United States Women's Bureau

Women's Bureau
Agency overview
Formed 1920
Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States
Headquarters Washington, D.C.
Employees 100[1]
Agency executive
  • Joan Farrely Acting, Director
Website dol.gov/wb
Women's Bureau in 1920

The United States Women's Bureau (WB) is an agency of the United States government within the United States Department of Labor. The Women's Bureau works to create parity for women in the labor force by conducting research and policy analysis, to inform and promote policy change, and to increase public awareness and education.

The Director is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. He or she is supported by a staff in the national office as well as ten regional offices.[2]

History

The predecessor of the Women's Bureau was the Woman in Industry Service established on July 1, 1918 as a war-time service to employ women. This was the first time the government surveyed women's employment.[3][4]

Women's Bureau was established by Congress on June 5, 1920, just two months before women achieved the right to vote, and continues its responsibility to carry out Public Law 66-259; 29 U.S.C. 11-16.29 (1920)[5] Their enabling legislation gives them the duty to formulate policies and standards to promote the welfare of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employment. It wasn't until the WB collaborated with the National Consumers League and the Women's Educational and Industrial Union that the Bureau began to effectively research and advocate for women workers.[5]

Timeline

In the 1920s and 30s, the WB focused on women's working conditions in industries including manufacturing, household employment and clothing industry.[3] 21% of American's employed at this time were women, who worked long hours with little wages.[6] In 1922, the WB began investigating the conditions facing 'negro women in industry.' By focusing on minority groups, Mary Anderson, the Bureau's first director, was able to get social justice legislation passed for women since the administration largely ignored these groups.[7] The WB successfully advocated for the inclusion of women under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which, for the first time, set minimum wages and maximum working hours.

As American men were mobilized for entering World War II, many women began working in nontraditional roles such as in aircraft plants, shipyards, and manufacturing companies. These jobs also paid more than traditional "women's work". The Bureau shifted its focus in this time to achieve more skills training, wider job opportunities, higher wages and better working conditions for the 'new' female workforce.[8] The WB was an esteemed agency by 1942 and reports were consistently conservative, often repeating stereotypical ideas of women's strengths and weaknesses. However, the records of the Bureau during World War II contain a wealth of data and information about women with the focus remaining on the conditions of employed women, often neglecting middle-class women and continual support for special legislation for women's employment.[9]

In the 1940s and 50s, the WB turned its attention how women's employment outlook and opportunities changed in the postwar period.[3] After 1942, the Bureau officials hoped to have an audience in the federal government and to play a large role in labor mobilization. This hope never came to fruition and in April 1942, the War Manpower Commission headed labor mobilization. The Commission, led by Paul McNutt, rejected the idea of having any woman on his labor advisory commission instead creating a Women's Advisory Committee. However, both the Bureau and the Advisory Committee's advice regarding women's employment was often disregarded.[9]

in the 1950s and 60s, the WB developed policies and programs to increase women college graduates. The WB played an instrumental role in the passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which amended the Fair Labor Standards Act. It effectively removed the ability to pay employees differently, based on sex. John F. Kennedy signed the law on June 10, 1963.[3][10] However, during this time, the Bureau was opposed to the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) introduced by the National Woman's Party in 1923 until Kennedy took office in 1961. This was due to the commitment the WB had in maintaining protective labor legislation for women. During Kennedy's campaign, he needed to recognize a political constituency. However instead of supporting an ERA during his presidency, he created a Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. The Commission was headed by Eleanor Roosevelt, an ERA supporter, until her death 1962, after which the Commission was unofficially headed by Women's Bureau director and ERA opponent, Esther Peterson, who had advocated for the formation of the Commission early on. With Peterson as the de facto head, the final report by the Commission made no flat statement for or against passage of the ERA. It did, however, urge the courts to expand the 14th amendment to grant full Constitutional equality to women.[11]

Elizabeth Duncan Koontz was the first Black woman to head the Bureau in 1969. The United Nations Commission on the Status of Women named Koontz a U.S. Delegate and with this added role, she worked with the Bureau to share research and expertise in developing countries. Under Koontz's leadership, the WB also worked to address and eliminate description against women and minorities in the workforce. They supported the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Carmen Rosa Maymi headed the Women's Bureau in 1975 as the highest-ranking Hispanic woman in the Federal Government and the first Hispanic Director of the Bureau.[3]

Following the 1973 Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) designed to train workers and provide them with public service jobs, the Bureau began developing programs for CETA funds that focused on special counseling and referral services, women in non-traditional jobs, pre-apprenticeship training and job development. Many of these new programs were also designed to help low-income women.[3] The Bureau also had a role in the passage of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978.[6]

In the 1960s, the Bureau started an on-site day care center. This led to the Bureau launching a major initiative to encourage employer-sponsored child care in 1982. The result of this initiative was the establishment of a multi-media Work and Family Clearinghouse in 1989 and the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, that mandated employers to provide employees job-protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons.[3]

The Bureau focused on non-traditional employment for women in the 1990s, including apprenticeships and domestic workers.[3] In 1996, the WB published a fact sheet on the workplace effects of domestic violence.

In 2014, the WB teamed up with the White House and the Center for American Progress for the White House Summit on Working Families convening businesses, economists, labor leaders, legislators, advocates, and the media for a discussion on issues facing the entire spectrum of working families, including workplace flexibility, equal pay, workplace discrimination, worker retention and promotion, and childcare/early childhood education.

Current status

Currently, the WB is assisting working women in a variety of ways to advance and improve women's earning power through opportunities for preparation and training for women in growth and in demand careers and by advocating for fair and equal wages. They also promote and advance workplace policies that reflect a 21st-century workplace for working women and families.

Women's Bureau directors

Select publications

References

  1. ↑ "DOL Shutdown Plan, Page Three" (PDF). dol.gov. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  2. ↑ "WB – Regional Map". www.dol.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "WB – Our History (An Overview 1920–2012)". www.dol.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
  4. ↑ "Records of the Women's Bureau". www.archives.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  5. 1 2 "Open Collections Program: Women Working, Women's Bureau". ocp.hul.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
  6. 1 2 "The Women's Bureau: A Continuous Fight Against Inequality | Section of Civil Rights and Social Justice". www.americanbar.org. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
  7. ↑ ""Continued Employment after the War?": The Women's Bureau Studies Postwar Plans of Women Workers". historymatters.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  8. 1 2 "A guide to the Microfilm Edition of Records of the Women's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor, 1918-1965. Part II: Women in World War II" (PDF). 1991. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  9. ↑ "House Resolution 5056 Prohibiting Discrimination in Pay on Account of Sex". 1944-06-19. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  10. ↑ Harrison, C. (1988). On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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