University of Zimbabwe

University of Zimbabwe
Former names
 University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, University College of Rhodesia, University of Rhodesia, University of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
Motto Knowledge Diligence, Integrity
Type Public
Established 1952
Chancellor Robert Mugabe ex officio as President of Zimbabwe[1]
Vice-Chancellor Prof Levi Nyagura
Academic staff
 109 professor,[2] 545 lecturers, 155 teaching and research assistants (2011)[3]
Undergraduates 11,200
Postgraduates 500
Location Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
Campus Urban
Website www2.uz.ac.zw

The University of Zimbabwe (UZ) in Harare, is the oldest and formerly largest university in Zimbabwe.[4] It was founded through a special relationship with the University of London and it opened its doors to its first students in 1952. The university has ten faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Studies, Veterinary Sciences and College of Health Sciences) offering a wide variety of degree programmes and many specialist research centres and institutes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education. English is the language of instruction. Although once a very successful university, UZ has been facing challenges since 2008 and now the University is on a rebounding drive. Major work is being done to uplift the status of the University. Refurbishments are being carried out on the Main campus and many facilities are being upgraded to make the university an International Academic Brand. The university has faced criticism for awarding fraudulent degrees to members of the Mugabe regime particularly the obscure PhD given to Grace Mugabe.[5][6][7][8]

History

Early years

Council room of the University of Zimbabwe. Portraits of former Vice-Chancellors from left to right: Robert Craig, Leonard Lewis, Walter Kamba and Gordon Chavunduka.

In 1945, Manfred Hodson (after whom a residence is now named) formed the Rhodesia University Association, inspired by the promise of £20,000 by J.F. Kapnek for establishing such a university. [9] The following year, the Legislative Assembly of Southern Rhodesia adopted a motion proposed by Hodson for the establishment of a university college to serve the needs of Rhodesia and neighbouring territories. The Governor of Southern Rhodesia established the Rhodesia University Foundation Fund in 1947. The Legislative Assembly accepted an offer of land in Mount Pleasant from the City of Salisbury (now Harare) for the construction of the campus in 1948. Four years later a bill was enacted for the incorporation and constitution of the university. First classes began for some 68 students on a temporary site at 147 Baker Avenue (now Nelson Mandela Avenue).[4] Independent of the initiatives of Hodson and the Legislative Assembly, the Central African Council's commission on higher education, led by Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders (after whom another residence is now named) recommended the establishment of a university college to serve Rhodesia and Nyasaland, with its first preference being to integrate with the Southern Rhodesian initiative.[9]

Establishment

Construction began on the Mount Pleasant site, funded by grants from the British and Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Governments, Anglo American Corporation, the British South Africa Company, the Rhodesia Selection Trust, the Beit Trust, the Ford Foundation and the Dulverton Trust and in July 1953 Elizabeth, the Queen Mother laid the foundation stone. In 1955 the British government formally adopted the institution, establishing the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (UCRN) by Royal Charter. The college was admitted to the privilege of Special Relation with the University of London the following year and in 1957 all activities were transferred to the Mount Pleasant campus. The following year the college was granted pieces of land upon which the college farm and the Lake Kariba Research Station were constructed.[9] In 1963 the Medical School opened and was affiliated to the University of Birmingham. After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the University College continued as an independent institution of higher education and research, open to all races.[4] In 1970 a phased termination of the associations with the Universities of London and Birmingham began.

Post independence

Following the success of the Zimbabwe War of Liberation, the university was renamed University of Zimbabwe in 1980. In 1981, the first black Principal, Prof Walter Kamba was appointed[3][10] and in 1982 the Royal Charter was replaced by an Act of Parliament.[1] Student numbers rose from 1,000 in 1980 to 2,000 by 1985.[11]

The University of Zimbabwe Act was controversially amended in 1990, giving the government more powers and, according to many faculty, students and observers, attacking academic freedom.[12][13] The late 1980s and most of the 1990s saw a rise in student protest,[14][15][16] resulting in several closures[17] and mass expulsions.[18] Despite the ongoing tensions, the university continued to grow and the student population had reached 8,000 by 1995[11] and 10,139 by 2001.[4] As the 2000s began, the university struggled to meet lecturers' and professors' expectations on salary levels, leading to numerous strikes.[19] Many donors, including the Government of Sweden, which had previously been a major financer of UZ, cut or cancelled their aid.[20] As the economic crisis grew in Zimbabwe, UZ began to fail to recruit lecturers and professors to fill vacancies.[21] By 2007, the shortage of staff was preventing the teaching and examination of some programmes.[22] Problems with water and electricity supply, as well as maintenance of infrastructure became critical by the late 2000s.[22] The decline of UZ culminated in the university's failure to re-open for the 2008–2009 academic year.[23] The University briefly opened in early 2009, but no classes were held due to strike action by lecturers.[24] The institution was closed again in late February, following demonstrations by students against new, hard currency fees.[25]

