VA-111 Shkval

VA-111 Shkval

VA-111 Shkval
Type Supercavitating Torpedo
Place of origin Soviet Union
Service history
In service 1977present
Used by Russian Navy
Production history
Designer NII-24 research institute
Designed 1960s–70s
Manufacturer Tactical Missiles Corporation
Produced 1977–present
Variants Shkval 2 Shkval-E
Specifications
Weight 2,700 kg (6,000 lb)
Length 8.2 m (26 ft 11 in)
Diameter 533 mm (21 in)

Effective firing range Shkval: 7 km (4.3 mi)
Shkval 2: From 11–15 km (6.8–9.3 mi)
Warhead Conventional explosive or nuclear
Warhead weight 210 kg (460 lb)

Engine Solid-fuel rocket
Propellant Solid-fuel
Speed Launch speed: 50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph)
Maximum speed: in excess of 200 knots (370 km/h; 230 mph)
Guidance
system
GOLIS autonomous inertial guidance
Launch
platform
533 mm torpedo tubes

The VA-111 Shkval (from Russian: шквалsquall) torpedo and its descendants are supercavitating torpedoes originally developed by the Soviet Union. They are capable of speeds in excess of 200 knots (370 km/h).[1]

Design and capabilities

Design began in the 1960s when the NII-24 research institute was ordered to produce a new weapon capable of engaging nuclear submarines. The merger of the institute and GSKB-47 created the Research Institute of Applied Hydromechanics, who continued with the design and production of the Shkval.[2]

Previously operational as early as 1977, the torpedo was announced as being deployed in the 1990s.[2] The Shkval is intended as a countermeasure against torpedoes launched by undetected enemy submarines.[2]

Shkval nose cone
Shkval rear, showing the guidance fins and the electronics connector

The VA-111 is launched from 533 mm torpedo tubes at 50 knots (93 km/h) before its solid-fuel rocket ignites and propels it to speeds of 200 knots (370 km/h). Some reports indicate that speeds of 250+ knots may be achieved, and that work on a 300-knot (560 km/h) version was underway.[3] This high speed is due to supercavitation, whereby a gas bubble, which envelops the torpedo, is created by outward deflection of water by its specially-shaped nose cone and the expansion of gases from its engine. This minimizes water contact with the torpedo, significantly reducing drag.[2]

Early designs may have relied solely on an inertial guidance system.[4][5] The initial design was intended for nuclear warhead delivery. Later designs reportedly include terminal guidance and conventional warheads.[6]

The torpedo steers using four fins that skim the inner surface of the supercavitation gas bubble. To change direction, the fin(s) on the inside of the desired turn are extended, and the opposing fins are retracted.[2]

Manufacture

The torpedo is manufactured in Kyrgyzstan by a state-owned factory. In 2012 the Russian government asked for a 75% ownership of the factory in exchange for writing off massive Kyrgyz debt to Russia.[7]

Espionage

In 2000, former U.S. Naval intelligence officer and an alleged Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) spy Edmond Pope (Captain, USN, retired) was held, tried, and convicted in Russia of espionage related to information he obtained about the Shkval weapon system. Russian President Vladimir Putin pardoned Pope in December 2000 on humanitarian grounds because he had bone cancer.[8][9]

Specifications

There are at least three variants:

All current versions are believed to be fitted only with conventional explosive warheads, although the original design used a nuclear warhead.

See also

References

  1. "VA-111 Shkval Torpedo". www.militaryperiscope.com. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iranian Navy Test-Fires New Home-Made Torpedo". Fars News Agency. 22 November 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2015 via HighBeam Research. (Subscription required (help)).
  3. Polmar, 2004, Cold War Submarines, p. 304; Baker, Combat Fleets of the World 2000–2001, p.581
  4. "КТРВ на МАКСе-2009 представит новую продукцию". www.aviaport.ru.
  5. "Подводные ракеты". www.flot.com.
  6. Polmar, 2004, Cold War Submarines, p. 304
  7. "Russia, Kyrgyzstan Clash Over Torpedo Plant". www.en.rian.ru 22/03/2012.
  8. "American Jailed as Spy in Moscow Is Freed on Putin's Orders; U.S. Welcomes Gesture". The New York Times. December 14, 2000.
  9. "Moscow 'Spy' Case Is Still a Mystery". The New York Times. January 15, 2001.
  10. Russia / USSR Post-World War II Torpedoes

Bibliography

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