List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States

Reunion of SEATO leaders in Manila, 1966, with the presence of authoritarian leaders Nguyen Cao Ky from South Vietnam (first from left, with Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt at his side), Park Chung-Hee from South Korea (third from the left), Ferdinand Marcos from Philippines (fourth from the left, with New Zealand Prime Minister Keith Holyoake at his right) and Thanom Kittikachorn from Thailand (second from the right, with U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson at his side)

Over the last century, the United States government has provided, and continues to provide, financial assistance, education, arms, military training and technical support to numerous authoritarian regimes across the world. A variety of reasons have been provided to justify the apparent contradictions between support for dictators and the democratic ideals expressed in the United States Constitution.

Prior to the Russian Revolution, support for dictators was often based on furthering American economic and political priorities, such as opening foreign markets to American manufacturers. Following the rise of communism, the United States government also began to support authoritarian regimes that it felt were combating movements aligned with communism, including socialist and democratic socialist movements, especially in Latin America.[1][2] Such assistance continued despite the belief expressed by many that this contradicted the political ideals espoused by the U.S. during the Cold War.[3] Support was also geared toward ensuring a conducive environment for American corporate interests abroad, such as the United Fruit Company or Standard Oil, especially when these interests came under threat from democratic governments.[4][3] Support for authoritarian regimes has been justified under various ideological frameworks as well, including the Truman Doctrine and the Kirkpatrick Doctrine.[4]

From the 1980s onwards, after the Iranian Revolution, the United States government began to fear that its interests would be threatened by the increasingly popular Islamist movements in the Middle East, and began to work to secure cooperative authoritarian regimes in the region, while isolating, weakening, or removing, uncooperative ones.[5] In recent years, many policy analysts and commentators have expressed support for this type of policy, despite that this contradicted the political ideals espoused by the U.S. during the War on Terror, with some believing that regional stability is more important than democracy.[6][7] The United States continues to support authoritarian regimes today. However, international relations scholar David Skidmore believes that increased public pressure is motivating a shift away from supporting authoritarian regimes, and towards supporting more consensual regimes instead.[8]

Authoritarian regimes currently supported

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Date of support Country Regime Notes
1991–present  Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev; Ilham Aliyev[9][10]
1999–present  Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa[11]
1984–present  Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah[12][13][14][15]
1998–present  Cambodia Hun Sen[16]
1982–present  Cameroon Paul Biya[17][18]
1990–present  Chad Idriss Déby[19]
1999–present  Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[20][21]
2014–present  Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi[22]
1979–present  Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[23]
1991–present  Ethiopia Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front[23]
1954–present  Jordan Hashemite Dynasty[24][25]
1992–present  Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev[26][27]
1777–present  Morocco Alaouite dynasty[28]
1970–present  Oman Qaboos bin Said al Said[29]
1972–present  Qatar House of Thani[30][31]
2000–present  Rwanda Paul Kagame[32]
1945–present  Saudi Arabia House of Saud[33][34][29]
1959–present  Singapore People's Action Party[35][35][36]
2011–present  South Sudan Salva Kiir[37]
1994–present  Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon[23]
2014–present  Thailand Prayut Chan-o-cha[38]
2010–present[39]  Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[40][41][42]
2006–present  Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow[23]
1986–present  Uganda Yoweri Museveni[43]
1971–present  United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates[44]
2016–present  Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev[45]
2011–present  Vietnam Trương Tấn Sang[23]
2012–present  Yemen Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi[46]