Controversy over fraudulent degrees

The university has faced criticism for awarding fraudulent degrees to members of the Mugabe regime; in 2014, Grace Mugabe was given a doctorate in sociology, only two months after being registered on the programme, and although a dissertion does not exist in the university archives. Also other senior members of the Mugabe regime were given doctorates, without writing dissertations.[5][6][7][8][26][27]

Campuses

Social gathering on the edge of the College Green, University of Zimbabwe

The main campus of the University of Zimbabwe is located in Mount Pleasant suburb in northern Harare. It forms the main portion of the block of land reserved for educational purposes between Mount Pleasant Drive, Upper East Road, Churchill Avenue and Teviotdale Road. Other facilities within this area include the Zimbabwe Schools Examination Council, the Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture Audio-Visual Centre and Mount Pleasant School.[28] In addition to the academic buildings, the main campus is host to sporting facilities, all but two student residences and much of the staff housing. The College Green, located centrally to the academic buildings, is a popular site for social events. About one third of the campus is a seasonal wetland, unsuitable for construction and thus unused.[29]

The major satellite campus is the Medical School campus at Parirenyatwa Hospital in central Harare.[28] It houses the College of Health Sciences. Additional university properties within Harare include blocks of flats for staff and student housing in Avondale, the Avenues and Mount Pleasant.

The university also owns a farm in Teviotdale, Mazowe District, north of Harare[30] and the University of Zimbabwe Lake Kariba Research Station in the Nyamhunga suburb of Kariba.[31] Several of Zimbabwe's universities started as colleges and satellite campuses of UZ, including Bindura University of Science Education and Chinhoyi University of Technology.

Ranking

Although UZ has not generally featured in major international rankings such as the Times Higher Education Supplement QS World University Rankings or the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the World Universities Ranking placed the university number 14 in Africa in 2007, after various South African universities, the American University in Cairo and the University of Dar-es-Salaam, and number 3,549 out of 9,760 accredited universities in the world.[32] By 2008, UZ had slid to number 17 in Africa and number 4,001 globally.[33] In 2010, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP),[34] University of Zimbabwe is the best university in Zimbabwe and 1340th university in the world.

Organisation

Central governance

The titular head of the university is the Chancellor, who is the President of Zimbabwe. The university is governed by a University Council, comprising the university's chief officers, representatives of the Senate, staff and students, nominees of the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education and representatives form various sectors of commerce and civil society. The chief executive of the university is the Vice-Chancellor, who is appointed by the Chancellor after consultation with the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education and the University Council. The Vice-Chancellor is assisted by one or more Pro–Vice-Chancellors, appointed by the University Council with the approval of the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education.[1]

The academic authority of the university is vested in the Senate, comprising the university's chief officers, the deans of faculties, all full professors, the chairmen of departments and staff and student representatives. The university is divided into faculties, managed by an executive dean and governed by a Faculty Board comprising all professors and lecturers.[1]

Faculties

There are ten academic faculties:

Faculty Departments Institutes Centres
Agriculture Agricultural Economics and Extension
Animal Science
Crop Science
Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering
Arts African languages and Literature
English
Economic History
History
Linguistics
Modern Languages
Religious Studies, Classics and Philosophy
Theatre arts		 African languages research institute
Confucius Institute		 Communication Skills Centre
Centre for Defence Studies
College of Health Sciences Medical Laboratory Sciences

Surgery
Anaesthetic
Community Medicine
Chemical Pathology
Clinical Pharmacology
Haematology
Medical Microbilogy
Obstretics & Gynaecology
Physiology
School of Pharmacy

 Institute of Continuing Health Education
Commerce Accountancy
Business Studies

Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Studies
Graduate School of Management
Education Adult Education
Curriculum and Arts Education

Educational Administration
Educational Foundations
Science and Mathematics Education
Teacher Education
Technical Education

 Human Resources Research Centre
Engineering Civil Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Geoinformatics and Surveying
Mechanical Engineering
Metallurgy
Mining Engineering		 Centre for Continuing Engineering Education
Law Constitutional law
Private law
Procedural law
Public law		 Commercial law Institute
Women's Law Institute of Southern Africa
Science Biological Sciences
Biochemistry
Chemistry
Computer Science
Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences
Geology
Mathematics
Physics
Statistics
Geography and Environmental Science		 Institute of Mining Research Mineral Resources Centre
Social Studies Economics
Political and Administrative Studies
Psychology
Rural and Urban Planning
Sociology		 Centre for Applied Social Studies
Centre for Population Studies
Veterinary Science Preclinical Veterinary Science
Clinical Veterinary Science
Paraclinical Veterinary Science

