"V" device

A "V" device is a metal ¹⁄₄-inch (6.4 mm) capital letter "V" with serifs which, when worn on certain decorations awarded by the United States Armed Forces, distinguishes an award for heroism or valor in combat instead of for meritorious service or achievement.^[4]

The decorations with which a "V" may be authorized differ between the military services, as well as the manner in which the "V" is worn and the name by which it is referred to. The Department of Defense, Army, and Air Force refer to the "V" as the "V" Device.^[5][6] The Coast Guard refers to it as the Valor Device,^[7] while the Navy and Marine Corps refer to it as the Combat Distinguishing Device or Combat "V".^[8] Until 2 February 2017, the services also used different criteria in determining whether a "V" could be authorized.^{[n 1][9]}

History

On 22 December 1945, in War Department Circular 383, the United States Army decided to introduce the "V" device to distinguish the award of a Bronze Star Medal for acts of valor and heroism rather than meritorious service.^[10] Soldiers including Army airmen who were awarded the Bronze Star Medal for heroism in combat, were now authorized to wear a bronze "V" on the suspension and service ribbon of the medal. Only one "V" was allowed to be worn on a ribbon. The Department of the Navy introduced the "V" as the "Combat Distinguishing Device", and on 15 February 1946, authorized the "V" device to be worn on the Legion of Merit and Bronze Star Medal for services or acts performed in actual combat with the enemy; in February 1947, this was changed to acts or services involving direct participation in combat operations. Most World War II veterans who were entitled to the "V" probably did not know about or apply for the device, since large scale separations from the services were taking place after the war ended. Stocks of the device also were not available for issue for at least a year since the Army circular.^[10]

To be worn on a decoration, the "V" device must have been specifically authorized in the written award citation issued with the medal. In 1996, the "V" device garnered public attention after the suicide of Admiral Jeremy Boorda, who was the Chief of Naval Operations. The news media reported that his death by suicide may have been caused by a Navy investigation following a story by Newsweek about Boorda wearing two "combat valor pins" on the service ribbons of his uniform, which he received for duty as a weapons officer and executive officer aboard two naval ships off the coast of Vietnam during the Vietnam War.^[11] Although there were indications these "combat distinguishing devices" were authorized to be worn on his Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal, the Department of the Navy Board For Correction of Naval Records determined after his death that both of the devices were not authorized to be worn on the two decorations.^[12]

In 2011, the Department of Defense changed its awards manual regulations concerning the Medal of Honor, specifying that the "V" device instead of the oak leaf cluster and 5/16 inch star would be used to denote additional citations in the rare event of a service member being awarded a second MoH. By May 2015, the Department of Defense changed its awards manual again concerning the Medal of Honor, specifying that a separate MOH is presented to an individual for each succeeding act that justifies award. There has not been a living repeat Medal of Honor recipient since the World War I era, so the "V" device was never actually worn in this fashion.

Until 2017, the criteria and conditions under which the "V" device could be awarded differed between the services. For the Army, the "V" was worn solely to denote "participation in acts of heroism involving conflict with an armed enemy".^[5] For the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the "V" could be worn to denote combat heroism, or to recognize individuals who were "exposed to personal hazard during direct participation in combat operations".^[13][8] For the Air Force, the "V" could be worn on the Bronze Star Medal to denote heroism in combat, but also on the Commendation Medal and Achievement Medal to denote heroism or for being "placed in harms' way" during contingency deployment operations. Prior to 1 January 2014, the device was also authorized on Outstanding Unit Awards and Organizational Excellence Awards to indicate the unit participated in direct combat support actions.^[6] The "V" device is also authorized for the Air Medal by all the services where heroism in aerial combat was involved on an individual mission. On 15 August 2016, the Coast Guard changed their criteria such that new awards of the "V" would be for valor only, to denote a heroic act or acts while participating in conflict or combat with an armed enemy.^[7] On 6 January 2017, the Department of Defense announced that it was revising its military decorations and awards program to include a "V" device change to its original 1940's use of denoting heroism in combat only on specific decorations for the military services.^[2][14] Two new "C" and "R" devices will also be used on relevant awards.^[2][14] On 2 February 2017, a new silver plated and gold plated "V" device was introduced,^[4] with the various colors of the "V" devices now indicating how many times a specific medal was awarded with the "V".^[4] Sometime after 2 February 2017, the individual services will change their regulations such that the silver and gold "V" device will be used to denote second and third awards with the "V".^[14] A fourth, fifth, and sixth awarding with the "V" is to be issued with a bronze, silver, and gold "V" device atop a wreath.^[14]

Decorations eligible for the "V" device

Currently, the following decorations of the United States Armed Forces are eligible to be awarded with a "V" device.

Decoration	Army[5]	Navy and Marine Corps[8]	Air Force[6]	Coast Guard[7]	DoD Joint Service[15]
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star Medal
Air Medal
Commendation Medals
Achievement Medals

Army and Air Force

For the Army and the Air Force, the "V" is positioned to the right of any bronze or silver oak leaf clusters from the wearer's perspective, or positioned in center of the service ribbon if worn alone.^[16][17] The following examples depict decorations that were awarded with the "V" Device before 2 February 2017.

	Distinguished Flying Cross, awarded for valor
	Bronze Star Medal, two awards, of which at least one was for valor
	Army Commendation Medal, eight awards, of which at least one was for valor
	Air Force Achievement Medal, five awards, of which at least one was for valor

After 2 February 2017, bronze, silver, and gold "V" devices will be used to indicate first, second, and third awards of the device.

	Distinguished Flying Cross, one award for valor
	Two awards, both of which were for valor
	Army Commendation Medal, eight awards, of which three were for valor

Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard

For the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the "V" is always worn in the center of the service ribbon, while any gold or silver  ⁵⁄₁₆ Inch Stars are added in balance to the right and left of the "V" starting with the right side from the wearer's perspective.^[18][19][20] The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard continue to award and issue the bronze version. The Marine Corps allows anodized medals and gold anodized Combat "V"s to be worn on the dress blues uniform. At a future date still to be determined, a bronze "V" with a brass, matte finish denotes a first award with the "V", a silver "V" denotes a second award with the "V", and a gold "V" denotes a third award with the "V".^[14] Fourth, fifth, and sixth awards with the "V" would be denoted by a bronze "V" with wreath, silver "V" with wreath, and gold "V" with wreath respectively.^[14] The following examples depict decorations that were awarded with the device in at least one instance.

	Legion of Merit, awarded for valor
	Distinguished Flying Cross, two awards, of which at least one was for valor
	Bronze Star Medal, three awards, of which at least one was for valor
	Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, four awards, of which at least one was for valor
	Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal, five awards, of which at least one was for valor
	Coast Guard Commendation Medal, six awards, of which at least one was for valor

After 2 February 2017, bronze, silver, and gold "V" devices will be used to indicate first, second, and third awards of the device.

	Distinguished Flying Cross, one award for valor
	Bronze Star Medal, two awards, both of which were for valor
	Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, four awards, of which three were for valor

DoD, Joint Service Commendation Medal

For the Joint Service Commendation Medal, the bronze, silver, or gold "V" device will be used to denote how many awards were given for acts of valor in combat after 2 February 2017. Oak leaf clusters or arabic numerals may be used to indicate the total number of times the medal was awarded.^[21]

	Total of six awards, of which one was for valor
	Total of four awards, of which two were for valor
	Total of five awards, of which three were for valor

Notable recipients

See also

• Awards and decorations of the United States military
• United States military award devices

Notes

References