Authoritarian regimes supported in the past

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama with Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow of Turkmenistan, September 2009, one of the most repressive regimes in the world,[47] supported with millions of dollars in military aid.[48]
The general Marcos Pérez Jiménez receive the "Legion of Merit" in Caracas (February 13, 1954) by US ambassador Fletcher Warren
Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973.
Presidents Emílio G. Médici (left) and Richard Nixon, December 1971. A hardliner, Médici sponsored the greatest human rights abuses of Brazil's military regime. During his government, persecution and torture of dissidents, harassment against journalists and press censorship became ubiquitous. A 2014 report by Brazil's National Truth Commission states that the United States of America was involved with teaching the Brazilian military regime torture techniques.[49]
U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger shaking hands with Augusto Pinochet in 1976.
Date of support Country Regime Notes
1876–1911  Mexico Porfirio Díaz[50] During the Porfiriato, tensions between the U.S. and Mexico were high.
1929–2000  Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party[51]
1898–1920  Guatemala Manuel Estrada Cabrera[52]
1931–1944  Guatemala Jorge Ubico[52]
1932–1944  El Salvador Maximiliano Hernández Martínez[53]
1933–1949  Honduras Tiburcio Carías Andino[54]
1953–1957  Colombia Rojas Pinilla[55]
1948–1958  Venezuela Marcos Pérez Jiménez[56]
1908–1935  Venezuela Juan Vicente Gómez[57]
1952–1959  Cuba Fulgencio Batista[58]
1930–1961  Dominican Republic Rafael Trujillo[59] Later overthrown with at least some aid from the CIA.[60]
1966–1985  Guyana Forbes Burnham[61][62]
1954–1986  Guatemala Successive Military Governments [63][64][65]
1978–1982  Honduras Policarpo Paz García[66][67]
1979–1982  El Salvador Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador[68]
1963–1967  Ecuador Junta del 63[69]
1964–1969  Bolivia Rene Barrientos[70][71] See also: Ñancahuazú Guerrilla
1971–1978  Bolivia Hugo Banzer[72]
1973–1985  Uruguay Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay[73][74]
1976–1983  Argentina National Reorganization Process[75][76]
1964–1985  Brazil Brazilian military government[49][77]
1936–1979  Nicaragua Somoza family[78]
1957–1971  Haiti François Duvalier[79]
1971–1986  Haiti Jean-Claude Duvalier[79]
1968–1981  Panama Omar Torrijos[80]
1983–1989  Panama Manuel Noriega[80] Later overthrown by U.S. in Operation Just Cause in 1989.
1954–1989  Paraguay Alfredo Stroessner[81][82]
1973–1990  Chile Augusto Pinochet[83][84]
1990–2000  Peru Alberto Fujimori[85]
1948–1960  South Korea[86] Syngman Rhee
1958–1969  Pakistan Ayub Khan See also: Pakistan–United States relations during the Cold War era.
1961–1979  South Korea Park Chung-hee[87]
1979–1988  South Korea Chun Doo-hwan[88]
1955–1963  South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem[89] Later assassinated in a U.S.-backed coup. See also: Cable 243, Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem.
1965–1975  South Vietnam Nguyen Van Thieu[90] Vietnam War
1970–1975 Cambodia Khmer Republic Lon Nol[91]
1969–1971  Pakistan Yahya Khan[92][93][94]
1953–1979  Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi[95][96] See also: 1953 Iranian coup d'état.
1965–1986  Philippines Ferdinand Marcos[97][98]
1978–1988  Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq[99]
1963–1967  Iraq Ali Salih al-Sa'di, Abdul Salam Arif, Abdul Rahman Arif[100] See: Ramadan Revolution
1982–1990  Iraq Saddam Hussein[101] Later seen as an enemy of the U.S. in the Gulf War and deposed in the Iraq War. See: United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war.
1967–1998  Indonesia Suharto[102][103][104] See also: Allen Lawrence Pope.
1949–1953  Syria al-Za'im-Shishkali-al-Hinnawi Junta[105][106][107] See: Husni al-Za'im, Adib Shishakli, Sami al-Hinnawi.
1999–2008  Pakistan Pervez Musharraf[108]
1990–2016  Uzbekistan Islam Karimov[23]
1990–2005  Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev[109]
1978–2012  North Yemen
 Yemen		 Ali Abdullah Saleh[110]
1971–1985  Sudan Gaafar Nimeiry[111]
1978–1991  Somalia Siad Barre[112]
1930–1974  Ethiopia Haile Selassie[113]
1980–1990  Liberia Samuel Doe[114]
1965–1997 Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Zaire		 Mobutu Sese Seko[115][116]
1982–1990  Chad Hissène Habré[117]
1981–2011  Egypt Hosni Mubarak[118]
2012–2013  Egypt Mohamed Morsi[119]
1948–1994  South Africa Apartheid[120][121]
1987–2011  Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali[122]
1953–1975  Spain Francisco Franco[123] Originally opposed because of fascist leanings. See: Francoist Spain.
1941–1974  Portugal António de Oliveira Salazar[124] See Estado Novo (Portugal)
1941–1945  Soviet Union Joseph Stalin[125] Later considered an enemy of the US. See Cold War.
1948–1980  Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito[126] See Informbiro period.
1967–1974  Greece Greek military junta[127]
1980–1989  Turkey Turkish military junta[128]
1969–1989  Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu[129]
1941–1975  Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek[130]
1948–1957  Thailand Plaek Phibunsongkhram[131]
1963–1973  Thailand Thanom Kittikachorn[132]
1958–1963  Thailand Sarit Thanarat[133]
1987–1999  Fiji Sitiveni Rabuka[134]

