in ancient Tamil, Vezham meant "elephant", so Vezha Nadu meant "Elephant country".

History

Early history

In the Sangam age most of the present-day Kerala state was ruled by the Chera dynasty, Ezhimala rulers and the Ay rulers. Venad, ruled by the dynasty of the same name, was in the Ay kingdom. However, the Ays were the vassals of the Pandyas. By the 9th century, Venad became a part of the Later Chera Kingdom as the Pandya power diminished and traded with distant parts of the world. It became a semi-autonomous state within the Later Chera Kingdom. In the 11th century the region fell under the Chola empire.[13]

During the 12th century, the Venad dynasty merged the remnants of the old Ay Dynasty to them forming the Chirava Mooppan (the ruling King) and the Thrippappur Mooppan (the Crown Prince). The provincial capital of the local patriarchal dynasty was at port Kollam. The port was visited by Nestorian Christians, Chinese and Arabs. In same century, the capital of the war-torn Later Chera Kingdom was relocated to Kollam and the Kulasekhara dynasty merged with the Venad rulers. The last King of the Kulasekhara dynasty based on Mahodayapuram, Rama Varma Kulashekhara, was the first ruler of an independent Venad. The Hindu kings of Vijayanagar empire ruled Venad briefly in the 16th century.[13]

Ravi Varma Kulasekhara

Ravi Varma Kulasekhara of Keezhperoor (Kilapperur) (1299–1313) was a feudatory of the Pandya ruler Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I (1268–1308) and married one of his daughters. At the death of Maravarman Kulasekhara, he proclaimed independence (1310), staked his claim to the Pandya throne and started issuing records as an independent sovereign. During this period, Delhi Sultanate raided the region and unsettled power relations.

Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, taking advantage of the unsettled nature of the country, quickly overran the surrounding regions (raids in 1314-1316) and brought the entire south India, from Kanyakumari to east to Kanchipuram, under Venad. Sangramadheeran, or Kulasekhara Ravi Varma, crowned himself "Tribhuvanachakravarthi"- ruler of Chera, Chola and Pandya kingdoms in 1312 at Kanchipuram. His inscription is found in Poonamallee, a suburb of Chennai. A scholar and musician himself, he patronised intellectuals and poets during his tenure. The Sanskrit drama "Pradyumnabhyudayam" is credited to him.

Trade and commerce also flourished during his rule, and capital Kollam became a famous centre of business and enterprise.

Later monarchs

In 1314, two princesses called Attingal Rani and Kunnumel Rani from the Kolathiri Dynasty (a branch of the Ay (Venad) Dynasty itself, and related to the Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas by blood) were adopted by Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1313–1333), the son of Ravi Varma (1299–1313). The succession has continued in the female line of that lineage ever since.[3][4][7][8][9][10][11][14][15][16][17][18]

The nominal reason for the military expedition was to protect the rights of the Brahmins in Quilon. Quilon had earlier opposed the expansion Calicut supremacy south of Cochin (former Perumpadappu kingdom). However, the Calicut forces advanced by Chetwai and Kanhur River, the Zamorin crossed the backwater at Vypin, marching through Chiranganad Karappuram, Payattukad, Alleppey, Trikunnappuzha and Kartikappally, and entered Odanad.

Soon, the ruler of Quilon propitiated Calicut by paying the expenses of the battles, ceding the lands known as Munjiramukkattam (Munjiramukkattam was later transferred by the Calicut to the temple of Padmanabha or to Mathappuram shrine). Quilon also agreed to send annual tribute along with the flag of fealty to Tirunavaya for the Mamankam festival.

During the Madurai Sultanate, Venad paid annual tribute and during the Madurai Naicker period (1550 to 1801), yearly tribute was paid by the Travancore kings to a General of the Nayaks of Madurai, who annually visited the capital Padmanabhapuram.

After Venad

In the 18th century, the newly crowned prince Marthanda Varma (1706–1758), who was in his twenties, defeated the Thampi sons of Rajah Rama Varma and the Ettuveetil Pillamar (Pillai's of the Eight Noble Nair Houses). Marthanda Varma united the kingdom, destroyed other kings of Southern Kerala and expanded his kingdom northward to include half of modern-day Kerala. He named the kingdom Thiruvithamkur (Travancore), after the Thiruvithamkode branch of the Venad royal family from which he came.

Marthanda Varma rebuilt the Anandha Padmanabha Swami Temple in 1730 AD. He defeated the Dutch in the Colachel War in 1741, but maintained good relations with the British East India Company for tactical reasons. Thiruvithamkur, or Travancore, became a subsidiary of the British at the end of the 18th century, and remained a princely state with its own government under the Maharaja. On India becoming independent, Travancore joined the Indian Union in 1947 and later became a part of the State of Travancore-Cochin in 1949 which in turn became part of the state of Kerala when it was formed in 1956.