Colleges

The university currently has one college, the College of Health Sciences which incorporates the Faculty of Medicine. However, many of Zimbabwe's public universities started as colleges of the University of Zimbabwe:

Former college of the University of Zimbabwe Current University
Bindura University College for Science Education Bindura University of Science Education
Chinhoyi University College Chinhoyi University of Technology
University College of Distance Education[35] Zimbabwe Open University
Faculty of Engineering graduation ceremony, University of Zimbabwe, August 2005.

Trans-disciplinary institutes

The university has two trans-disciplinary research institutes: the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and the Institute of Environmental Studies (IES).

Affiliated institutions

There are numerous education institutions affiliated to the University of Zimbabwe, including teacher training colleges[1] and the School of Social Work.

Academic year

The academic year runs from August to June, with graduation normally in September .

Teaching and degrees

Undergraduate

Undergraduate geology field school in Mazowe District, Bachelor of Science programme, University of Zimbabwe.

The basic format of undergraduate learning at UZ is lectures, by professors or lecturers and tutorials by lecturers of teaching assistants. Many programmes also have laboratory-based practical work and field schools. Tests and assignments on course content are graded for a theory coursework grade. Practical work, where applicable, is graded for a practical coursework grade. Theory, and in some cases practical, examinations are administered.

The degree programmes follow the Course Unit model, and in many programmes it is possible for students to select some of the courses from a range of options. Honours degrees have a compulsory project course that the students must complete individually, with different projects carried out by each student.[36]

The undergraduate programmes offered lead to Bachelor, Bachelor (Honours) and Intercalated bachelor's degrees. Registered bachelor's degree programmes are in arts, business studies and computer science, tourism and hospitality management, education, adult education, science education, nursing science, science, social work, dental surgery, medicine and surgery and veterinary science. Registered undergraduate Bachelor (Honours) programmes are in agriculture, agricultural engineering, applied environmental science, arts, accountancy, business studies, law, engineering, mining engineering, surveying, medical laboratory sciences, nursing science, pharmacy, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, science, economics, politics and administration, psychology, rural and urban planning, and sociology. Registered intercalated programmes are in anatomy, human physiology, veterinary anatomy, veterinary physiology and veterinary biochemistry.[37]

Postgraduate

Postgraduate water resources students in the Faculty of Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, with their professors and lecturers.

The University of Zimbabwe offers postgraduate honours degrees, two types of master's degree and doctoral degrees. Postgraduate honours programmes, also known as special honours programmes last are for one-year duration and incorporate coursework, examinations and a compulsory project module. Master's degrees by coursework and project are designated M.A. or M.Sc. and are of one to two years duration. They incorporate coursework and project modules. Master's degrees by research thesis only are designated M.Phil. and require a minimum of two years study. The doctoral programme, D.Phil., is by research thesis only. Students who are carrying out an M.Phil. study, but have not yet submitted their thesis, may apply to their faculty to upgrade their study to the D.Phil. programme.[38]

Suspension of programmes

Due to the heavy staff vacancies that UZ began suffering from in the 2000s, many programmes and specialisations have been suspended.[22]

Student life

Benjani Mwaruwari played football at the University of Zimbabwe.

Residences

On the main campus there are five residences for women: Swinton Hall and New Complexes 1,3 and 4 and New Hall, and four residences for men: Manfred Hodson Hall, New Complex 2, New Complex 5 and Carr-Saunders. There is also the Medical Residence at the Medical School campus and Mount Royal Residence in the Avenues, in central Harare. The residences were closed in June 2007, with the university authorities citing maintenance and sanitation problems.[22]

Sports, clubs and traditions

The university has a target of at least one current or former UZ student representing the country in a medal winning sports team in international competitions annually.[39] Sport at UZ is centred around the Sports Pavilion, which was donated by National Breweries.[9] Sports offered at the university include athletics, basketball, cricket, football, hockey, rugby and tennis. UZ has frequently won the Zimbabwe Universities Sports Association Games.[40] In its early years, men's hockey was the premier sport, with a team in Salisbury's "First League" in 1960[41] The University of Zimbabwe Football Club plays in Zimbabwe's Division One and is the former home of Manchester City striker and Zimbabwe national football team captain, Benjani Mwaruwari.[42] The club was for a time coached by former President Canaan Banana.[43] When Zimbabwe hosted the All-Africa Games in 1995, UZ was the games village.[44] Maintenance of sporting facilities is the responsibility of the Director: Sport, but in recent years accessing funds from the State Procurement Board has been a challenge.[39]

