Vehicle dynamics

Vehicle dynamics refers to the dynamics of vehicles, here assumed to be ground vehicles. Vehicle dynamics is a part of engineering primarily based on classical mechanics.

This article applies primarily to automobiles. For single-track vehicles, specifically the two-wheeled variety, see bicycle and motorcycle dynamics. For aircraft, see flight dynamics. For watercraft see Hydrodynamics.

Components

Components, attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics include:

Aerodynamic specific

Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely aerodynamic. These include:

Geometry specific

Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely geometric. These include:

Mass specific

Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely due to mass and its distribution. These include:

Motion specific

Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely dynamic. These include:

Tire specific

Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics can be attributed directly to the tires. These include:

Roadway specific

Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics can be attributed directly to the roads on which they travel. These include:

Driving techniques

Driving techniques which relate to, or improve the stability of vehicle dynamics include:

Analysis and simulation

The dynamic behavior of vehicles can be analysed in several different ways.^[1] This can be as straightforward as a simple spring mass system, through a three-degree of freedom (DoF) bicycle model, to a large degree of complexity using a multibody system simulation package such as MSC ADAMS or Modelica. As computers have gotten faster, and software user interfaces have improved, commercial packages such as CarSim have become widely used in industry for rapidly evaluating hundreds of test conditions much faster than real time. Vehicle models are often simulated with advanced controller designs provided as software in the loop (SIL) with controller design software such as Simulink, or with physical hardware in the loop (HIL).

Vehicle motions are largely due to the shear forces generated between the tires and road, and therefore the tire model is an essential part of the math model. The tire model must produce realistic shear forces during braking, acceleration, cornering, and combinations, on a range of surface conditions. Many models are in use. Most are semi-empirical, such as the Pacejka Magic Formula model.

Racing car games or simulators are also a form of vehicle dynamics simulation. In early versions many simplifications were necessary in order to get real-time performance with reasonable graphics. However, improvements in computer speed have combined with interest in realistic physics, leading to driving simulators that are used for vehicle engineering using detailed models such as CarSim.

It is important that the models should agree with real world test results, hence many of the following tests are correlated against results from instrumented test vehicles.

Techniques include:

References

↑ Elkady, Mustafa; Elmarakbi, Ahmed (26 September 2012). "Modelling and analysis of vehicle crash system integrated with different VDCS under high speed impacts". Central European Journal of Engineering. 2 (4): 585–602. doi:10.2478/s13531-012-0035-z.

Egbert, Bakker; Nyborg, Lars; Pacejka, Hans B. (1987). "Tyre modelling for use in vehicle dynamics studies" (pdf). Society of Automotive Engineers. A new way of representing tyre data obtained from measurements in pure cornering and pure braking conditions.
Gillespie, Thomas D. (1992). Fundamentals of vehicle dynamics (2nd printing. ed.). Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. ISBN 978-1-56091-199-9. Mathematically oriented derivation of standard vehicle dynamics equations, and definitions of standard terms.
Milliken, William F. (2002). "Chassis Design – Principles and Analysis". Society of Automotive Engineers. Vehicle dynamics as developed by Maurice Olley from the 1930s onwards. First comprehensive analytical synthesis of vehicle dynamics.
Milliken, William F.; Douglas L. (1995). Race car vehicle dynamics (4. printing. ed.). Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers. ISBN 978-1-56091-526-3. Latest and greatest, also the standard reference for automotive suspension engineers.
Limited, Jörnsen Reimpell; Helmut Stoll; Jürgen W. Betzler (2001). The automotive chassis : engineering principles. Translated from the German by AGET (2nd ed.). Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers. ISBN 978-0-7680-0657-5. Vehicle dynamics and chassis design from a race car perspective.
Guiggiani, Massimo (2014). The Science of Vehicle Dynamics (1st. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-94-017-8532-7. Handling, Braking, and Ride of Road and Race Cars.
Meywerk, Martin (2015). Vehicle Dynamics (1st. ed.). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-97135-2. Lecture Notes to the MOOC Vehicle Dynamics of iversity

Automotive handling

Main topics

Spring types

Suspension types

Dependent	Beam axle De Dion tube Multi-link
Semi-independent	Twist beam
Independent	Double wishbone (Jaguar IRS) Dubonnet MacPherson strut (Chapman strut) Multi-link Sliding pillar Swing axle Trailing arm (Semi-trailing arm)

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