Venad monarchs (till 16th century)[19]

  1. Sri Vallabhan Kodai
  2. Rama Varma Kulashekhara, keezhperoor (1090–1102); mentioned in Rameswarathukoil Inscription as the founder of Venad as an independent state.
  3. Kotha Varma Marthandam, keezhperoor (1102–1125); conquered Kottar and Nanjanad from the Pandya Dynasty.
  4. Vira Kerala Varma I, keezhperoor (1125–1145); a great religious benefactor, responsible for the rebuilding of Padmanabhaswamy and the endowment of Suchindram Temples.
  5. Kodai Kerala Varma, keezhperoor (1145–1150)
  6. Vira Ravi Varma, keezhperoor (1161–1164)
  7. Vira Kerala Varma II, keezhperoor (1164–1167)
  8. Vira Aditya Varma , keezhperoor(1167–1173)
  9. Vira Udaya Martanda Varma, keezhperoor (1173–1192); established his seat at Kulikkod and allied himself to the Pandya Kings.
  10. Devadaram Vira Kerala Varma III, keezhperoor (1192–1195)
  11. Vira Manikantha Rama Varma Tiruvadi, keezhperoor (1195- ?)
  12. Vira Rama Kerala Varma Tiruvadi, keezhperoor (1209–1214)
  13. Vira Ravi Kerala Varma Tiruvadi, keezhperoor (1214–1240)
  14. Vira Padmanabha Martanda Varma Tiruvadi, keezhperoor (1240–1252); The Pandya kings asserted their dominance over Venad during his reign.
  15. Jayasimha Deva, keezhperoor (1266–1267); succeeded in bringing the whole of present day Kerala under his control. He esrablished his seat at Kollam, the surrounding areas becoming known as Jayasimhanad (Desinganad). His wife Rani Umma Devi was probably a joint ruler with her husband. He died leaving several sons who quarrelled with his nephews over the succession, causing a long and disruptive civil war.
  16. Ravi Varma, keezhperoor (1299–1313)
  17. Vira Udaya Martanda Varma, keezhperoor (1313–1333)
  18. Aditya Varma Tiruvadi, keezhperoor (1333–1335)
  19. Vira Rama Udaya Martanda Varma Tiruvadi, keezhperoor (1335–1342)
  20. Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvadi, keezhperoor (1342–1363)
  21. Vira Martanda Varma III, keezhperoor (1363–1366)
  22. Vira Rama Martanda Varma, keezhperoor (1366–1382)
  23. Vira Ravi Varma, keezhperoor (1383–1416)
  24. Vira Ravi Ravi Varma, keezhperoor (1416–1417)
  25. Vira Kerala Martanda Varma, keezhperoor (1383)
  26. Chera Udaya Martanda Varma, keezhperoor (1383–1444)
  27. Vira Ravi Varma, keezhperoor (1444–1458)
  28. Sankhara Sri Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1458–1468)
  29. Vira Kodai Sri Aditya Varma (1468–1484); established his capital at Kallidaikurichi.
  30. Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1484–1503); established his capital at Padmanabhapuram.
  31. Martanda Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1503–1504)
  32. Vira Ravi Kerala Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1504–1528); succeeded as Trippappur Mutta Tiruvadi.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "On an epic journey". The Hindu. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
  2. ↑ Alexander, P. C. (1946-01-01). The Dutch in Malabar. Annamalai University.
  3. 1 2 "Lords of the Sea: The Ali Rajas of Cannanore and the Political Economy of ...".
  4. 1 2 "Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830".
  5. ↑ Education, Kerala (India) Dept of; Menon, A. Sreedhara (1962-01-01). Kerala District Gazetteers: Trivandrum. Superintendent of Government Presses.
  6. ↑ Menon, T. Madhava; Linguistics, International School of Dravidian (2000-01-01). A handbook of Kerala. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. ISBN 9788185692272.
  7. 1 2 "TRAVANCORE STATE MANUAL".
  8. 1 2 "TRAVANCORE STATE MANUAL".
  9. 1 2 Journal: Humanities, Volumes 33-36. p. 188.
  10. 1 2 A handbook of Kerala, Volume 1. p. 143. ISBN 8185692270.
  11. 1 2 History of medieval Kerala. p. 81. ISBN 8173070911.
  12. ↑ Keralam anjum arum noottandukalili, Prof. Ilamkulam Kunjan Pillai
  13. 1 2 "Travancore." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2011.
  14. ↑ Alexander, P. C. (1946-01-01). The Dutch in Malabar. Annamalai University. p. 4.
  15. ↑ Education, Kerala (India) Dept of; Menon, A. Sreedhara (1962-01-01). Kerala District Gazetteers: Trivandrum. Superintendent of Government Presses. p. 146.
  16. ↑ Menon, T. Madhava; Linguistics, International School of Dravidian (2000-01-01). A handbook of Kerala. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 147. ISBN 9788185692272.
  17. ↑ A Survey of Kerala History, A. Sreedhara Menon, D C Books Kerala (India), 2007, ISBN 81-264-1578-9, ISBN 978-81-264-1578-6
  18. ↑ Royal Ark
  19. ↑ Royal Ark

[1] [2]

Further reading

  1. ↑ Travancore Archaeological Series Vol 1to7 ISBN 81-86365-73-7
  2. ↑ Buyers, Christopher (2009). "The Rajas of Venad". Retrieved 5 January 2016.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.