In most departments there are subject–related clubs or societies, for example the Kirk Biological Society[45] and the AIESEC and Students Institution for Success Club.[46] In 2005, UZ won the Students in Free Enterprise World Cup held in Ontario, Canada. There are also non–academic clubs such as Rotaract[47]

Gender issues

The gender gap in enrollment at UZ, like at African universities,[48] became a concern by the mid-1990s and in 1995 an affirmative action programme was built into the university's policy.[49] However, many female students feel inhibited from taking male-dominated courses or taking part in student politics. Women are intimidated by gender–related violence[48] and sexual exploitation.[50]

University of Zimbabwe people

Vice–Chancellors and principals and leadership in the SRC post 2001

The first chief executive of the university was Doctor William Rollo, who served as interim principal from 1953 to 1955.[9] The first substantive Principal was Sir Walter Adams who served from 1955 to 1966 and was later Director of the London School of Economics. Sir Walter was succeeded by Professor Terence Miller, who lasted a mere two years as his political views brought him into conflict with the government.[51] His successor, Professor Robert Craig, later Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, served from 1970 to 1980.[52] Professor Leonard J Lewis served as Principal for the transition to Zimbabwe's independence, despite his somewhat controversial views on African education and politics.[53] He was succeeded in 1981 by Professor Walter G Kamba, who became Vice–Chancellor when that post was created to replace that of Principal.[1] Like Prof Miller, Prof Kamba came into conflict with the government and he resigned in a controversial speech at the 1992 graduation ceremony, citing government interference and threats to academic freedom.[54] He was succeeded by Professor Gordon L Chavunduka (1992–1996), who was followed by Professor FW Graham Hill (1997–2002). The incumbent Vice–Chancellor, Professor Levi M Nyagura has served since 2003[55]

Notable faculty and former faculty

David Simbi (right), Vice–Chancellor of the Chinhoyi University of Technology, was Dean of Engineering at the University of Zimbabwe.

Several senior faculty from the University of Zimbabwe have gone on to head other universities:

Name Position after leaving UZ University
Sir Walter Adams Director London School of Economics[4]
Ngwabi Bhebhe Vice–Chancellor Midlands State University, Zimbabwe[56]
Cowdeng Chikomba Vice–Chancellor Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe[57]
Peter Dzvimbo Vice–Chancellor
Rector		 Zimbabwe Open University,[58] Zimbabwe
African Virtual University[59][60]
Phineas Makhurane Vice–Chancellor National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe[61]
Lindela Ndlovu Vice–Chancellor National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe[62]
Emmanuel Ngara Pro–Vice–Chancellor
Pro–Vice–Chancellor		 University of Fort Hare, South Africa[63]
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa[64]
Charles Nherera Vice–Chancellor Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe[65]
David Simbi Vice–Chancellor Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe[66]
Julius Weinberg Vice–Chancellor Kingston University, UK.[67]

Other notable faculty and former faculty include:

Prof Canaan Banana, first President of Zimbabwe, was a professor of Religious Studies at the University of Zimbabwe.
Name Notability
Giovanni Arrighi Scholar of political economy and sociology and was a Professor of Sociology at Johns Hopkins University[68]
Canaan Banana Zimbabwe's first president
David Beach Historian, pioneered the documentation of oral traditions in Zimbabwe.[69]
Korkut Boratav Turkish economist and economic historian[70]
Christopher Chetsanga Biochemist, discovered two enzymes involved in the repair of damaged DNA[71][72]
Ignatius Chombo Zimbabwe Minister of Local Government, Public Works and Urban Development.[73]
Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Zvimba North (ZANU-PF)[74]
Henry Dzinotyiweyi Mathematician[75]

Minister of Science and Technology Development in the Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009.[76]
Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Budiriro (MDC-T)[77]

Peter Garlake Archaeologist,[69] came into conflict with the Rhodesian government while Inspector of Monuments when he refused to deny the African origins of Great Zimbabwe[78]
Michael Gelfand Professor of Medicine and eminent tropical physician that founded the Central African Medical Journal and was knighted by the Pope[79]
Shadrack Gutto Director and Chair of African Renaissance Studies, University of South Africa[80]
Deported from Zimbabwe in 1988.[81]
Munyaradzi Gwisai Former Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Highfield, Harare (MDC)[82] and leader of the International Socialist Organization in Zimbabwe. He left the MDC over disagreements on land reform policy.[83] Arrested from his lecture in UZ's Law School for showing internet videos regarding revolutions in North Africa[84]
Adrian Hastings Church historian and an unorthodox Catholic priest[85]
Ben Hlatwayo High court judge[86]
Laurence Levy First neurosurgeon in Africa[87]
Lovemore Madhuku Political activist, chairman of the National Constitutional Assembly of Zimbabwe[88]
Rita Makarau Judge-president of the High Court of Zimbabwe[89]
Jonathan Moyo Former cabinet minister
Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Tsholotsho (independent)[74]
Elphas Mukonoweshuro Political scientist