Map

Years of support of authoritarian regimes by the United States.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Adams, Francis (2003). Deepening democracy: global governance and political reform in Latin America. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 9780275979713.
  2. ↑ McMahon, Robert J. (1999). The limits of empire: the United States and Southeast Asia since World War II. Columbia University Press. p. 205. ISBN 9780231108805.
  3. 1 2 Grandin & Joseph, Greg & Gilbert (2010). A Century of Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 397–414.
  4. 1 2 DeConde, Alexander et al., eds. (2001). "Dictatorships". Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Volume 1. Simon & Schuster. p. 499. ISBN 9780684806570.
  5. ↑ Forrest, James J.F. (2007). Countering terrorism and insurgency in the 21st century: international perspectives, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780275990367.
  6. ↑ Etzioni, Amitai (2007). Security first: for a muscular, moral foreign policy. Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780300108576.
  7. ↑ Beyer, Cornelia (2008). Violent globalisms: conflict in response to empire. Ashgate Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 9780754672050.
  8. ↑ Skidmore, David (1997). Contested social orders and international politics. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 210. ISBN 9780826512840.
  9. ↑ "Azerbaijan". freedomhouse.org.
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  12. ↑ "Brunei". U.S. Department of State.
  13. ↑ "Southeast Asian Development".
  14. ↑ "Brunei". freedomhouse.org.
  15. ↑ Kate Hodal. "Brunei to bring in tough new sharia law". the Guardian.
  16. ↑ {
  17. ↑ "Dictator of the Month: Paul Biya of Cameroon".
  18. ↑ "OPINION: US strategy against Boko Haram could backfire".
  19. ↑ Ketil Fred Hansen. "Chad’s relations with Libya, Sudan, France and the US / Publications / Africa / Regions / Home - NOREF". Peacebuilding.no. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  20. ↑ "The world's enduring dictators: Ismael Omar Guelleh, Djibouti".
  21. ↑ "Djibouti".
  22. ↑ "‘We Caved’".
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rothkopf, David. "America's Unsavory Allies". Foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
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  27. ↑ "Kazakhstan". freedomhouse.org.
  28. ↑ In 1777 during the American Revolution, Morocco became the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation. The U.S. has had supportive relations with Morocco since. This included the U.S. providing weapons systems to Morocco during the Cold War and since. "Joint Statement by the United States of America and the Kingdom of Morocco". www.whitehouse.gov. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. November 22, 2013. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
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  35. 1 2 "Singapore". freedomhouse.org.
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  38. ↑ Craig Whitlock (7 February 2015). "U.S. military to participate in major exercise in Thailand despite coup". Washington Post.
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  49. 1 2 Adam Taylor (10 December 2014). Brazil’s torture report brings a president to tears. The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
    • "Notably, the report found that the United States had spent years teaching the torture techniques to the Brazilian military during that period."
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  105. ↑ The struggle for Syria The Syrian people are being sacrificed at the altar of US imperialism, says author.,
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  110. ↑ Kasinof, Laura; Sanger, David E. (3 April 2011). "U.S. Shifts to Seek Removal of Yemen’s Leader, an Ally". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
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  112. ↑ Atlas, Terryl (13 December 1992). "Cold War Rivals Sowed Seeds Of Somalia Tragedy". Chicago Tribune.
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  115. ↑ Mobutu, Zairian Dictator for 32 Years, Dies in Exile. The Los Angeles Times. September 08, 1997
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  117. ↑ From U.S. Ally to Convicted War Criminal: Inside Chad's Hissène Habré's Close Ties to Reagan Admin. Democracy Now! May 31, 2016.
  118. ↑ Knell, Yolande. "The complicated legacy of Egypt's Hosni Mubarak". BBC News. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
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  123. ↑ Scott, Herb (October 3, 1970). "1.5 million cheer Nixon in Madrid". Stars and Stripes. 'We in the United States feel grateful to Spain and Spanish culture, which contributed so much to American life,' Nixon said in brief remarks interrupted by screaming jetliners moving into position at Madrid's Barajas Airport. 'Particularly in the past 10 years,' he continued, 'we have seen increased cooperation between the United States and Spain.'
  124. ↑ Raby, David L. (1988). Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941–1974. p. 166.
  125. ↑ The Soviet Union received substantial support from the U.S.after Nazi Germany invaded in Operation Barbarossa in 1941 to the end of the war in 1943, per the version of the Wikipedia articles accessed 2015-04-18 (and many other sources).
  126. ↑ "Yugoslavia and USA: Tito at the White House". Yugoslavian Times. 23 February 2016.
  127. ↑ Clinton concedes regret for U.S. support of Greek junta. The Topeka Capital-Journal. November 21, 1999.
  128. ↑ Birand, Mehmet Ali. 12 Eylül, Saat: 04.00, 1984, pg. 1
  129. ↑ "Ceausescu`s Romania Was Once A Pet Of U.s.". tribunedigital-chicagotribune.
  130. ↑ "The Chinese Revolution of 1949 - 1945–1952 - Milestones - Office of the Historian".
  131. ↑ Embracing the “enemy”: some aspects of the mutual relations between the United States and Thailand under field marshal Phibunsongkhram, 1948–1957
  132. ↑ "Thanom Kittikachorn; Thai leader was US ally in Vietnam". The Boston Globe.
  133. ↑ "Sarit Thanarat, Pro-U. S. Thai Premier, Dies at 55 (December 9, 1963)".
  134. ↑ Blum, William (2000). Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower. p. 129.

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