Traffic collision reconstruction

Vehicular accident reconstruction is the scientific process of investigating, analyzing, and drawing conclusions about the causes and events during a vehicle collision. Reconstructionists are employed to conduct in-depth collision analysis and reconstruction to identify the collision causation and contributing factors in different types of collisions, including the role of the driver(s), vehicle(s), roadway and the environment. The laws of physics and engineering principles such as the conservation of linear momentum, work-energy methods, and kinematics are the basis for these analyses and may make use of software to calculate useful quantities. The accident reconstruction provides rigorous analysis that an expert witnesses can present at trial. Accident reconstructions are done in cases involving fatalities, and often when personal injury is involved. Results from accident reconstructions are also useful in developing recommendations for making roads and highways safer, as well as improving safety aspects of motor vehicle designs. These reconstructions are often conducted by forensic engineers, specialized units in law enforcement agencies, or private consultants.

History

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration funded the first national guidelines for the standardization training in the field of traffic accident reconstruction in 1985. This led to the establishment of Accreditation Commission for Traffic Accident Reconstruction (ACTAR), an industry accreditation group.[1] This field of motorcycle accident research was pioneered by Hugh H. Hurt Jr. His meticulous accident reconstructions of motorcycle accidents helped to explain that proper helmets reduced head injuries, most motorcyclists needed more driver training to control skids, and a large percentage of motorcycle accidents involved left-turning automobiles turning in front of the oncoming motorcycle.[2]

Skid marks on an asphalt road.

Investigation

Scene inspections and data recovery involves visiting the scene of the accident and investigating all of the vehicles involved in the collision. Investigations involve collecting evidence such as scene photographs, video of the collision, measurements of the scene, eyewitness testimony, and legal depositions. Additional factors include steering angles, braking, use of lights, turn signals, speed, acceleration, engine rpm, cruise control, and anti-lock brakes. Witnesses are interviewed during accident reconstruction, and physical evidence such as tire marks are examined. The length of a skid mark can often allow calculation of the original speed of a vehicle for example. Vehicle speeds are frequently underestimated by a driver, so an independent estimate of speed is often essential in accidents. Inspection of the road surface is also vital, especially when traction has been lost due to black ice, diesel fuel contamination, or obstacles such as road debris. Data from an event data recorder also provides valuable information such as the speed of the vehicle a few seconds before the collision.[3]

As part of the investigation of a vehicle accident, an investigator typically documents evidence at the accident site and the damage to the vehicles. The use of 3-dimensional laser scanning has become a common method for documentation. The product of scanning is a 3D point cloud that can be used to take measurements and create computer models used in the analysis of the accident. The 3D data can be incorporated into many of the computer simulation programs used in accident reconstruction. The 3D point clouds and models can also be used for creating visuals to illustrate the analysis and to show views of witnesses and the involved drivers.

Technology

Many new vehicles are equipped with onboard "Crash Data Recorders or Event Data Recorders" (CDR or EDR). The Bosch CDR Tool is a commercially available tool, allowing to image crash data directly from all supported vehicles giving a detailed report of critical data parameters leading up to and during a crash. Some of the parameters include pre-crash data, vehicle speed, brake status, throttle position, ignition cycles, delta-V, seat belt status, and others.[4]

Hyundai and Kia as well as most heavy commercial vehicles are equipped with EDR, however are not supported by Bosch equipment. To access this information a diagnostic retrieval tool unique to these manufacturers is required.

Analysis

Vehicular accident reconstruction analysis includes processing data collecting, evaluating possible hypotheses, creating models, recreating accidents, testing, and utilizing software simulations. Like many other technical activities, accident reconstruction has been revolutionized by the use of powerful, inexpensive computers and specialty software. Various types of accident reconstruction software are used to recreate crash and crime scenes and to perform other useful tasks involved in reconstructing collisions. Accident reconstruction software is regularly used by law enforcement personnel and consultants to analyze a collision and to demonstrate what occurred in an accident. Examples of types of software used by accident reconstructionists are CAD (computer aided design) programs, vehicle specification databases, momentum and energy analysis programs, collision simulators, and photogrammetry software.