Minister of Public Service in the Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009.[76]
Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Gutu South(MDC-T)[90]

Charles Mungoshi Novelist, won the Noma Award and the Commonwealth Writers Prize[91]
Solomon Mutswairo Novelist, poet and author of the lyrics of the Zimbabwe national anthem[92]
Rob Nairn Buddhist teacher, author and populariser[93]
Welshman Ncube Constitutional lawyer, Secretary-General of MDC-M


Minister of Regional Integration and International Cooperation in the Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009.[76]
Former Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Pumula (MDC)[74]

Terence Ranger Prominent historian who has published numerous works on Zimbabwe's independence struggles[94][95]
Sir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind British Conservative politician and formerly a UK Member of Parliament[96]
Brian Walker Canadian ecologist and resilence scientist[97]
Musaemura Zimunya Contemporary writer[92]

Notable alumni

Dr Fay Chung, former Zimbabwean cabinet minister, studied education at the University of Zimbabwe.
Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Governor Gideon Gono, is a University of Zimbabwe graduate.

As Zimbabwe's largest and oldest university,[4] UZ is the alma mater of many outstanding individuals:

Name Notability
Douglas Allen Professor and International MBA Director, University of Denver
Sir Michael Berridge Emeritus fellow Babraham Institute, biologist and physiologist; awarded Lasker Award, The Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine, Wolf Prize, etc. for discoveries relating to cell signaling[98]
Tendai Biti Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Harare East (MDC-T) and party Secretary-General[74]

Minister of Finance in the Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009.[76]

Nelson Chamisa Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Kuwadzana (MDC-T)[99]

Minister of Information and Communications Technology in the Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009.[76]

Maud Chifamba Youngest student ever as of 2012 to be admitted to study at the University and was named by Forbes magazine as one of The 20 Youngest Power Women in Africa 2012[100]
David Chifunyise Musician, author of the signature tune of popular soap opera Studio 263
Anywhere Tsokankunku Environmental scientist, artist, notable for hyper-realistic drawings [101]
Pride Chigwedere Medical doctor and immunologist, notable for leading a group of Harvard researcher's in showing that Thabo Mbeki's AIDS policy lead to about 300 000 deaths that could have been avoided[102]
George Chikumbirike Prominent lawyer[103]
Chirikure Chirikure Poet, songwriter, and writer
George Chiweshe High court judge and president of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission
Fay Chung Former Minister of Education and Culture and non-constituency Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe (ZANU-PF)
Former Chief of the Education Cluster at UNICEF
Board Chair, Women's University in Africa[104]
Unsuccessful candidate for the Senate of Zimbabwe for Chikomo (NAD)[99]
Tsitsi Dangarembga Author and filmmaker[105]
Petina Gappah Lawyer, Geneva, winner of the Guardian First Book Award 2009 for An Elegy for Easterly[106]
Gideon Gono Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe and former CEO of Jewel Bank[107]
Solomon Guramatunhu Acclaimed ophthalmologist who provides free cataract surgery helping reduce the burden of the commonest cause of avoidable blindness.[108]
David Hatendi former CEO of MBCA and NMB, founder of Hatendi Private Equity Advisors, Zimbabwe's (then Rhodesia) first black Rhodes Scholar.
Julian Harston Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General heading MINURSO
Chenjerai Hove Poet, novelist and essayist
Brian Kagoro Political activist
Betty Makoni Gender activist, top 10 CNN Heroes 2009
Witness Mangwende Former Minister of Education and Culture, Governor of Harare and non-constituency Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe (ZANU-PF),
Dambudzo Marechera Novelist and poet
Bothwell Mbuwayesango Surgeon who led a team in 2014 that successfully separated a set of conjoined twins[109]
John McDowell Philosopher of mind and language
Paul Tangi Mhova Mkondo Nationalist, philanthropist, founding father of indigenisation and Black Economic Empowerment in Zimbabwe, businessman, insurance and property tycoon.
Daniel Molokela Political activist
Earnest Mudzengi Director of the Zimbabwean National Constitutional Assembly (NCA)[110]
Gabriel the Kid Vinci Poet, songwriter, and writer
Arthur Mutambara Rhodes Scholar and roboticist, formerly at NASA
Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, unsuccessful candidate for the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Zengesa East (MDC-M) and party President[99]
Tawanda Mutasah International human rights lawyer[111] and Founder and Convenor of the National Constitutional Assembly in the 1990's
Trevor Ncube Entrepreneur and newspaper publisher
Madeline Nyamwanza-Makonese The first Zimbabwean female doctor, the second African woman to become a doctor, and the first African woman to graduate from the University of Rhodesia Medical School
Albert Nyathi Poet
Moffat Nyoni Deputy Director General Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT)
Shafimana Ueitele Namibian lawyer
Viomak Musician and political activist
Lulama Xingwana South African politician, Minister of Arts and Culture, but she has also served in another ministry[112]
Memory Chirere poet and writer

