Upper middle class

Higher education is one of the most distinguishing features of the upper middle class.

In sociology, the upper middle class is the social group constituted by higher status members of the middle class. This is in contrast to the term "lower middle class", which is used for the group at the opposite end of the middle class stratum, and to the broader term "middle class". There is considerable debate as to how the upper middle class might be defined. According to sociologist Max Weber the upper middle class consists of well-educated professionals with graduate degrees and comfortable incomes.

The American upper middle class is defined similarly using income, education and occupation as the predominant indicators.[1] In the United States, the upper middle class is defined as consisting mostly of white-collar professionals who not only have above-average personal incomes and advanced educational degrees[1] but also a higher degree of autonomy in their work.[2] The main occupational tasks of upper middle class individuals tend to center on conceptualizing, consulting, and instruction.[3]

American upper middle class

See American professional/managerial middle class for a complete overview of the American middle classes.

The American middle class (and its subdivisions) is not a strictly defined concept across disciplines, as economists and sociologists do not agree on defining the term.[4] In academic models, the term applies to highly-educated, salaried professionals whose work is largely self-directed. Many have graduate degrees, with educational attainment serving as the main distinguishing feature of this class. Household incomes commonly may exceed $100,000, with some smaller one-income earners earning incomes in the high 5-figures.[1][5] Typical professions for this class include lawyers, physicians, psychologists, certified public accountants, pharmacists, optometrists, stockbrokers, editors, dentists, engineers, professors, architects, school principals, urban planners, civil service executives and civilian contractors.[3][6]

"The upper middle class has grown ... and its composition has changed. Increasingly salaried managers and professionals have replaced individual business owners and independent professionals. The key to the success of the upper middle class is the growing importance of educational certification ... its lifestyles and opinions are becoming increasingly normative for the whole society. It is in fact a porous class, open to people ... who earn the right credentials." -Dennis Gilbert, The American Class Structure, 1998.[5]

In addition to having autonomy in their work, above-average incomes, and advanced educations, the upper middle class also tends to be influential, setting trends and largely shaping public opinion.[3][5] Overall, members of this class are also secure from economic down-turns and, unlike their counterparts in the statistical middle class, do not need to fear downsizing, corporate cost-cutting, or outsourcing—an economic benefit largely attributable to their graduate degrees and comfortable incomes, likely in the top income quintile or top third.[1]

Income

While many Americans cite income as the prime determinant of class, occupational status, educational attainment, and value systems are equally important variables. Income is in part determined by the scarcity of certain skill sets.[1] An occupation that requires a scarce skill set which is attained through higher educational degree, and which involves higher autonomy, responsibility and influence, will usually offer higher economic compensation. Qualifying for such higher income often requires that individuals obtain the necessary skills (e.g., by attending law, medical, or graduate school) and demonstrate the necessary competencies.[7] There are also differences between household and individual income. In 2005, 42% of US households (76% among the top quintile) had two or more income earners; as a result, 18% of households but only 5% of individuals had six figure incomes.[8] To illustrate, two nurses each making $55,000 per year can out-earn, in a household sense, a single attorney who makes a median of $95,000 annually.[9][10]

Sociologists Dennis Gilbert, Willam Thompson and Joseph Hickey estimate the upper middle class to constitute roughly 15% of the population. Using the 15% figure one may conclude that the American upper middle class consists, strictly in an income sense, of professionals with personal incomes in excess of $62,500, who commonly reside in households with six figure incomes.[1][5][8][11] The difference between personal and household income can be explained by considering that 76% of households with incomes exceeding $90,000 (the top 20%) had two or more income earners.[8]

Income statistics[12][13]
Data Top third Top quarter Top quintile Top 15% Top 10% Top 5%
Household income[12]
Lower threshold (annual gross income)$65,000$80,000$91,705$100,000$118,200$166,200
Exact percentage of households 34.72%25.60%20.00%17.80%10.00%5.00%
Personal income (age 25+)[13]
Lower threshold (annual gross income)$37,500$47,500$52,500$62,500$75,000$100,000
Exact percentage of individuals33.55%24.03%19.74%14.47%10.29%5.63%

Note that the above income thresholds may vary greatly based on region due to significant differences in average income based on region and urban, suburban, or rural development. In more expensive suburbs, the threshold for the top 15% of income earners may be much higher. For example, in 2006 the ten highest income counties had median household incomes of $85,000 compared to a national average of about $50,000. The top 15% of all US income earners nationally tend to be more concentrated in these richer suburban counties where the cost of living is also higher. If middle class households earning between the 50th percentile ($46,000) and the 85th percentile ($62,500) tend to live in lower cost of living areas, then their difference in real income may be smaller than what the differences in nominal income suggest.

Values

Upper middle class people statistically highly value higher education for themselves and their children, favoring pursuit of undergraduate and graduate degrees.

