Violent non-state actor

Contras in Nicaragua, 1987
Flag of the Lord's Resistance Army

Violent non-state actors (VNSA), also known as armed non-state actors, are non-state actors, i.e. "individuals or organizations that have economic, political or social power and are able to influence at a national and sometimes international level but do not belong to or ally themselves to any particular country or state,"[1] who employ violence in pursuit of their objectives. The term has been used in several papers published by the U.S. military.[2][3][4][5] There are many reasons why violent non-state actors develop.

Description

MS-13 gang graffiti.

Thomas, Kiser and Casebeer in 2005 asserted that "VNSA play a prominent, often destabilizing role in nearly every humanitarian and political crisis faced by the international community".[6]

As a new species of actors in international relations, VNSAs represent a departure from the traditional Westphalian sovereignty system of states in two ways: by providing an alternative to state governance and challenging the state's monopoly of violence. Phil Williams, in an overview article, states that "violent non-state actors (VNSAs) have become a pervasive challenge to nation-states" in the 21st century".[7]

Williams argues that VNSAs develop out of poor state governance but also contribute to further undermining governance by the state. He explains that when weak states are "unable to create or maintain the loyalty and allegiance of their populations", "individuals and groups typically revert to or develop alternative patterns of affiliation".[8] This causes the family, tribe, clan etc. to become "the main reference points for political action, often in opposition to the state".[8]

According to Williams, globalization has "not only . . . challenged individual state capacity to manage economic affairs, it has also provided facilitators and force multipliers for VNSAs".[8] Transnational flows of arms, for example, are no longer under the exclusive surveillance of states. With the onset of globalization, development of transnational social capital and alliances, and funding opportunities for VNSAs, have all flourished.[9]

Different types

Williams identifies various types of VNSAs:[10]

Criminal organizations and gangs are essentially illegal business organizations. ("Crime for them is simply a continuation of business by other means".)[11]

Humanitarian engagement

Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute propose that engagement with VNSAs—which they call armed non-state actors—is essential to humanitarian efforts in conflicts, as it is often necessary for facilitating access to those affected and for providing humanitarian assistance.[12] However, humanitarian agencies too often fail to engage strategically with VNSAs. This tendency has strengthened since the end of the Cold War, partly due to the strong discouragement of humanitarian engagement with VNSAs included in counter-terrorist legislation and donor funding restrictions. In their opinion further study is necessary to identify ways in which humanitarian agencies can develop productive dialogue with VNSAs.[12] The International Security Department, together with the International Law Programme, at Chatham House are seeking to understand the dynamics that will determine support for a principle-based approach to engagement by humanitarian actors with violent non-state actors.[13]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

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