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "University of Zimbabwe Act (Chapter 25:16)" (PDF). Parliament of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  2. ↑ "Academic Excellence Rewarded". University of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  3. 1 2 Gaidzanwa, R.B. (2007). "Alienation, Gender and Institutional Culture at the University of Zimbabwe" (pdf). Feminist Africa. Cape Town: African Gender Institute. 8: 60–82. ISSN 1726-4596. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 University of Zimbabwe. "About UZ". Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  5. 1 2 Mambo, Elias (19 September 2014). "Zimbabwe: Grace Mugabe's PhD Scandal Torches Storm" – via AllAfrica.
  6. 1 2 Jesaro, May. "Zimbabwe's First Lady Grace Mugabe, awarded PhD, two months after enrollment". Standard Digital News.
  7. 1 2 Iaccino, Ludovica (15 September 2014). "Zimbabwe: Grace Mugabe Awarded PhD in Two Months from University where President Mugabe is Chancellor".
  8. 1 2 "Grace PhD fraud: Interview sheds light". 24 October 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 University of Zimbabwe. "Historical Note" (PDF). University of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  10. ↑ "Miss Zimbabwe finals postponed". Associated Press. 10 September 1981. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  11. 1 2 "Harare makes slow progress". Times Higher Education. 22 September 1995. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  12. ↑ Human Rights Watch. "Human Rights Watch World Report 1990". Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  13. ↑ "Zimbabwe students riot for third day". St Louis Post-Despatch. 30 October 1990. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  14. ↑ Henry, Neil (13 May 1990). "A Decade After Winning Independence, Zimbabwe Is at a Crossroads". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  15. ↑ "New Zimbabwe party takes aim at Mugabe". The New York Times. 7 May 1989. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  16. ↑ "Protest sets off rioting in Zimbabwe's capital". The New York Times. 11 November 1995. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  17. ↑ "Mugabe Urged to Reopen College". The New York Times. 10 October 1989. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  18. ↑ Askin, S. "U. of Zimbabwe Expels Its 10,000 Students After Weeks of Protests Over Tuition Increase". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 38 (1). Archived from the original (abstract) on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  19. ↑ "University Strike Ends; Schoolteachers Strike Begins". The Guardian (UK). 10 June 2003. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  20. ↑ "Aid cuts and fee hike hit Harare". Times Higher Education. 3 August 2001. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  21. ↑ "Economic crisis devastates universities". University World News. 25 May 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "Student leader takes The University of Zimbabwe(UZ) to High Court". Harare Tribune. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  23. ↑ "Zimbabwe keeps its school doors closed". The Times (UK). 8 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  24. ↑ "Health Disaster Looms at UZ". Radio VOP. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  25. ↑ "University closed following protests". University World News. 22 February 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  26. ↑ "Call for Zimbabwe's Grace Mugabe to return PhD". 1 October 2014 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  27. ↑ "It’s now Dr Grace and Dr Mujuru!". 13 September 2014.
  28. 1 2 Street Map of Harare (Map) (2002 ed.). Surveyor General, Zimbabwe.
  29. ↑ Map of the University of Zimbabwe (Map) (2000 ed.). University of Zimbabwe Department of Physical Planning.
  30. ↑ 1:250,0000 Series: Harare (Map) (1998 ed.). Surveyor General, Zimbabwe.
  31. ↑ 1:250,0000 Series: Kariba (Map) (1998 ed.). Surveyor General, Zimbabwe.
  32. ↑ "Ghanaian universities fail in world ranking". Ghana News. 13 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  33. ↑ "World universities ranking: top Africa". Ranking web of world universities. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  34. ↑ "URAP - University Ranking by Academic Performance".
  35. ↑ Kurasha, P. (2006). "Higher Education and Open and Distance Education as a Strategy for National Development: the ZOU Case" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  36. ↑ University of Zimbabwe Academic Registry. (2005) General Academic Regulations for Undergraduate Degrees of the University of Zimbabwe.
  37. ↑ University of Zimbabwe (2006). "Undergraduate Prospectus of the University of Zimbabwe". Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  38. ↑ University of Zimbabwe (2006). "Postgraduate Prospectus of the University of Zimbabwe". Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  39. 1 2 University of Zimbabwe (2003). The University of Zimbabwe 5–Year Strategic Plan, 2003–2007.