Presentation

After the analysis is completed, forensic engineers compile report findings, diagrams, and animations to form their expert testimony and conclusions relating to the accident. Forensic animation typically depicts all or part of an accident sequence in a video format so that non-technical parties, such as juries, can easily understand the expert's opinions regarding that event. To be physically realistic, an animation needs to be created by someone with a knowledge of physics, dynamics and engineering. When animations are used in a courtroom setting, they should be carefully scrutinized. Animation software can be easily misused, because motions which are not physically possible can be displayed. A reliable animation must be based on physical evidence and calculations which embody the laws of physics, and the animation should only be used to demonstrate in a visual fashion the underlying calculations made by the expert analyzing the case.[5]

Motorcycle Accident Reconstruction

Motorcycle accident reconstruction is similar to other accident reconstruction techniques and relies on the same basic principles of conservation of energy and momentum as automobile accident reconstruction plus adds the specifics of motorcycle dynamics and rider control. Proper reconstruction of a motorcycle accident requires detailed knowledge of motorcycle dynamics plus knowledge of how motorcycles react to rider input.

Motorcycle accident reconstruction follows reverse a chronological order of events, working from the point of rest of the motorcycle and/or rider backwards to a point in time before to the start of the accident sequence to when possible actions could have prevented the crash.

Motorycle accident reconstruction relies on knowledge of the 5 phases of a motorcycle accident.

Perception-Reaction: This is the phase where the rider perceives a hazard in front of him and decides on a response. Perception/reaction time is estimated at 1.1 to 1.5 seconds.[6]

Avoidance – Braking/Steering: In this next phase, the rider typically engages in some type of avoidance using steering or braking using the front brake, rear brake or a combination. Physical evidence at the scene combined with statements from witnesses can give clues as to what type of avoidance occurred.

Pre-impact Sliding: During braking, riders may overuse the motorcycle brakes, resulting in locking the front and/or rear wheel. If the front wheel locks, the rider will almost certainly lose control and crash. If the rider loses control and crashes while braking, the motorcycle and rider usually separate and slide in the same trajectory they were moving in before the crash.

Impact: The bike and/or rider may collide with other object like a vehicle or guardrail. Damage caused by impact can be evaluated and combined with sliding distance to help determine the motorcycle’s speed during the accident sequence.

Post-impact Motion: After impact, additional movement to the point of final rest can occur. The rider frequently separates from the motorcycle and travels independently to the final point of rest. Analysis of post-impact travel distance can also determine speeds associated with the accident. [7]

Training Facilities

(North America)

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police conducts On-Scene Collision Investigation (Level-2), Advanced Collision Analysis (Level-3), and Forensic Collision Reconstruction (Level-4) as well as Commercial Vehicle Collision and Pedestrian/Bicycle Collision courses at the Pacific Region Training Center (PRTC) located in Chilliwack, British Columbia. These courses are also available to Non-RCMP Police Agencies.[8]

Northwestern University Center for Public Safety conducts Traffic Crash Investigation courses utilized by both law enforcement and public agencies.[9]

The Institute of Police Technology and Management (IPTM) is a recognized institute for Crash Investigation for Law Enforcement as well as professional agencies.[10]

Law Enforcement / Police Agencies

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police utilize full-time Forensic Collision Reconstructionists and Analysts as a service line. In British Columbia, they are referred to as ICARS (Integrated Collision Analysis and Reconstruction Service).[11] ICARS units are located in each RCMP District within the Province of B.C.

California Highway Patrol utilize a team deployment called MAIT (Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Team). Each team consists of inspectors with specialized training in traffic collision reconstruction, traffic engineering, automotive engineering, and vehicle dynamics. MAITs are composed of one CHP sergeant (the team leader), two or more CHP officers, one Motor Carrier Specialist I (MCS I), and one Senior Transportation Engineer from Caltrans.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ The History of ACTAR, Retrieved on Feb. 22, 2010.
  2. ↑ Hugh Hurt Jr., Engineer Who Studied Motorcycle Accidents, Dies at 81, Martin, Douglas, The New York Times, 2009-12-03. Retrieved on Feb. 23, 2010.
  3. ↑ "The Ferrari That Split in Half". Slate.com. 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  4. ↑ Bosch CDR News and Diagnostics, Accessed 2014-Oct-17
  5. ↑ Using Accident Reconstruction Experts, Wettermark & Keith, Retrieved on Jun. 28, 2016.
  6. ↑ Taoka, George (March 1989). "Brake Reaction Times of Unalerted Drivers" (PDF). ITE Journal. 59 (3): 19–21.
  7. ↑ Motorcycle Accident Reconstruction Techniques, Kittel, Mark, P.E. 2012-06-11.
  8. ↑ Pacific Region Training Centre (PRTC), Accessed 2014-Oct-17
  9. ↑ Northwestern University, Accessed 2014-Oct-17
  10. ↑ Institute of Police Technology and Management (IPTM), Accessed 2014-Oct-17.
  11. ↑ Integrated Collision Analysis and Reconstruction Service - ICARS, Accessed 2014-Oct-17
  12. ↑ California Highway Patrol, Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Teams, Accessed 2014-Oct-17
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