Political ideology is not found to be correlated with social class; however, a statistical relationship is seen between the level of one's educational attainment one's likelihood of subscribing to a particular political ideology. In terms of income, liberals tend to be tied with pro-business conservatives.[14] Most mass affluent households tend to be more right wing-leaning on fiscal issues but more left wing-leaning on social issues.[15] The majority, between 50% and 60%, of households with incomes above $50,000 overall, not all of whom are upper middle class,[5] supported the Republican Party in the 2000, 2004 and 2006 elections.[16][16][17] Nevertheless, those with graduate degrees overall statistically favor the Democratic Party.[17][18][19] In 2005, 72% of surveyed full-time faculty members at four-year institutions, the majority of whom would be considered upper middle class,[1] identified themselves as liberal.[20]

The upper middle class is often the dominant group to shape society and bring social movements to the forefront. Movements such as the Peace Movement, The Anti-Nuclear Movement, Environmentalism, the Anti-smoking movement, and even in the past with blue laws and the temperance movement have been in large part (although not solely), products of the upper middle class. Some claim this is because this is the largest class (and the lowest class) with any true political power for positive change, while others claim some of the more restrictive social movements (such as with smoking and drinking) are based upon "saving people from themselves."[3]

British upper middle class

The upper middle class in Britain traditionally consists of the educated professionals who were born into higher income backgrounds, such as legal professionals or executives. This stratum, in England, traditionally uses received pronunciation natively. A typical Mosaic geodemographic type for this group would be cultural leadership. It is also usually assumed that this class is most predominant in the Home Counties of South East England and the more affluent boroughs of London. Children of this group are often educated at a 'prep' school until about 13 years old and then at one of the 'major' or 'minor' British public schools[21][22] which will typically charge fees of at least £11,500 per year per pupil (as of 2013)[23][24] followed by one of the most prestigious universities, often within the Russell Group.

French upper middle class

Michel Pinçon and Monique Pinçon-Charlot, sociologists at the CNRS, suggest that members of the French upper middle class live off their estates, not their salaries.[25] Nevertheless, Catherine Comet and Jean Finez, professors at Lille University of Science and Technology, argue that the French upper middle class is made up of business executives, high-ranking civil servants, surgeons and the owners of large vineyards.[26]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.
  2. ↑ Eichar, Douglas (1989). Occupation and Class Consciousness in America. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-26111-3.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Ehrenreich, Barbara (1989). Fear of Falling, The Inner Life of the Middle Class. New York, NY: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-097333-1.
  4. ↑ "Middle class according to The Drum Major Institute for public policy". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Gilbert, Dennis (1998). The American Class Structure. New York: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-534-50520-1.
  6. ↑ "Professional Occupations according to the US Department of Labor". Retrieved 2006-07-26.
  7. ↑ Levine, Rhonda (1998). Social Class and Stratification. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8543-8.
  8. 1 2 3 "US Census Bureau, income quintile and top 5% household income distribution and demographic characteristics, 2006". Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  9. ↑ "US Department of Labor, median income of registered nurses". Retrieved 2007-01-02.
  10. ↑ "Bureau of Labor statistics data published by Monster.com, 20 highest paying jobs". Retrieved 2006-12-27.
  11. ↑ "US Census Bureau, distribution of personal income, 2006". Retrieved 2006-12-09.
  12. 1 2 "US Census Bureau, overall household income distribution, 2006". Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  13. 1 2 "US Census Bureau, personal income distribution, age 25+, 2006". Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  14. ↑ "Pew Research Center. (10 May 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue.". Retrieved 2007-07-12.
  15. ↑ ", R. & Saad, L. (9 December 2004). Marketing to the Mass Affluent. Gallup Management Journal.". Retrieved 2007-07-19.
  16. 1 2 "CNN. (2000). Exit Poll.". Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
  17. 1 2 "CNN. (2004). Exit Poll.". Retrieved 2008-05-27.
  18. ↑ "Exit Polls", CNN.com, 2008.
  19. ↑ "CNN. (2006). Exit Poll.". Retrieved 2007-07-11.
  20. ↑ "Kurtz, H. (29 March 2005). College Faculties A Most Liberal Lot, Study Finds. The Washington Post.". 2005-03-29. Retrieved 2007-07-02.
  21. ↑ "Thank God I don’t have that ghastly sense of entitlement that Eton instils". The Spectator. 17 December 2011.
  22. ↑ "Who's posher: Clegg or Cameron?". the Guardian. 20 April 2010.
  23. ↑ "Is there a private school prejudice?". The Telegraph. 28 January 2013.
  24. ↑ The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: 1840-1950, (Cambridge 2000), By David Michael Palliser, Peter Clark, Martin J. Daunton, page 679
  25. ↑ Julienne, Flory; Michel, Maric; Bourdeau, Vincent (2010). "Regard sociologique sur l'oligarchie. Entretien avec Monique Pinçon-Charlot et Michel Pinçon". Mouvements. 4 (64): 22–40. doi:10.3917/mouv.064.0022. Retrieved November 2, 2016 – via Cairn.info. (Registration required (help)).
  26. ↑ Comet, Catherine; Finez, Jean (2010). "Le cœur de l’élite patronale". Sociologies pratiques. 2 (21): 49–66. Retrieved November 1, 2016 – via Cairn.info. (Registration required (help)). Concernant l’origine sociale, plus des deux tiers des dirigeants du cœur de l’élite sont issus de la haute bourgeoisie, contre deux cinquièmes des autres dirigeants. La profession du père la plus citée est « dirigeant d’entreprise » [...]. [...] Parmi les autres professions que nous avons codées « haute bourgeoisie », on compte principalement des hauts fonctionnaires, des chirurgiens et des viticulteurs propriétaires de grands domaines.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.