  40. ↑ "Every Monday". 17 May 2004. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  41. ↑ The Rhodesia Herald (Daily), 1960
  42. ↑ "Benjani Mwaruwari:::::Who is Who in Zimbabwe". Nehanda Radio. 13 June 2008. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  43. ↑ "Canaan Banana". London: The Telegraph (UK). 11 November 2003. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  44. ↑ "Govt constitutes All Africa Games Committee". Lusaka Times. 30 November 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  45. ↑ Ndebele, M.R. "Career links page". American Limnological Society. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  46. ↑ "UZ Careers Exhibition 2005". University of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  47. ↑ "Every Monday". University of Zimbabwe. 11 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  48. 1 2 "Female scholars' suffering revealed". Times Higher Education. 1 April 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  49. ↑ "Affirmative Action Overdue in Zimbabwe". IPS. 7 March 1995. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  50. ↑ Blair, David (21 June 2001). "Student dies over sugar daddies". London: The Telegraph (UK). Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  51. ↑ Gale, W.D. (1970). "Rhodesia: History". Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  52. ↑ "The Very Rev Professor Robert Craig". The Independent (UK). 8 February 1995. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  53. ↑ Challiss, R.J. "Phelps–Stokesism and education in Zimbabwe" (PDF). Zambezia. Harare: University of Zimbabwe. 11: 109–125. ISSN 0379-0622.
  54. ↑ "Campus shuts to students over polls". Times Higher Education Supplement (UK). 8 March 2002. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  55. ↑ "Vice Chancellor". www2.uz.ac.zw. University of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  56. ↑ Midlands State University. "MSU Principal Officers". Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
  57. ↑ Bindura University of Science Education. "About". Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  58. ↑ "About ZOU". ZOU. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  59. ↑ Dzvimbo, K. P. (1 April 2005). "Kuzvinetsa Peter Dzvimbo - African Virtual University (AVU)". Connect World. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
  60. ↑ "The African Virtual University | Interview with the Rector, Mr. Kuzvinetsa Peter Dzvimbo". eLearning Africa News Portal. 3 March 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  61. ↑ National University of Science and Technology. "About NUST". Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
  62. ↑ National University of Science and Technology. "Professor Lindela Rowland Ndlovu". Retrieved 6 January 2009.
  63. ↑ "Region must rationalise universities". Reuters. 18 August 1994. Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
  64. ↑ "New SRC elected" (PDF). University of KwaZulu-Natal. June 2004. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
  65. ↑ Nherera, C. "Professor Charles Nherera : student 1991 - 1994". Institute of Education, University of London. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  66. ↑ Chinhoyi University of Technology. "Welcome message from the Vice Chancellor". Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
  67. ↑ Kingston University London. "Julius Weinberg - Vice-Chancellor - Kingston University". Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  68. ↑ "Giovanni Arrighi Dottore in Economia". Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  69. 1 2 Pikirayi, I. "David Beach, Shona history and the archaeology of Zimbabwe" (PDF). Zambezia. Harare: University of Zimbabwe. 26: 135–144. ISSN 0379-0622.
  70. ↑ Boratav, K.; Turel, O. (1993). Taylor, L., ed. The Rocky Road to Reform. pp. 213–235. ISBN 978-0-262-20093-6.
  71. ↑ Chetsanga, C.J.; Lindahl, T. (1979). "Release of 7-methylguanine residues whose imidazole rings have been opened from damaged DNA by a DNA glycosylase from Escherichia coli". Nucleic Acids Research. 6 (11): 3673–84. PMC 327965 Freely accessible. PMID 386277. doi:10.1093/nar/6.11.3673.
  72. ↑ Chetsanga, C.J.; Grigorian, C. (1985). "In situ enzymatic reclosure of opened imidazole rings of purines in DNA damaged by gamma-irradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 82 (3): 633–637. JSTOR 25324. PMC 397099 Freely accessible. PMID 3856219. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.3.633.
  73. ↑ "Principal officers of the Senate and House of Assembly". Parliament of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
  74. 1 2 3 4 "Parliamentary Election 31 March 2005: Candidate Results". Kubatana. 23 July 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  75. ↑ "Mathematicians of the African Diaspora: Heneri A. Murima Dzinotyiweyi". State University of New York at Buffalo. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  76. 1 2 3 4 5 "Zimbabwe: Full Tsvangirai MDC Cabinet List". SW Radio Africa (allAfrica.com). 10 February 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  77. ↑ "Harare: Aid Workers Struggle to Stop Cholera Spreading". Journal of Turkish Weekly. 8 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  78. ↑ De Baets, A. (2002). Censorship of Historical Thought — a World Guide 1945–2000 (PDF). London: Greenwood Press.
  79. ↑ "Michael Gelfand Medical Research Foundation". Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  80. ↑ "change the way you think". University of South Africa. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
  81. ↑ Cornwell, R. (2003). "Zimbabwe's Turmoil: Problems and Prospects". ISS Monograph. 87. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
  82. ↑ "Zimbabwe Election Results June 2000". Zimbabwe Situation. 3 July 2000. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  83. ↑ "Behind the headlines talks to Munyaradzi Gwisai". SW Radio Africa. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  84. ↑ Gustin, Sam (25 February 2011). "Zimbabwe Prof Arrested, Tortured for Watching Viral Vids". Wired. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  85. ↑ "Fr Adrian Hastings 1929 - 2001". Douai Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  86. ↑ Thornycroft, Peta (10 March 2002). "Mugabe to fight order to extend poll". London: Telegraph (UK). Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  87. ↑ Levy, B.; Levy, M. (2007). "Laurence Fraser Levy". British Medical Journal. 335 (7616): 404. doi:10.1136/bmj.39309.489294.BE. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
  88. ↑ "Zimbabwe police seize opposition leader's passport". VOA News. 16 June 2007. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  89. ↑ Makarau, R. (15 January 2007). "Speech by the Hon. Mrs Justice Rita Makarau Judge President of the High Court of Zimbabwe on the occasion of the opening of the 2007 legal year, Harare High Court, 15 January 2007". Kubatana. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  90. ↑ "MDC MP Elphas Mukonoweshuro survives attack". Metro Zimbabwe. 12 June 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  91. ↑ "Charles Mungoshi". Poetry International. 5 January 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  92. 1 2 Williams, A.A. (1998). "Mother Tongue: Interviews with Musaemura B. Zimunya and Solomon Mutswairo". The Journal of African Travel-Writing: 36–44. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  93. ↑ "Rob Nairn, profile". Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre.
  94. ↑ Ranger, T. (1978). Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, 1896–97. Longman. ISBN 0-435-94799-0.
  95. ↑ Bhebhe, N.; Ranger, T.E. (1995). Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War. James Currey. ISBN 0-85255-659-4.
  96. ↑ "Conservatives". The Conservative Party. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  97. ↑ Walker, B.; Scheffer, M.; Carpenter, S.R.; Foley, J.; Folke, C. (2001). "Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems". Nature. 413 (6856): 591–596. PMID 11595939. doi:10.1038/35098000.
  98. ↑ "Michael Berridge Babrahaman Fellow". Babraham Institute. 28 December 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
  99. 1 2 3 "House of Assembly Election Results 2008". Sokwanele. April 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  100. ↑ Nsehe, Mfonobong. "The 20 Youngest Power Women In Africa 2012". Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  101. ↑ "anywheresart.com homepage". Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  102. ↑ Researchers Estimate Lives Lost Due to Delay in Antiretroviral Drug Use for HIV/AIDS in South Africa
  103. ↑ "Prominent lawyer Chikumbirike dies". The Zimbabwe Daily. 5 May 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  104. ↑ "Women's University in Africa". Women in Politics Support Unit. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  105. ↑ "Tsitsi Dangarembga". Emory University. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  106. ↑ "Petina Gappah's An Elegy for Easterly". London: The Guardian. 28 December 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
  107. ↑ "Mugabe downfall within six months". Zimbabwe Standard. 24 June 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  108. ↑ UWCSA. "Alumni profiles Dr Solomon Guramathunu" Archived 22 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine., Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa, Swaziland, 21 August 2014. Retrieved on 21 August 2014.
  109. ↑ Chara, Tendai. "The humble doctors who made history", Nehanda Radio, 13 July 2014. Retrieved on 24 August 2014.
  110. ↑ "Udviklingen i Zimbabwe". unknown. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  111. ↑ "Tawanda Mutasah". Newsweek. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
  112. ↑ "Lulama Xingwana". whoswhosa.co.za. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

Coordinates: 17°47′02″S 31°03′11″E / 17.784°S 31.053°E / -17.784; 31.053

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.